جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "development" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

The issue of women's empowerment is one of the most fundamental issues of contemporary societies, which has an inevitable link with their development. In Iran, in the fourth development program, women's empowerment was included among macro and executive policies. To that extend, many researches in different fields have tried to evaluate and measure the issue of women's empowerment in the country. The aim of the current research is to meta-analyze the studies conducted in the field of women's economic empowerment to provide a comprehensive picture of the findings and characteristics of the obtained studies. Qualitative meta-analysis method provides the possibility of evaluating and reviewing studies in two parts, formal and structural characteristics as well as content findings. A total of 70 reviewed studies including various articles and theses shared the two keywords of economic empowerment and women. A range of virtual databases such as Normagz and humanities database to the libraries of prestigious universities of the country are the source of data collection. Results show since mid-1990s, we have faced a considerable number of studies in this field. The applied methods are mostly quantitative and based on large-scale questionnaires. The results of the descriptive findings show that the executive policies of this field are mainly partial, in line with non-functional support (dependent) and without enough attention on the specificities and different coordinates of its fields, and there is a need to focus on the different needs of women, gender and cultural norms, and the infrastructure of each region.

The present research tries to discover the most important political economic elements and components of the construction period in Iran (1376-1368) with an analytical-adaptive method and using the data obtained from library sources and compare it with the characteristics of the development-oriented government. The basis of the variables of the development government of Leftwitch. Leftwitch has mentioned five characteristics for the development government: the existence of developmental elites,bureaucratic power and institutional ability,the independence of the government from social classes,the existence of a weak civil society,and a suitable international platform for the development of the country. . The findings of this research show that the most important characteristics and propositions governing the constructive government and the ruling elites of this period were: economic liberalism,economic development,Islamic realism in foreign policy,pragmatism and pragmatism,technocracy and technocracy. Privatization and structural adjustment,and for these reasons,the general atmosphere of the constructive government has had the same characteristics as the development-oriented governments. The construction government had relatively high bureaucratic authority and technical-institutional ability to advance the country's development project,this government had high independence from different social classes and had special relations with the commercial-industrial capitalist class. Although civil society is growing in this period,it is considered relatively weak. Despite the improvement compared to the first decade of the revolution,the variable of the international development platform is evaluated as unfavorable compared to the development-oriented governments of East Asia. This government more or less has the characteristics of the developmental government of Leftwich and this similarity in the variables of the existence of developmental elites,the relative independence of the government from the classes and the state of civil society is more than the variables of bureaucratic authority and a suitable international platform for development has been

In addition to the class gap, Iran's border regions also suffer from regional spatial injustice. In the field of social justice and urban spatial justice, a lot of quantitative research has been done in various fields of social sciences, urban planning, etc., but regional spatial justice" has been neglected. This research examines social policies regarding the development of border regions with an emphasis on regional spatial justice with the qualitative method of critical discourse analysis with the Farclough-Laclave and Mouffe approach at the levels of description, interpretation and explanation.In the post -revolution  5-year development plans, there is no article or note regarding the development of border areas, except, a  part of Article 204 of the Fifth Development Plan, which deals with investment and sustainable livelihood of border dwellers and border industrial towns. Social policies and development plans after the revolution, influenced by layering discourses. in the upper layer, fixed supra-discourse of the government of the Islamic Revolution stands, while in the middle layer, there are variable government discourses, and in the inner layer, there are development discourses. This layering creates a discourse order in which development plans for border areas are articulated as plans emphasizing on regional spatial justice. In these social policies, which are under influence of ideological- discursive formulation, posterior and distributive justice was preferred to a priori and procedural justice. But, the development of Iran's border regions with an emphasis on regional spatial justice, requires a combined approach of procedural-distributive justice and the rule of  an evolutionary discursive  order  instead of   an antagonistic one.

