جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تحریم » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the countries that has continuously faced the problem of migration. Although the issue of immigration has plagued the country since the beginning of the Islamic Revolution, it has gained new and more serious dimensions in recent years. The withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA and the return of sanctions against Iran caused the fear of losing the peace of life in the economic sector and increased dissatisfaction and criticism of the government, which caused a new wave of migration from inside to outside. Based on this, the main issue in this thesis is to investigate the immigration situation during the years after the revolution and the factors affecting its aggravation. The findings of the research show that the unilateral withdrawal of the United States from the JCPOA and the increase in sanctions have caused an increase in migration to other places. In recent years, statistics indicate that Iran has entered a new wave of immigration, which has been intensified by sanctions.

Airline industry is one of the important factors in economic, social, political and cultural development and one of the most important indicators of economic growth of any country. In addition to being the driver of other sectors of the national economy, this industry has social benefits due to its role in increasing consumer welfare and cultural development of nations. Considering the economic, social and political dimensions of this industry,This article with a pathological view of Iran's aviation industry during the last half century, tries to examine the challenges and obstacles to the development of Iran's commercial airlines industry. Based on this, the main question of the research is, how do the actors and activists of the aviation industry understand and interpret the challenges and obstacles to the development of this industry? And what do they know about its bases and reasons? The method of qualitative research was done by thematic analysis. The interviewees were selected by purposive sampling method; And in the next step, basic information was extracted using the maximum diversity method. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews. Data analysis was done by thematic method. For this purpose, descriptive coding was done first, followed by interpretive coding. In this way, the extraction of meaning units, coding, categorization and finally access to core categories or themes of the events were done. From the analysis of the interviews, 48 concepts and 12 categories were obtained from the extracted concepts, and 4 core categories were counted among the categories. Based on the findings of the research, low strategic literacy, politicization, monopolistic globalization and Sanction of the airline industry are the most important challenges and obstacles to the development of the industry from the point of view of activists and activists of this industry.

he Iranian users’ conception of the discursive system of sanctions. The question that follows is how the Iranian users in virtual space responded to the Nike’s sanction on Iran football team in 2018 World Cup by the language of picture and gave an unbiased reading of sanction system order. The sanction system is a discourse-based hegemonic system whose scope and influence goes beyond the military, security, political spheres and related fields such as nuclear technology and spreads also to the social and cultural life of citizens, and also affects the social identity-maker and integrity-maker aspects such as sport and health through the politicization of the various parts of the citizens’ life. Using visual semiotics, prioritizing non-linguistic factors in portraying the ideology of sanctions, this research investigated the activity of users on Instagram, Twitter and other social networks, and through semiotic analysis of related pictures in virtual space achieved the result that the importation of sanctions into social and cultural life of citizens is a kind of new disciplinary discourse and ‘symbolic violence’ that seeks to make citizens’ life an object of power. In the course of sanctions, the power and resistance and hegemony and anti- hegemony act simultaneously, so that the Iranian users, resorting to semiotic excess and the path of ‘semiotic resistance’, attains the enjoy of political affair leisurization. 

According to Foucault, discourse works through the law of penal systems. The sanctions regime is also a discourse order that advances its mechanism in a hegemonic and ideological context. The sanction system is a discourse-based hegemonic system whose scope and influence goes beyond the military, security, political spheres and related fields such as nuclear technology and spreads also to the social and cultural life of citizens, and also affects the social identity-maker and integrity-maker aspects such as sport and health through the politicization of the various parts of the citizens’ life. This article emphasizes that the embargo regime serves the hegemony of the neo-emperor by using discursive tools. One of the signs of the inhumanity and immorality of this new system of domination is not excluding the fields of medicine and health, sports, passenger airlines and other "non-political parts of daily life" that are directly linked to the health and psychological security of citizens' lives. By studying the visual reaction of Iranian users to the boycott of the Iranian football team by Nike in the 2018 World Cup under the pretext of international sanctions against the Iranian government, the present study deals with the visual signs of users' resistance to the sanctions system. The visual reaction of the Iranian people to the boycott of their country's football team by Nike is studied as politics as a form of popular culture. 

