جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « واقع گرایی » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

With the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, the understanding of power also gradually changed. Soft power by modifying the limited focus of realist power analysis i.e. possessing specific tangible resources to maintain and increase national power, introduces persuasive power; the ability to shape the desires of others not by force but through persuasion distinguishes between hard and soft power. In terms of effectiveness, it clearly showed the nature of the behavior and the concreteness of the resources. In Joseph Nye's explanation, soft power is an analytical concept that matches and overlaps with realist, liberal, and constructivist views and theories. Higher education can be regarded as an apparatus of soft power, thereby entailing examination of its relationship with other international theories.  The basic question is the position of the soft power of higher education in international theories and how it can be theoretically explained in the theories that have also observed pragmatic behaviors. Here, by explaining higher education as a cultural matter and an apparatus of soft power, we demonstrate its relationship with the theories of realism, liberalism and constructivism. Methodologically, we are conducting an interdisciplinary study, citing library studies and explaining descriptive review. In examining each of these theories, we present narratives, conceptual and theoretical frameworks regarding the role of the soft power of higher education to explain its role in domestic development and national interests in various political, social, cultural, technological and economic fields, maintaining peace and preventing conflict as well as its role in expanding public diplomacy and soft power of higher education.

The individual-community relationship has always been one of the most fundamental topics of social sciences. In sociology, this is known as the micro-macro relationship while in economics it refers to the processes, through which, individual actions lead to macroeconomic phenomena. Based on philosophical discourse and systems theory, many sociologists even use the term "emergence" in their understanding of micro-macro relationship, which refers to collective phenomena that are created by the cooperation of individuals, but cannot be reduced to individual actions. "Emergence" theories attempt to explain the nature of society as a complex system by examining how individuals and their relationships lead to the creation of integrated and macro-social phenomena such as markets, educational systems, cultural beliefs, and shared social practices. As a prelude to activity, every researcher has to answer the question from the methodological point of view, how is it possible to study the behavior of social groups and how can we gain knowledge about the laws related to social groups? Anyone who deals with humanities and social sciences or any reality and phenomenon that affects human beings, inevitably deals with the reality that is emerging. In fact, emergence occurs when one level of reality emerges radically from another level. Examples of emergent levels of reality include how the mind emerges from the body; or the way society emerges from human beings. Therefore, when there is an emerging factor, different scientific disciplines should be used, because it is inevitable to talk about social affairs, psychology and neurobiology, as well as physical and even chemical.

Giving a comparative theoretical and documental discussion about the different approaches to ethnography from academic emergence of anthropology up to now, is the goal of the present article. The classification of ethnographical approaches and evaluation of the change route is discussed from their ontological and epistemological bases up to their more overt characteristics and every approach is exemplified with some parts of the authentic classic or recent ethnographies that exist in anthropological literature. Realism, interpretivism, applicability for peoples (not for powers), moralism and criticalism are the most important discussed concepts that have reach to their highest level in the fourth approach, i.e. militant anthropology / ethnography. The most important result is: philiosophy and biology have been able to give a defensible base for the moralism and criticalism of recent (fourth) approach. The necessity of this discussion is clarifying the most intensive differences between the realist and postmodernist approaches that can be ongoing in the field of social science and at academic level.

Allameh Tabatabai's philosophical realism proves the external world with arguments such as the innate knowledge of science to the outside world and the use of the principle of causality. In the epistemological dimension, by explaining the relationship between acquired and face-to-face knowledge and referring the acquired sciences to face-to-face, it proves the process of achieving knowledge in accordance with reality. On the other hand, it is claimed in scientific realism; The supposed theoretical identities in scientific theories tell of the real world, and the world is as scientific theories explain it. But the arguments presented to prove the existence of theoretical identities and the realism of scientific theories are ineffective in proving the claim. Relativity of knowledge and various related matters such as; Ethics, law, politics, art, literature, and in general every important category that depends on cognition and knowledge are the tools of realism and unrealism. . Given that ontological and epistemological realism is directly related to the structure of civilization, social relations, goals and perspectives of a civilization, examining the ontological and epistemological realist approach is an essential step in evaluating different civilizations. Counts. In this research, which has been done by descriptive and analytical methods, while explaining philosophical and scientific realism, we examine their components and arguments.Keywords: realism, ontology, instrumentalism, civilization, science.

The reflection in the sharia cases of women's rights as a wife is an example of women's rights, which is less well-known in society. There seems to be a kind of inconsistency in the three sources of sharia, custom and law in relation to this issue. The article, by acknowledging the complexity and multi-dimensions of the reasons for this contradiction, aims to examine the role of women in this regard from the perspective of the Cognitive Balance Theory. To this end, 30 women living in Tehran province who had a marital life experience were interviewed in the light of how to encounter the violation of their rights. Data analysis using the thematic analysis led to the extraction of five key themes included self-silence, learned helplessness, meta-religious femininity, circuit family, and ethical behavior in women that prevented them from claiming. Accordingly, by perceiving their individual abilities and the socio-cultural conditions of their society, the women prevented from claiming their well-known rights by adopting a realistic approach, and they cooperate in violating the women's rights a nd stabilizing the status quo.