"Development" and terms such as unstable development, unbalanced development, underdeveloped, under development, etc. are widely used concepts in analyzing the conditions of non-western societies such as Iran and comparing them with developed societies. What is considered as certain and natural in these analyses is the necessity of the realization of "development", in such a way that it seems impossible to imagine another form of reality. The development and its indicators have become not only the point of support for many evaluations about policies and states but also a dominant criterion for judgment about non-Western people and society. Nevertheless, "development" is historical like any other social phenomenon, and its correct understanding requires adopting an approach that pays attention to this aspect. "Genealogy" as a theoretical-methodological approach studies social phenomena such as development in their historical process. This article is contemplation about the capabilities that this approach provides for "development studies".

To achieve this purpose, the participation of Foucaultian genealogy, post-development and post-colonial studies of development (which are influenced by Foucault), Foucault's analysis of the Iranian Islamic Revolution, and some considerations have been used to provide an optimized version of genealogy for use in "development studies".

According to this approach, the correct method in “social science” is genealogical historiography, because the existence of every social phenomenon is a historical construction. Rejecting the assumption of continuity does not mean denying the existence of any type of continuity in history, but rather it is a methodological tact. Genealogy implies a fundamental critique of modernity, because it does not consider it emancipatory. This analytical approach allows the researcher to criticize dominant narratives about “Development”. The formulation of the problem is one of the most important possibilities of genealogy for development studies. Genealogy begins its analysis with a question in the present. Therefore, the genealogical problem of development is a question of the “present”. Analyzing the descent of the idea and practice of development is not in search of a single origin. Success in this search, while paying attention to the special history of each land, requires tracing the reflection of the descent of the global development discourse, its elements, and social forces in the society that is being studied. Genealogical studies of development, while applying the concept of “Discourse”, sees a connection between representation procedures (discursive practices) and material procedures (non-discursive practices) of development, pay attention to individual and collective agency, and do not seek homogenization, theorizing and extreme generalization.Genealogy traces power relations involved in the construction of meanings, because power is one of the factors in the historical construction of identities. While criticizing the “juridico-discursive” model of power, Foucault forms a network for the analysis of power relations by proposing the concept of “governmentality” in which the state can be examined. In this analytical framework, attention is also paid to subjectivity and individual freedom. The emergence of this subjectivity in Foucault's analysis of the Iranian Islamic Revolution is resounding. Genealogy provides the possibility of understanding how the idea and practice of development are formed by analyzing power relations in different forms and levels; from examining development projects as a means of exercising power to power relations between developed societies and non-western societies. In the analytics of power, the resistance is also analyzed at the same time. In the version of genealogy presented in this article, attention is paid to the impact of contingency events on discursive and non-discursive practices; with the explanation that at any historical period, a specific event that cannot be predicted based on the existing discourse order may create different historical conditions.The relationship between power, knowledge, and discourse is the domain of Foucault's genealogy. Because of the relationship between power and knowledge, the analysis should include “institutions, regulatory decisions, laws, administrative measures” in addition to texts. This approach provides the possibility of analyzing the practical mechanisms of development discourse such as professionalization and institutionalization. By deconstructing planning, genealogy reveals the effects of power and knowledge in the spread of development. The genealogical analysis in terms of the relationship between knowledge, power, and discourse shows how the development discourse constructs the non-Western world as a subject of knowledge and what kind of interventions are organized based on this. Genealogy also pays attention to resistance or marginal discourses. In terms of methodology, “resistance analysis” is a necessity for “power analysis”. According to Foucault's analysis of the Islamic Revolution, the genealogy of development in contemporary Iran adopts a special theoretical approach regarding the relationship between this revolution and Western development. Finally, it is possible to present and think of alternatives.

The genealogical approach with its conceptual toolbox, can contribute to our knowledge of the topic by highlighting aspects of the idea and practice of development so far unnoticed. Genealogical research can show that if the idea and practice of development had other forms, what discursive and non-discursive practices were involved in these changes? The genealogist, by criticizing of present, questions the “natural” and “definite” form of the existing phenomenon and presents a new picture of it. Genealogy can defamiliarize the “development discourse” in the non-western world. Genealogical studies of development have the possibility of realizing a set of exploratory, descriptive, understanding, and evaluation objectives. The possibility of adopting a post-colonial approach is one of the critical capacities of this type of study. The application of genealogy in development studies can sometimes be implemented with all its components, sometimes parts of it can be considered as an independent study. Genealogy has significant capacities for “development studies”; but being satisfied with a single theoretical approach as a sufficient explanation of the complexity of the subject under study is reductionistic.

