جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « روابط نسلی » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Virtual leisure is one of the new type of leisure in today society that has significant impact on intergenerational relationships. Virtual social networks with quick and easy access, overlap in time and space and provide special conditions for leisure. The main purpose of the article is to study the relationship between duration of use of virtual social network as virtual leisure and audience of these networks and its effect on intergenerational relationships; with consideration of zimel and mead theories. Survey method were applied with 1200 people as sample at national level. Results indicates there is a relationship between generational period and leisure in virtual social networks, there is also a reverse relationship duration of use of the virtual social networks and interaction between generations. With increase the time duration uses of these leisure, reduction occurs in intergenerational communication in the family. Different generational groups communicate in virtual social networks. There is no relationship between intergenerational communication and audience in the virtual social networks, and communication with family and relatives, did not result strengthening generational interaction. Increased membership in social networks has caused change the leisure pattern towards an active in cyberspace; such condition has the considerable effect on intergenerational relationships and changes in lifestyle. Also, spending virtual collective leisure time, even if with the family, does not lead to the strengthening of generational relationships.

The present paper is the result of a qualitative research using grounded theory method in order "to examine the challenges of generational relations from the viewpoint of female students of a government university and their strategy of exposure to this phenomenon." Using a theoretical sampling, 15 female students aged 20 to 26 years old at Alzahra University were selected using snowball method. Theoretical saturation was achieved after 5 deep interviews with students-each interview was about 45 to 60 minutes-. The conceptual literature of the research is theories: “Agborn, Toffler, Raizman, Giddens, McLuhan, and Dick Hebdige”. The central issue is the "idealist look, independence and individual decision making," according to which young girls are different in their knowledge, attitudes, attitudes and behavior with their parents. Young girls look at things with an idealistic look and choose to vote; while their parents have been defending everything with a conservative attitude. In other words, in the middle class society, changes have taken place in terms of social processes, and in the micro level, with changes in the personality traits of young girls, there is a cultural and personality change and we face a distinct generation.

The present study aims to "examine the status of generational relationships from the viewpoint of female students aged 20 to 26 years old in Tehran's state universities in 1395". The theoretical framework of the research is based on the ideas of Agborn, Inglehart, Bangstone, Simmel, Bourdieu, Tafler, Reimzman, Giddens, Mead, Mannheim, McLuhan, and Habdieh. The method of this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. So, first, a qualitative exploratory study with phenomenological approach and background theory was conducted through theoretical sampling and interview technique, and the dimensions of generational relationships were identified in three dimensions: knowledge, attitude, and behavior. Then, by a quantitative method, the effect of independent variables: social factors and cultural factors on the dependent variable of generational relationships through multivariable regression were investigated. The statistical population of the study was 11406 people, of which 382 were gathered by information questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to test the reliability. R Square has been found to be equal to 0.551 which suggests the included variables in the equation have been able to explain 55 % of changes in the dependent variable. The coefficients of the effect of the model explaining the relationship between generations also indicate that among the seven variables entered into the regression equation, 4 variables were "lifestyle, socializing with peer groups, communication and interactions within the family, access to mass media" and lifestyle due to direct and indirect effects with a total coefficient of 0.54, and the relationship and interactions within the family with a total factor of 0.506, show the most impact on the variable of generational relationships. Finally, according to the findings of the research, generational relations were evaluated for generational difference.

This research studies "the impact of social factors on generational relationships from the viewpoint of female students aged 20 to 26 years" in state universities of Tehran in 1395. The theoretical framework is the Theory of "Ingelhart's Value Transformation, Bengston's Growth, Giddens Globalization, Mannheim's Generation Experience, Changing the McLuhan Socialization Process". The research method is survey and the statistical population is 11406 people. Information was collected from a sample of 382 people. R Square ( ) indicates that the variables introduced into the equation account for 52% of the variance of the dependent variable variations. The coefficients of the effect of the model explaining the relationship between generations indicate that the variables "lifestyle, socializing with peer groups, communication and interactions within the family" in the regression equation are significant. According to path analysis coefficients, lifestyle with total coefficient of 0.574 and internal family interaction and interaction with a total factor of 0.478 show the most effect on the variable of generational relationships.
The overall findings show that in explaining the difference between generations in the micro level, in the personality trait of young and middle-aged young girls, socialization and education of change have been created in terms of socialization and education, and young girls are a generation of change and the family plays a role in interacting with managing and reducing the generation conflict.