Common sense realism and scientific realism are two metaphysical thesis. The former accepts the existence of the observable entities of common sense knowledge and the later accepts the unobservable entities necessary for the well-established scientific theories. Common sense realism and scientific realism are defended or rejected by some philosophers with reliance on the evolutionary approach. Studying these arguments shows there are positive evidences to the advantage of both subjects; realism and anti-realism, But skeptical consequences of evolutionary approach to science is a source for a new idea to specify science and to develop the scientific epistemology. In this article، in addition to investigating the above local reasonings to the advantage of Van Fraasson's evolutionary explanation will be adopted for science and scientific epistemology growth on the basis of specifying evolutionary; the third position which between realism and belief in miracle is in specifying the success of science. In this approach, the evolutionary approach, the production of resistant and abiding models is the main goal of science and philosophy and the scientific realism is also one of the abiding models.

The present paper aims at investigating the shift in the U. S. foreign policy from the liberal internationalist approach during the Obama administration to the neo isolationist and realist approaches in the Trump administration. The main question is: “What is the Trump's Foreign Policy Strategy?” The “Theories of America's World Role” is used in response to this question. The main hypothesis of the paper is that the Trump's foreign policy strategy is a combination of neo isolationist and realist approaches. In fact, one fails to grasp a coherent and accurate understanding of the U. S. foreign policy without the effective integration of the two approaches. Therefore, the current paper argues that Trump has acted completely realistic in terms of military and security issues but neo isolationist in term of political orientation and economic performance. The current paper analyzes Trump's foreign policy in accordance with two strategies “America First” and “Make America Great Again”. This is a descriptive analytical research and the information collected from library and internet.

Is "hijab" an ethical value rooted in reality or considered as a custom which is related to different communities and traditions? The answer to this question requires a clear criterion for differentiating customs from values. Based on the differences between values and customs, we can say; any value which is original, reasonable, and common to everyone, relates to man's inner dimension, and if it is contacted to humans’ happiness, it is moral value, otherwise it should be placed among customs. These five features exist in the category of "hijab" and therefore hijab is an ethical value. Accordingly, hijab, is rooted in nature and it does not depend on the circumstances of different communities and traditions. This article clarifies the criteria for the distinction between customs and values, and also with a method of analysis, with an emphasis on the views of Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, in an effort to show that "hijab" is a virtue. Hence the belief of those who consider "hijab" as a custom is not acceptable.

Reducing the method to "tool and technique" is the Consequence of a stereotype that distinguishes the "research method" from the "theoretical framework" and determines the function of the academy in empirical research; the use of the theory of discourse based on this approach, in addition to creating dissonance Theoretical-methodical, is a new academic myth and reflects the disregard of tension within historical theory means the tension of two types of historical stereotypes mean realism and abstraction-historicism . They are divided among the academy as the true position of "science," and non-academic field as the real realm of "intellectual thinking". Of course, in recent years, as the hegemony of postmodernism is dominated, the second stereotype means "refusal of imported theories to explain the specific situation of Iran", "Native-Islamic science" has also come to academic discourse. whether we say that the second stream is merely a reaction to the academic positivism, or named it an independent Interpretation, it seems both of them -in a clear and secret agreement- has caused reproducing the dominated myth in present time.  While discourse analysis that follows the tradition of Roland Barth, is going to analyze the myths. The main concern of the paper is decoding myth of discourse theory in Iran with the help of some theoretical vocabularies of Laclau and Mouffe and the semiotic system of Barrett especially Barth's controversy with his Contemporary literary critics.

This research aims to study media reflections of some soccer matches that have been played in the sensitive political and social situation in the 60s, 70s and 80s. First, it discusses an analysis of the struggles between the discourses of each period. Second, it identifies Hegemonic discourse in each decade. In addition, the following research aims to analyze and comment on the discourses that seek after a national identity that has been formed in different historical ages.
For this purpose, we have chosen three soccer matches of these three decades with targeted sampling method to be discussed based on Laclau and Mouffe's discourse analysis.
These three matches are Iran vs. Israel on May 1968, Iran vs. Netherlands on June 1978 and Iran vs. South Korea on October 1990. The way of reporting Iran, Israel match is in a more realistic view and the mythical tone is naïve and without any ranting, whereas the texts on June 1978 are narrated in a revolutionary way with idealistic elements and in the 1990s it gets more ideological and experienced.
In conclusion, based on the result of this research, between the 1960s and 1970s we can see a vacillation in discourse between "Realistic View" and "Idealistic View", after the Islamic revolution "National Identity" changes into "Religious Identity" and "Ideological Borders" replace "Geographical Borders" in idealistic discourse.Also definitions like "The Ummah" and "Islamism" replaced "nation" and "Iranism". Accordingly, in the texts of the 60s, 70s and 80s "Realistic", "Idealistic" and "Religious" discourses can be identified.