What are the dimensions of urban dynamics is the study motivation of this article. The purpose of this is to present a different perspective on how to analyze social dynamism in the urban space. “How can self-socialization of citizens affect the dynamics and sustainable development of a city?” By reflecting on the stated question, one can realize the special importance of this article. In this context, the information baggage of two sociology treatises was used by adopting the secondary analysis method. These treatises were done with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods in the cities of Tehran and Arak; But based on the problem plan of this article, the result indicates that urban life can have a dynamic atmosphere according to important dimensions such as: diverse opportunities for comfort and social health, reducing damages, improving environmental health, etc. In addition to a dynamic city, it is necessary to adopt policies in the “cultural field” of the society so that the social self of the citizens is activated towards the expression of responsibility, competencies and abilities. In this field, the participation of entrepreneurial activists in different fields should be used. What supports the self-social dynamics of citizenship is the active campaign of entrepreneurs who have.

The present study aimed to identify the factors contributing to the attraction of young people in the Tehran metropolis to synthetic drug use.

The present research is a qualitative study. The strategy used in this research is the classic grounded theory. The research population included all young people aged 18 to 30 in the Tehran metropolis of both genders (male and female) with a record of synthetic drug use. Sampling was conducted based on purposeful judgmental sampling and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 participants (12 men and 5 women), and the results were extracted using coding in three stages: open, axial, and selective.

A total of 184 codes were extracted from interviews with participants. The extracted codes were organized into 41 concepts and 6 categories. The extracted categories include individual- psychological, friends and acquaintances, family, social, economic, and community. The individual-psychological and family categories, with 14 and 12 concepts, respectively have the most concepts.

The results of the research showed that the extracted concepts have a significant impact on the attraction of Tehran metropolis young people to synthetic drug use. Among these categories, the individual-psychological and family have the greatest impact on the synthetic drugs used by young people in Tehran.

The implementation of development programs of the second Pahlavi is analyzed from an economic or political view, while they are implied in the field of culture. The Iranian woman's identity has undergone changes under the influence of these cultural development policies. In this article, we study the representation of female identity in the movies of this period with the aim of investigating the changes of that. Considering that this representation was made under the programs of capitalist development, the theoretical framework of Adorno and Horkheimer's cultural industry from the Frankfurt school was used to critically show the representation of the implications of capitalist development on the cultural industry in the cinema of this period. In accordance with the framework of the Frankfurt school, the critical discourse analysis method of Laclau and Mouffe was used to identify the discursive changes of this representation in different periods of production and distribution of cinematographic works. Based on the findings of the research, four discourses have been identified from the beginning of the second Pahlavi period to 1327, the implementation of the construction program (1327-1343), the Ministry of Mehrdad Pahlabad (1343 to 1357) and the emerging discourse of the "new wave of Iranian cinema" (1340-1357). The analysis of these discourses shows that the representation of female identity in the cinema of this period has gradually changed from the traditional veiled identity to a more naked western identity, and the latter identity has been represented as the identity of the progressive and developed class.

The present research aimed at studying the effects of religiousness and political orientation on justice feeling among Iranian citizens regarding Iranian government´s welfare plans. This perspective is important because the political sovereignty of Iran with an inseparable tie with religion tries to have a different attitude towards social welfare and justice based on religious concepts. The present research framework was developed based on the theories of criticizing the government of welfare and Bourdieu´s theory. The present research was carried out by survey method and using questionnaire administered among Khoramabad citizens in 2021. The research sampling was designed through integrating cluster sampling and disproportionate stratified sampling with 400 as the sample volume. The results showed that Khorramabad citizens have not an equal attitude towards Iranian governments´ social welfare plans. Regarding the three previous governments, Khoramabad citizens assessed welfare plans of Khatami´s government as higher than that of Rohani´s government. Regarding their hope for the next government´s welfare plans, majority of the population predict the same or worse conditions. The research results showed that their commitment towards religious rituals and political orientations have effects on their assessment of a government´s welfare plans, i.e., the individuals with fundamentalist orientation and religious believes assess plans for distributive justice higher. The results also showed that priorities in the individuals´ orientation or attitude resulted in accepting or rejecting governmental institutions in their minds; moreover, the individuals assess securing the social needs and distributive justice in the governments´ welfare plans as biased for or against them.

