جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گندم » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

Ownership of lands, feudalism systems and division of agricultural products has a long history in Iran. Agricultural system from demission and division of lands till the three step of cultivating, keeping and harvesting then division of products as well as taking tax, needs a regular circle and recording instruments as well as product measuring in different districts. In this research in addition to exploring circle of landholding from early Islamic period to Qajar period, two threshing heap stamp, that used to make mark on wheat as well as barley heaps are investigated. In this article we use anthropological and library studies based on descriptive and analytical approach to investigate the region cultivation and tow threshing heap stamps. The aims of this study are to identify the function as well as identity of these two stamps in socioeconomic context and investigate the circle of agriculture at Komijan city and Esfandan village, also tried to determine the identity and essence the stamps that are used by whom and when. In this end, structure of the stamps as well as form, material, motive and phrase on them will be described.

Evaluation of agricultural policies is an important issue in agricultural economics literature. Economists evaluate policies on base of their welfare effects. The objective of this study is Outcome subsidies removing for wheat and bread and its effect on producers and consumers. The minimization of changes in welfare loss is used in this study. The results of the welfare outcomes in wheat market show that government protects consumers more than producers by using consumption subsidy and guarantee price simultaneously. The optimizations of governments’ policy in wheat market reduce governments’ cost and welfare loss by reduction in protection from consumers. The results of optimization in wheat market policies shows that government costs and loss of social participation through lowering the main consumer protection were reduced. Per capita consumption of bread and share the cost of household food costs after adopting the optimum level of policy tools will dramatically change and optimal level of policy decisions on the bread cost share of rural household is more than urban households

Globalization of economy is characterized by increasing movement of labor and capital, technology, increased international trade, integration of markets and communication. Liberalization and globalization lead to increased foreign investment and increased amount and type of goods and services traded by nations. One of the challenges in globalization literature is its impacts on living condition of income groups and more specifically on poverty and income distribution of different income groups. Some believe in a positive relation between poverty and trade liberalization. However, others have got a negative relation between them. In this study the effect of globalization on poverty was investigated using both of micro and macro frameworks. In macroeconomic lens, globalization effect on Poverty Headcount and Poverty Gap criteria was studied using a variable as foreign trade – gross domestic production ratio. In microeconomic lens the results obtained for Wheat market was used. The Wheat market contains equations of import, domestic production and domestic demand simultaneously. The results of the Wheat market obtained from Mousavi’s(1385) study, conducted to predict the impact of globalization on Wheat market. In the microeconomic approach in addition to the Wheat market results, household expenditure, collected by Iranian Statistical Center, was also used. In the microeconomic approach the impact of different levels of increase in Integration of International Trade (LIT) criterion (as a mean indicating level of globalization) on Wheat (Bread) consumption was investigated. Two approaches were considered in order to investigate the impact of globalization on consumption. In approach one, the total changes in Wheat consumption was regarded as summation of changes in domestic supply and import. While in second one the changes in Wheat (Bread) domestic demand was regarded as consumption changes. Different levels of increase in Integration of International Trade criterion were also 10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 percent. In addition to the increased levels of the Integration of International Trade criterion, the impacts of increase in price of bread on selected households expenditure and poverty indices including Headcount, Poverty Gap and Severity of Poverty was studied.Findings & Based on findings, globalization has no considerable impact on the percent of urban poor, while 1% rise in globalization criterion can reduce urban poverty gap by 2.95%. Inflation index also reveled that increase in prices results in decreased poverty gap in urban Iran. In the case of rural households the findings showed that globalization results in a reduced poverty head count, but it raises poverty gap. In other words participation of Iran in global market will result in more undesirable condition of rural lower income poor, needing for more protection of the mentioned groups. The impact of agriculture sector growth on rural poverty is also interesting in that more growth of it lead to more poverty. Based on the results agriculture sector growth is expected to increase both of the poor number and poverty gap. The results of Headcount criterion revealed that 36.74% of urban and 25.43% of rural households are considered as poor. The results of micro lens evaluation that was also performed using coefficients obtained from Mousavi’s (1385) study and household expenditure showed that globalization of wheat market individually, and increased bread price would not result in a considerable change in poverty Headcount, Gap, and Severity.