The present article is an attempt to study the relationship between the epistemological principles of the notion of Academy of Islamic Sciences (with emphasis on the viewpoints of Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Mirbaqeri) about religious science with realism. Attempts have been made to demonstrate that voluntarism, as epistemological foundation of the notion of Academy of Islamic Sciences, not only voluntarism leads to negation of realism (unveiling of reality) and consequently to relativism, but also pushes realistic claims of this set in the field of theology and anthropology towards contradiction. By adopting moderate stances in the field of realism (vis-à-vis rudimentary realism), the Academy, while defending the impact of quality of will on the quality of perception, can avoid such undesirable consequences.

The area of media and film is popular and related to institutions and discourses of the era. Showing the image of the society in a film has different reasons and sometimes to proselyte and sometimes to show the social reality. This paper examines the social conditions of late 1370s and the cinematic representation of these conditions in Deep Breath (Shahbazi, 2003) and explores the relationship between sociology and cinema in this movie. This film is a 2003 Iranian Crystal Simorgh winner, won a FIPRESCI Prize and had attended many festivals. The main question of the research is to explain the relationship between dominant discourse of the period and the cinematic content of Deep Breath. And to answer it, there are some preliminary questions: What is the social conditions of late 1370?/ What is the public discourse of institution of Iranian cinema in this era?/ What is the representation of Tehran’s society on the screen in the film? The hypothesis of the paper is that Deep Breath has shown a real and apposite representation of society of the period. The aim of this study is to concentrate on the film and the social conditions of the time, and to analyze how society of reformation period (1997-2005) is represented in the film, in order to access some features that show the meaning of the film in the political action of the time (as non-artistic structures). In order to study the images of Iranian society through the Iranian fiction cinema, the researchers got the concept and came to the conclusion to choose the period of study from 1997 to 2005. In Iran's reform era, the rules of production and surveillance changed, so this film is a great case study to focus on. A necessity of such research is that Deep Breath has challenging components for research because of its production date and the accusation of festival taste. The research method would be a qualitative method. In fact as a qualitative method, the methodology of this research would be textual analysis. According to the theoretical framework which is theory of reflection, the paper will also employ the comparative analysis. through a critical and objective analysis of the film and reviewing the valid reading about the social conditions of the time, the results shows that Deep Breath is completely coming from the social, cultural, historical and discourse conditions of its production date, so the mechanism of the movie is cultural and social: the film has been influenced by the sociopolitical changes and by the sociopolitical occurrences in the society. So despite some conspiracy theories which some critics associate with Iranian festival cinema, this film is reflecting strong sociopolitical content.

The value-free science is one of the basic dreams of modern period that its possibility has been challenged in the last decades and now most of the philosophers of science regard science as avalue-ladenness. Now the question is that would the influence of values in the method of science undermine its objectivity and support relativism. this article with regard of plurality of branches of science and variety of values will argue that values in the different sciences have not the same role. In adition that the presence of values in the way of science production is involved relativism if all values were subjective and if their presence makes a change in the contant of science. But not all values are subjective nor the relativity of values necessitate the relativity of sciences.

Philosophical attitudes of early and later Martin Heidegger regards to the relation of science and technology is the case study of this article. The order of work is as follows, first of all there is a general review of Heidegger’s ideas about the relation of science and technology and then interpretation of Ihde _ a post Heideggerian philosopher of technology_ regards to the Heidegger’s philosophy is presented which is completed by Lyn White’s story of middle ages technology. At last the approach of Heidegger-Ihde is analyzed and article is concluded by a critical point to them.

After the Islamic revolution in Iran, a dramatic change in the nature of thedevelopment program was expected; but this was not accomplished. Variousanalyses have been proposed in this regard, judging which is impossible without adeep understanding of the development program. Despite the extensive impact of thedevelopment program in cultural and societal fields, little philosophical and ethicalstudies have been performed in this regard.In this article, after a review of the background of the development program, it isshown that the development program, based on the different proposed definitions oftechnology, has a technologic nature and can be treated as a technology ofphilosophical and ethical study. A study of the nature of the development program,in Heidegger's view, is presented in this article that includes indentifying themetaphysical inputs and outputs, manifestation of value orientation of developmentprogram, attention to ethical considerations in programming and implementation ofdevelopment program. Finally, the question is raised that what should be thereaction to the development program? The analyses of this article set the ground forthe answer of the following question: Why has the Islamic-Iranian model ofdevelopment program not been developed in Iran?

The concept of national interest was first used by realists such as Morgenta as the only factor which determines the behavior of governments in the international arena. With the emergence of behaviorism as a discipline in international relations and in the wake of decision - making theories, the mental priorities held by decision makers were considered to be more important than environmental exigencies in regulating national interests. Meanwhile, a group of experts from both sides, denied the efficiency of this concept in the analysis of the international behavior of governments. On the other hand, side by side with the changes occurring in the international relations, some proponents of the concept of national interst have endeavored to render a new definition of the concept and defend its necessity to the extent that even under globalization one cannot neglect its effect. The article gives a brief account of the history of the development of this concept and discusses favorably of its necessity and implications in the Islamic Republic of Iran under such titles as the conceptual ripeness of national interest, solving ideological conflicts, environmental and regional exigencies, the international order and American hegemony, and finally the democratic aspect of this identity.