The role of values of the masses in transition to democracy has become particularly salient in recent years. The conceptual genealogy indicates the emphasis of thinkers like Aristotle and Plato on the importance of the role of citizens’ values in policy, yet in recent decades the research on the ‘civic culture’ conducted by investigators such as Almond and Verba´s has increasingly directed attention to this phenomenon. The present study is carried out in the same way as those of the above, but has utilized more innovative ideas and experiences on the subject of values. Generally, political culture is based on the cultural and political ties and particularly, speaks about effects of culture, beliefs and values on policy in the society. Larry Diamond has reminded that "since democracy requires a set of political values and orientations of citizens such as balance, tolerance, civility, efficiency, knowledge and participation, political culture is considered as a major contributor in strengthening of democracy" (1999:161). Ronald Inglehart argues that, currently culture plays a more vital role over than the past two decades of literature of democracy. In his view, economic development leads to gradual changes in the culture; so that people increasingly demand democratic institutions and they are going to be more supportive for democracy (Inglehart 2000: 6-95). From the Paradigmatic perspective, among the political culture studies, three main approaches can be separated: Legitimacy approach (System-support approach), Communitarians approach (Social Capital approach) and the Human Development approach (Emancipative approach) (Inglehart and Welzel, 2009: 572).Some advocates of the legitimacy approach view democracy as a limited set of institutional mechanisms which regulate the official policy. In this approach, democracy does not require democrat citizens. It is sufficient to have a majority who trust these institutions in a satisfactory level and prefer democracy to other alternative systems of government. Two other approaches (Communitarians and Human Development approaches), follow the tradition of civic culture school. From their point of view, efficiency of democracy requires a wide range of citizenship values. Communitarians approach emphasizes the values which link citizens to daily life and strengthen their loyalty to the community (Bell, 1993: 82-85). They emphasize volunteer activities and interpersonal trust as the general context in which democracy can flourish. Thinkers of Human Development believe that one of the important aspects of the civic values is self-expression values. Ronald Inglehart and colleagues changing the formulation of the Modernization theory, insist on the importance of self-expression values on the reinforcing of democratic institutions (1389, 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2009).In the political realm, the growth of post-industrial value, leads to loss of respect for authority and growing emphasis on participation and self-expression. These trends are the beginning of democracy in authoritarian societies and an origin for elite-challenging in the relatively democratic societies. According to Inglehart and Welzel's theory, the type of political culture appropriate with effective or formal democracy, involves Human Development syndromes or self-expression values, or in other words "emancipative values"(Welzel and Inglehart, 2009: 132). In the decades of 60 and 70, youth and relations between generations as a social phenomenon attract attention of analysts and experts of social problems. Karl Mannheim was the first theorist who introduced the concept of generation. This concept was utilized to study the development of conservative thought in modern societies. In Mannheim view, the rapid changes in environment and technological alteration play an important role in intensifying the intellectual and cultural differences between generations (Lavar, 1373: 190). As Inglehart and his colleagues express, one of the most important trends of intergenerational substitution occurs in the domain of transition from traditional values to self- expression values or the more generally transition from materialistic values to post-materialistic values. They consider actions like "increasing in elite-challenging forms of civic action", "strive towards gender equality" and "tolerant attitude to another" is going to be much more common among the younger generation and be regarded as normal action. In Iran, concern for democracy dates back to the Constitutional Revolution, about one hundred years ago. After that, many historical opportunities for democratization have occurred and this trend has continued to the present time. On the other hand, since the social, political and cultural values and norms of the society survive through transmission from generation to generation, so it could be said that survival of any society depends on the flow of cultural transmission in that community. Indeed, the Culture and Civilization of any society survives via intergenerational interactions. Therefore, democratic values as all values and beliefs will be conveyed to next generations; however this movement might be a salutatory transmission. Accordingly, this study attempts to answer these questions: - Similarities and differences between the three generations (young, middle aged and old) in terms of democratic political culture at national level. - Similarities and differences between the three generations in terms of democratic political culture at sub-national level. Methods and Material: This Study is based on secondary analysis. The Structural equation modeling with Amos Graphics was utilized to test the reliability of the main model (democratic political culture or Self-Expression values model) and confirmation of the theoretical model. In preparing data for structural equation modeling and testing the main hypothesis, SPSS software was also used. The statistical population of this study include the whole country of Iran and the unit of analysis is its ethnics and provinces. The utilized data was obtained from World Values Survey (WVS), wave 2005, which had been accomplished in Iran with 2667 samples.In this study, the measurement model of the main construct of self-expression values was contained four latent variables, including post-materialism values, autonomy, gender equality and tolerance. Since, the final score for autonomy and post-materialism variables were calculated in the survey data set; they were utilized as observed variables in the research model. Also, reliability and credibility of gender equality, tolerance variables and entire model were evaluated, distinctively. Ultimately, factor loading for each of the variables in political culture model were specified by credit assessment with the structural equation modeling.All data of survey were entered in to the political culture model as they were integrated at the provincial and ethnical level and being standardized (standardized Z scores). Variables with low factor loading or unacceptable fitness were excluded from the measurement model in the final model. Discussion of Results & Younger generation (29-15) achieved a higher mean than the two previous generations in terms of democratic values. Except gender equality, men got better grades in all indices of self- expression values than women, but in their final grade women gained higher mean. In ethnical ranking, Kurds achieved much higher results than other ethnics. After Kurds, Fars, lur, Gilak and Turk tandem come. Finally, in provincial ranking, those with Kurdish Language include Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Western Azarbayjan was located at the top of the table and at the bottom, respectively, and these provinces came: Zanjan, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Ardabil and Hamedan. Moreover, no significant difference between the two generations of middle-aged and older were found among the studied ethnic groups; even though the general trend keeps its ascending order and average of each generation is more than prior generation. Importance of the distinctive life experiences in different generations has led to non-homogeneous effects and it can be seen in the results of this study, it can provide distinction between generations in terms of belief and behavior.