Getting familiar with the field of communication and media and understanding that it is one of the important reasons for social and cultural formations requires theorizing, re-identifying and re-examining the theory. The purpose of this article is to examine the status of social-behavioral mass communication theories in the environment of new media. This has been followed by using the documentary method. At first, the bases and fields of theorizing differences in new media and mass media have been identified according to four categories of socio-behavioral theories including: communication content, audience, communication tools and impact study. Then taking into account the historical roots and the contexts of the formation of each theory, the status of the theories of use and consent, highlighting, framing, the spiral of silence has been examined and the new concepts added to these theories have been discussed. According to the findings, it can be stated that each of these theories have been developed in the environment of new media according to their conditions in a range from high to low, in the sense that the mentioned theories, while maintaining their main idea, are influenced by different bases and fields of new medias .

The expansion and completion of the wireless and wireline telegraph network infrastructure is among the crucial measures of the Pahlavi government in the course of establishing a modern and developed society. In addition, as an important and high-speed communication tool, the telegraph was a significant factor for strengthening the body of military authority of the Pahlavi government, which has great impacts on the political, social and historical transformation of Iran specially in that period of restless caused by the initiation of the second world wars. since the international issues were changing rapidly and Iran, in a special geographical position, was attracting the attention of powerful governments in order to protect their interests in the Middle East. In terms of this point of view, paying attention to this crucial element was very important in the continuation of the political rule of the first Pahlavi government so neglecting this matter, was not possible.Based on library sources, descriptive-analytical and cliometric method, the current research is seeking to answer these questions: what were the effects of telegraph network development during the Pahlavi regime? And the budget allocated to this ministry was in line with the development of military power or not? The findings indicate that Reza Shah's efforts to modernize Iran led to the development of the telegraph network as a very practical facility, which was not only as a result of expanding the lines caused by international political conditions, but also a factor for Iran's reformation and revolution in the middle of that time. This network was considered as one of the main components of the expansion of military rule in the country, however, its budget did not grow significantly during Reza Shah's sovereignty. But the budget of the ministry did not grow significantly. The significance of the present research is that it can provide valuable information based on the published statistics related to the dedicated budget to this ministry in the first Pahlavi era and clarify the ambiguous political and social aspects of the society.

Considering the discontinuity of modernity and modernization in Iran, this article tries to look for the effect of discontinuity in the process of development and counter-development while briefly reviewing the national origins of these two concepts in Western countries. The flow of development in advanced industrialized nations proceeded naturally. Due to the long conflicts between the three centers of political, economic and religious power, these countries succeeded in creating legal systems that ensured development. But after the Second World War, when the flow of development entered the countries that faced structural and territorial barriers and lack of legal guarantees, they turned into an anti-development flow. In Iran, this phenomenon started in the form of modernization from the constitutional era. But there were several factors that fueled social and political discontinuity and created major obstacles in the path of development. The discontinuity between modernism and modernity was part of a historical process and caused by insecurities and as a result the concentration of political power. This article intends to explain the effect of political power on social discontinuities, focusing on the issue of development with a political sociological approach The main question is, what factors caused the discontinuities to emerge , and how can these factors be removed?

According to Article 16 of the Anti-Narcotics Law, drug addicts who do not have a certificate subject to Article (15) and are prone to addiction are kept in government centers for a period of one to three months by the order of judicial authority and allowed for treatment. The more identification, and control of the mission goals of these centers will lead to more opportunities for the optimal implementation of the respective missions. Therefore, this research was conducted on the pathology of Mehr Soroush Center with the approach of development and improvement.

