جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "سازمان ملل" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

The International Court of Justice is a part of the United Nations system, and as an international actor, it should pay attention to the developments in the political and social structure of the international community and the supremacy of some values ​​over the will of governments. This organization itself is actually a system that was created to ensure security and achieve permanent peace. International law, like domestic law, is not pre-arranged, the court cannot be binding, but the court has an essential role in ratifying laws, Therefore, the court derives the rule while not making a law. What was studied in this article is the breaking structure made by the court "in the case of military and paramilitary actions of the United States of America against Nicaragua".

The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and library and internet sources were used to collect information.

In the case of Nicaragua, the court, in proving its opinion that the principle of prohibition of use of force and the principle of non-intervention are customary, cites and expresses several conventions. The 1944 Chicago Convention has emphasized the exclusive and complete sovereignty of a country over its airspace, and the 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Seas and the 1982 Monte Gobi Convention have also taken steps in this direction. Citing the above conventions, the court comes to the conclusion that "the provisions of the aforementioned conventions are merely a positive response to the established and previous principles of customary international law."

The process of globalization implies the globalization of responsibilities. The necessity of globalization of crime will also lead to the acceptance of global or international criminal responsibility of the perpetrators. Governments, as one of the actors of international law, are not exempted from this, and the issue of their criminal responsibility is associated with many complications due to the relationship and sensitivity of rulers to their principles of governance.

The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of practical purpose, in terms of implementation method, and information collection has been done through document review and data collection, using library resources and available research documents.

Although with the removal of Article 19 of the international responsibility draft of the government, approved by the International Law Commission, as the most important source of the international criminal responsibility of the government, the suspicion of the absence of the government's criminal responsibility arose, but it must be emphasized that its removal The necessity of the existence of this institution has not created a problem and the existence of many international documents and procedures show this issue.

In fact, many behaviors that violate the general rules accepted by the international community can only be done through governments, and the acceptance of civil liability for governments for violating these general and important rules is in line with justice and the important principles of law. The international community has not been like the principle of the need to maintain order and peace of the world community, and it has caused some states to exploit and abuse this vacuum, so it is necessary to realize the criminal responsibility of the states

La crise du coronavirus a été l’occasion pour les institutions regionales et internationales et d’autres institutions specialisees en matiere des droits de l’homme de rappeler l’importance qu’il y’a  de respecter et de proteger en periode de pandemie, les libertes fondamentales telles que la liberte d’expression, la liberte des medias, la liberte d’internet, le libre exercice des journaliste, etc…L’urgence sanitaire ne devrait  aboslument  pas servir de pretexte pour museler la presse, en ligne mais aussi hors ligne. Le droit a l’information fait partie integrante de la liberte d’expression, et c’est surtout en periode de crise sanitaire que les citoyens ont le plus besoin d’avoir acces a des informations credibles, afin de pouvoir prendre les decisions judicieuses concernant leur propre sante et la sante de leur proche. Une societe informee est sans aucun doute mieux armee face a des situtations exceptionnelles de pandemie. Or de nombreux Etats ont pratique la censure durant cette periode, ce qui a amene des institutions telles que l’Unesco, Le Conseil de l’Europe, le rapporteur special des Nations Unies en matiere de la liberte d’opinion et la liberte d’expression, entre autres, a condamner de telles actes et d’affirmer qu’il convenait tout en essayant d’attenuer la crise sanitaire mondiale, de preserver la liberte d’expression et d’information. Des medias libres, independants, et pluralistes mais egalement  un environnement numerique ou l’acces a internet reste libre et sans obstacle, demeurent indubitablement les  indicateurs permettant de garantir non seulement la sante des etats democratiques, mais aussi  la sante tout court des citoyens.

Today, the issue of drugs has many destructive and catastrophic effects on the social behavior of states and also creates dramatic influences on different fields of economic, social, cultural and even political matters and this is why it causes sensitivity in the world. Meanwhile, we are seeing that the international community tries to fight against this phenomenon and has taken some steps in this regard. This study investigates the problem of cultivation, production and trafficking of drugs in the world and also addresses different aspects of this phenomenon and the relationship between terrorism and organized crime. More over we refer to a brief history of the International Community in the fight against drugs before and after the formation of UN and the purpose of UN`s formation and its subsidiary bodies and the role and function of major and minor UN agencies, particularly the UN Office on Drugs and Crime are examined. Apart from the key role of the United Nations, the existing potential in producing and transit countries and the role of the donor countries to UN projects and western countries were analyzed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the proportion of determination and will of the International Community, especially the UN Office on Drugs and Crime in comparison with existing capacity and capabilities and find out how affective they are.