In our project, we employed a qualitative research method , it uses semiotics as a "qualitative interpretive" method to reread the images of users against the preferred meaning of the sanctions system. This case study analyzes the visual language of users in virtual space against the boycott of the Iranian football team by Nike in the World Cup. By viewing Instagram pages, Telegram messenger channels and Twitter pages during the 2018 World Cup with online search tools and targeted sampling techniques, this article has extracted images related to the sanction of the Iranian football team in 100 pages in these three virtual platforms.

The results of this study show that the  most important Binary opposition in coded image texts are "Iranian team against Spanish team", "Amiri against Pique", "Nike shoes against Adidas shoes", "Nike shoes against national shoes". For example, Iranian users have shown a kind of humorous reaction in contrasting images, referring to Pique who used Nike products. Nike's slogan, "Just do it" has a meaningful connection with the scene of Nutmeg to Pique by one of the players of the Iranian football team. Iranian users have described Nike's products as not suitable for "success" but for "disgusting" in order to criticize Nike's actions regarding the sanctions of Iran's football team. With semiotic resistance against the sanctions regime, Iranian users are trying to remove themselves from being a subject against the sanctions regime and are resisting the "action of calling" ideology and accepting the status of subject. Users of virtual networks not only resist preferred meanings with the help of conflicting coding, but also produce new and different texts themselves. One of the ways of users' resistance is " Semiotic excess" proposed by Fisk.

This article, in the context of cultural and media studies and with a critical view, has dealt with the dimension of resistance of Iranian cyberspace users in confronting the spread of the sanctions structure from the political sphere to the public sphere. "Sanction Regime" is a type of modern repression system that uses the structure of symbolic and hegemonic violence in contrast to the modern and democratic image it presents and clearly does not separates the political from the civil spheres such as sports, health and education. Nike's announcement that the Iranian football team's players are prohibited from using the company's shoes and other sports equipment in the 2018 World Cup in Russia due to the implementation of US sanctions against Iran is a proof of the sanctions regime spreading to non-political sectors such as sports and other categories of daily life. The research came to the conclusion that Iranian users, with semiotic resistance against the sanctions of their country's football team, actively use the language of images to resist it. As sanctions the sanctions regime acts in a hegemonic way, the audience also engages in anti-hegemonic behavior against this discourse order with its own opportunities and methods, and from the power of resistance and the possibility of "opposite decoding" In the face of sanctions.

Today, technology is presented for various reasons and is considered as a candidate for investment. Firms have to obtain technology for growth, competitiveness, product and service presentation and governmental conditions, and many other reasons. One of the areas of science and technology that has a significant impact on improving living standards and serving the citizens is the aviation industry which has an important role in improving the standard of living with the development in commercial and public sectors. One of the most important characteristics of this emerging industry is the multiplicity of application of new technologies, including composite structures technology. Entry of composite structures into the aviation industry is for meeting its exceptional and unique needs, and it can be said that the perfect position and continuation of aviation industry development depends on the technology acquisition of composites and the relevant progress. Due to the highly sanction, aviation companies must have agility and the ability to exploit transient environmental opportunities, but companies’ resources are limited on the other hand. In this research, the most important issues and challenges on facing the technology acquisition are discussed. Finally, the model of technology acquisition based on sanction is derived and implemented on composite process technologies.

After the withdrawal of joint comprehensive plan of action(JCPOA) by the President of the United States of America on May 8, 2018 and the imposition of new sanctions by Executive Order 13846 of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran to file a lawsuit in the International Court of Justice on July 16, 2018 under Article 22 of the JCPOA. The United States has claimed that the main reason for Iran's lawsuit is its withdrawal from the UN Security Council, and that this has nothing to do with the breach of the MOU. In this study, we seek to answer the question of under what circumstances the Court will pay attention to the preliminary objection of abuse in the present case and the procedure of the Court.