This study was conducted in terms of practical purpose, in terms of qualitative method, and in terms of collecting statistics and information in the field and through interviews. The participants in the current research included 30 experts who are knowledgeable about the subject, and by using the purposeful sampling method, the researcher reached data saturation in the 15th person. Using the method of thematic analysis, participants' views on the harms of the Mehr Soroush Center were analyzed, as well as the improvement and development strategies of this center were identified. In this research, MaxQD software was used for data analysis.

It showed that the injuries of the treatment center can be presented in the form of 72 basic themes, 18 organizing themes, and 4 inclusive themes. Improvement and development solutions were also mentioned in the form of 40 basic themes and 10 organizing themes.

The results led to the detection of pathological factors in addiction treatment centers. These were the following factors: 1- structural damages, 2- systemic and process damages, 3- damages in the field of human resources, and 4- damages in the field of customers.

Sustainable urban tourism are the main centers of economic, social and political growth in any country, which have proven themselves as the most attractive points for creating wealth, work, creativity and innovation. The purpose of this research was to sociologically investigate the role of sustainable tourism on the socio-economic development of Semiram city in 1401.

This research was conducted using survey method and questionnaire. The research community is made up of citizens aged 18 to 60 living in Semiram city. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, 350 people were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling method.

To analyze the research data, correlation coefficient tests with spss24 software and structural equation analysis with Amos25 software were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated and evaluated using Cronbach's alpha method, based on which the coefficient of the research variables and its dimensions was more than 0.7. In this research, by using inferential statistics, the relationship between the variables of tourist security, transportation network, recreational facilities and planning with the dependent variable of the research, socio-economic development was measured, and the relationship of all variables was confirmed.

The results showed that these variables of tourist security, transportation network, recreational facilities and planning have a significant relationship with the dependent variable of the research, socio-economic development. Using Amos25 software and drawing the model, the amount of changes in the dependent variable was explained by the independent variables.

Some theorists of the rational choice approach in the sociology of religion put forward the argument that just as an increase in knowledge and skills of an individual (= human capital) increases the quality of economic goods, an individual's religious knowledge and skills (i.e., religious capital) also increases the quality of religious activities and as a result the benefits that a person receives from religious participation. Therefore, the more religious capital a person has, the more satisfaction (that is, the increase in benefits) he will get from religious activities, and one of the main results will be the increase in his religious participation. In the present study, an attempt was made to test the validity of this hypothesis.This study used the "within-national comparative method". "Unit of analysis" and "level of analysis" in the present study are "county" and "Iran" respectively, and secondary data were used to verify theoretical claims and final analysis.The findings of the research indicated a confirmation for the hypothesis of a positive relationship between religious capital and religious participation in Iranian counties- even when the indicators of development were also controlled - although the intensity of this relationship was weak.The obtained results indicated that most of the changes or major differences in religious participation at the level of Iranian counties are related to factors other than religious capital. Therefore, it can be said that to explain the religious participation at the level of Iranian counties, the theory of religious capital lacks sufficient explanatory power and it should be considered complementary to other theories.

The definition and understanding of the concept of responsibility constantly experience changes during one`s life and is almost influenced by parenting. This study aimed to investigate how the definition and understanding of responsibility change at different ages, considering the perceived parenting styles.  

Method and data: 

The study used a descriptive-correlational design. The sample consisted of 381 males and females aged 12 to 75 years living in Yazd who were selected by random sampling methods according to their age groups. They completed the Perceived Parenting Styles Questionnaire and an open-response questionnaire about the concept of responsibility. 

The findings of the open-response questionnaire revealed six conceptual categories for defining responsibility: conscientiousness, trustworthiness, law-abiding, progressivism, organization and self-management. Analysis of the data in each category with the Chi square test showed that there was a significant difference between different age groups in the categories. There was also a significant difference between individuals who perceived different parenting styles in the emphasis on organization and self-management categories. Participants with easy-going parents had the most emphasis on organization and those with authoritative parents had the most emphasis on self-management in defining responsibility. 