TV programs not only reflect existing situation of the society, but also can act as offering behavior patterns for the viewers, especially, when they find a sort of similarity between the acting characters and themselves. It is also the case for TV serials. The present research was carried out with the purpose of studying the representation of the relationships intergenerational in TV serials. The research population included four serials broadcasted in 1385 on channel 1 (the national channel), and channel 3 (the youth channel). The two serials of each channel are selected deliberately because of their family genre. The research method was content analysis. Three kinds of relationships - Solidarity, difference, conflict- among the three generations- old, middle-aged, and young- were checked for each serial. According to the findings of the research, Television and its Iranian serials stress Solidarity pattern in relationships among generations, and this pattern is the dominant represented one. However, studies shows that the actual relationship follows a different pattern.

Social relationships have always been in the spot of scholars, particularly, inter-generational relationships and objects create a new subject matter. The present article has adopted a generational approach and qualitative methods in examining inter-generational relationships and objects throughout everyday life and within public places. This article illustrates that inter-generational relationships and objects reveal plainly in public places due to the absence of local bonds, concepts of estrangement, instability, degeneration of primary bonds (ethnic or family relationships) and the impact of cultural and social bonds deriving from the family, religion and political systems and the empowerment of secondary bonds e.g. lifestyle, consumption patterns. Results have reflected that the three generations behave variably in South Terminal despite of some similarities in purchase patterns, application of objects and interaction in elsewhere.

This research studies TV commercial from cultural-conflict view point and tries to analyze mutual relation between parent-child generations.It applies signifier's method for reflecting TV commercials. Signifying qualitative method on the base of General signifies along with "first levels signifiers" and "Second level signifiers" obtained Symbolic displacement.This research shows TV commercial from subjective and from objective power perspective is equal to this paradigm which leads to inequality and gap in power structure in society.

Mass media are a powerful tool for sending pattern to the society. Occurring big changes in levels of national and international has been changed sources of socialization and inter-generation interactions. For dual role of Television as reflecting mirror (behaviors, patterns and values of society) and an effective factor (on society that in long time will change the values of society) it is basic and important the evaluating and Measurement of the messages that has been sent by Television to Iranian home. To this reason, one of the ways of knowing the kinds of relations between the generations, in view of power and according to gender is investigating the patterns that will be sent for members of society by mass media. Present study, tries to investigate the relations between the generations that has been shown on TV serials. We study it according to power and gender. We studied four Iranian serials that they have been portrayed on one and three networks in 1385. Research method was content analysis. Findings show that, totally, on the TV serials the dominance relation has been showed more than Obedience relation. According to date, Inter-generation Obedience of young people is the less. Trying the female middle ages for to have Obedience relations of Inter-generation is more than young people. Male middle ages have the most Obedience relations of Inter-generation so that more than one out of three their relations have been the obedience relations.

Nature of attitudes, and norms of new generation of Iranian society and the relations between the generations is an important issue of today. This issued was noted after the end of imposed war and starting the developmental plan when Iranian society experienced cultural and social changes. Along with these changes, the teenagers enter into the society and play their role in it and named "the Third Generation" little by little. The society faces some issues as the result of the simultaneous happening of the changes and different roles played by this generation in the society and also exhibited of some behaviors and values by them. Can the generations explain the levels of cultural and social changes of the society? What is the nature of the relation between the generations? These questions are noted by the scientists and the scholars of the universities and caused different researches. Some of these studies have opposite results. Some resulted that generational separation occurs, and some other find that there is no generational separation. This paper studies the concepts of generation and generational separation in the studies done in this regard and has a look at the way for recognizing the nature of this concept in researches and studies in this area and some of its issues and problems.