This research has been done in a descriptive analytical method by studying the opinions of the Court.

The study of the Court's case law leads to the conclusion that so far the Court has faced only this conditional negative aspect in the sense that it has accepted its principle but in no case has met the conditions for its application. From the point of view of the plaintiffs, it is understood that breach of good faith, lack of justice, denial after confession, change in the internal proceedings and use of court tools to resolve disputes with political motives are among the most important reasons for the abuse. It is from Darcy. In the case of breach of the MOU (due to sanctions), the Court rejected the US preliminary objection and stated that the US could not prove that the Iranian petition had anything to do with the dispute over the implementation or interpretation of the MOU.

The Qatari diplomatic crisis in 2017, which led to the four-year siege of Qatar, has been one of the most important political crises in the West Asian region in the last decade and has had many effects and consequences. The present study seeks to identify the role of new media in this crisis. The authors of this study using descriptive-explanatory method have concluded that due to the decisive role of new media in today's world, the diplomatic crisis in Qatar is no exception to this important variable and new media including various news agencies, satellite news networks and Virtual networks have been influential as an important stimulus in the various stages of this diplomatic crisis, from the beginning, escalation to reduction of the crisis and the beginning of reconciliation between the parties. Indeed, the new media has been one of the factors influencing the crisis, so that with the onset of the crisis and the escalation of the media war and conflict between Saudi Arabia and Qatar; Relations between the parties have become acute and intensified, and on the other hand, this factor has been effective in reducing the conflict between the parties and the beginning of reconciliation, so that with the beginning of the reconciliation process, media conflict between the parties decreased and in crisis management, various news agencies Public opinion in the region and the world paved the way for the resumption of political and economic relations between Saudi Arabia and Qatar.

The United States has unilaterally imposed aviation sanctions on many countries, including Iran, outside of UN Security Council resolutions. The aviation sanctions challenge safety, which is the most essential element of aviation industry and consequently it has serious effects on regional aviation geopolitics. In this article, two important questions are raised: First, how are US aviation sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran assessed in the light of international human rights principals? Second, what impact do these sanctions have on aviation geopolitics and international aviation relations in West Asia? To answer these questions; the authors made these findings using a descriptive-analytical method. The direct relationship of the aviation safety with “right to life”, “right to security”, “right to health” and “right to development”, as fundamental human rights, that have been definitively violated by the US aviation sanctions on the Iran, There are serious doubts about the legitimacy of these sanctions and It poses a serious challenge to international human rights. In addition, these sanctions prevented Iran from taking full advantage of the opportunities arising from the aviation geopolitical situation in the region; West Asia. In addition, these sanctions prevented Iran from taking full advantage of the opportunities arising from the aviation geopolitical situation in the region; West Asia.

The use of oil sanctions has been one of the Western strategies against the Islamic Republic of Iran to change Iran's behavior that has intensified in recent years. Given the importance of oil transactions and exchanges for Iran, both in terms of oil revenues and in terms of interactive power tools, it is essential to identify appropriate strategies for international marketing of Iranian crude oil under sanctions. The present study has attempted to identify these strategies through library studies, review of documents and interviews with experts in this field to rank them according to the indicators designed using TOPSIS method which is one of the research methods in soft operations.The results show that the main concern in the discussion of oil sanctions is the issue of money transfer from the sale of oil. Among the identified strategies, utilizing the capacity of bilateral or multilateral monetary treaties with oil customers, building miny refineries internally, utilizing Dark room capacity, as well as utilizing trusty companies have gained better ratings in terms of strategies.