The results showed that parenting styles are important determinants of the development of responsibility from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Further studies on different age ranges, especially children, using interviews in longitudinal designs, can provide a better perspective of the developmental changes in this concept. 

Key Message: 

The cognitive, emotional and social environment that parents make for their children, known as parenting styles, affect on the development of the concept of responsibility among them. In other words, the parents ‘parenting styles are the determinants of the level of responsibility in their children from adolescence to emerging adulthood.

Migration has been a historical phenomenon that reflects and affects social changes in societies. In recent decades, the growing scale and complexity of international migration have raised concerns among policymakers and planners in developing (or migrant-sending) countries, who face the challenges of human capital loss and development delay in their own countries. This study examines the question of whether these migrations can be seen as a facilitator of development course or as a reducer of human capital in the long run for the countries of origin? 

Methods and Data:

 The present study is a narrative review that analyzes relevant literature from 2000 to 2022 using a descriptive-analytical approach. 

Results show that international migration follows have individual and collective benefits for migrants, their families, and their origin countries. Depending on how the capacities of the migrants are utilized, these migrations may also have negative impacts or challenges for development. In other word, as litrature suggests, international migration does not necessarily reduce human capital, but depending on the way of using its capacities, it can facilitate development for the origin countries. 

The phenomenon of international migration, which reflects the freedom of choice and the common right of individuals and communities to benefit from this option in their lives, requires careful attention from policymakers and planners. Governments should adopt policies that increase the benefits and reduce the risks of migration for their communities. 

Key Message: 

Governments of migration-sending countries should change their attitude towards international migration from a merely threat to a possible opportunity in their population planning and take necessary steps to benefit from the potentials of these immigrants in the direction of their own country's development.

One of the most important fields of study in the current political and human knowledge of the country is the study and research of what, how and why the Islamic-Iranian model of progress. The emphasis of the leadership is also based on drawing the desired vision of the Islamic revolution and the ways to realize it in the priorities of the development plan of the Islamic-Iranian model of the development of the Islamic Republic. Based on this, the current research with a practical purpose evaluates the Islamic-Iranian model of progress based on the opinion of elites using the SWAT technique. The type of research is applied-comparative and the research method is content analysis based on library and documentary information. In order to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats through a questionnaire, the SWOT technique was used, as well as to determine the scenarios and mechanisms for updating the planning of the Iranian Islamic model of progress, the scenario technique was used. The results of the research related to the SWAT model indicate the choice of an aggressive strategy in the direction of action. Therefore, in order to develop offensive strategies, the focus should be on internal strengths and external opportunities, and strengths should be placed next to the factors of opportunities. Also, in relation to the topic of the research, four scenarios have been presented in relation to updating and adapting the Islamic-Iranian model of progress according to the current conditions of the country.

Over the past three decades, the positions of the student justice movement have become challenging on many issues. The purpose of this article is to examine the place of development in the discourse of this student movement. Considering the impact of student movements' discourse on the effective discourse of society and its impact on political and social structures, it seems necessary to examine it. In this regard, it should be clarified that the discourse of this organization preserves and rejects what meaning of development.The integrated discourse analysis model of Fairclough, Lacla and Mouffe is efficient to achieve this goal. Based on this model, firstly, the formal features of the statements and speeches of prominent people from the point of view of vocabulary, phonetic system, and grammar in the three levels of content and relationships in the text, as well as the identities that are depicted at the level of the text; Checked out. Next, at the level of interpretation, using the combination of Fairclough, Lacla and Mouffe, the discourses in the texts of the statements and interviews were identified. At the explanation level, the position of the studied discourse in power relations was determined. The findings show that although this discourse introduces "Islamic civilization" as an alternative to development, it still has a fundamental relationship with the dependency approach.In the discourse of the movement, categories such as seeking justice, resistance economy, anti-arrogance, anti-colonialism, and fighting corruption have been highlighted. On the other hand, western development, aristocracy and political factions have been strongly marginalized. The absent discourses of this movement include pacifism, the category of women, democracy, freedom, human rights and everyday affairs.