According to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Iran has always been committed to the obligations of the Comprehensive Joint Action Plan (CJAP) in terms of surveillance and reduction of uranium enrichment. Lack of commitment to the spirit of CJAP is the apparent reason for the US administration withdrawal, which is mainly due to reasons such as Iran's political isolation in the Middle East, putting restrictions on missile programs and perhaps somehow changing of the government, which would be the main purpose of the withdrawal, return and intensification of economic sanctions.  Therefore, the question is to what extent Iran has been committed to the obligations of CJAP and what kind of measures have led to the reduction of Iran's obligations? Research

This article has been written in a descriptive-analytical method.

The non-commitment of other CJAP member countries to the actual lifting of the previous economic-oil sanctions, despite the launch of Instex and the expiration of many deadlines by Iran, led to a gradual reduction of CJAP obligations in 2019.

The reduction of commitments by Iran is not with the aim of violating the obligations of CJAP, but as a defensive measure and with the purpose of maintaining security against the conditions in which the United States seeks to dominate Iran's policies with maximum pressure and consequently reduce independence in decision based upon their national interests .Moreover, Iran could use this as a factor in bargaining and gaining concessions and ensuring the other side's future commitments in possible future negotiations.

The issue of welfare and the reduction of poverty and inequality has always been one of the concerns of policy makers in the field of Socioeconomics. As a result, external shocks such as sanctions on household welfare need serious consideration.

This paper examines the effects of unilateral US sanctions on the welfare of urban and rural households using the matrix multiplication and the calorie intake for different income groups. Then, using its results and raw data of the Households Income and Expenditure Survey, the indicators of headcount poverty rate and Gini coefficient for the period of 2002 to 2018 are calculated. Finally, the effects of sanctions on household welfare are shown based on the theory of “Pareto optimization”.

The major findings of the study imply that after the 2010 sanctions, calorie intake had a downward shift from the first decile to the fourth decile. The trend of poverty after 2011 with the intensification of sanctions has shown an increasing pattern. Since 2013, the pattern of income inequality, under the influence of the foreign exchange market and the subsequent return of sanctions, has had a negative effect on the welfare of Iranian households.

Achieving economic and welfare goals requires determining the target community for supportive receipts. Deregulation of the business market and convergence between policies and laws are among the most important ways to reduce the negative effects of sanctions on the welfare indicators of Iranian households.

With the victory of the Islamic Revolution in Iran and the change in the Islamic Republic of Iran's position on how to communicate with the international system, especially the West, as well as Iran's withdrawal from the alliance with the West, the United States was outraged by Iran's withdrawal from its sphere of influence As a result, he put a series of activities on the agenda to put pressure on Iran. Meanwhile, the issue of sanctions in various fields is one of the most important tools of the United States against Iran, most of which include the Iranian aerospace industry. In this regard, this article has tried to express and examine the effects and consequences of sanctions in the aviation industry of the Islamic Republic of Iran, on the main actors in the political and legislative structure of the United States of America, namely Congress, Treasury Department and US Treasury Department. Pay attention. This article provides a more realistic picture of how the US government is making decisions and imposing sanctions on Iran Until policymakers are more precise about the reality of the origins of aviation sanctions, they will be able to apply the best guidelines in addition to addressing the destructive effects of sanctions.

Sanctions are considered as a foreign policy tool. Theoretical studies on sanctions have investigated different aspects of the issues. These discussed aspects include the effectiveness of the sanctions and how it affects the behavior of the target country. But the effects of the possibility of first, fight-back strategy for the target country, and second, the presence of rival countries have been discussed unlikely. Game theory is used to address these two deficiencies. Six games which differ in the number of stages, how the pay-offs are calculated, and the presence of a rival country are studied. The results show that fight back ability provides the target with the opportunity to change the sender’s calculation. It also reduces the probability of sanctions. However, the presence of a rival country neutralizes this opportunity and makes it easier for the sender country to put sanctions into force. In addition, a minimum extent of the sanctions was deduced for the sender country to enter a sanctions episode.