جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "embodiment" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

In recent times, various "relational views" based on the "principle of complexity" have emerged as alternatives to essentialist approaches, collectively referred to as the "relational turn". However, the philosophical foundations of these views are often ambiguous, leading to potential confusion with "relativist perspectives" or "interactive views" informed by Habermas' Communicative Action. Contemporary scholarly concerns in the humanities and social sciences -such as new emphasis on materiality, embodied practices, affects and intuition, spatiotemporality, post-humanism, and even the co-disciplinary- to understand human-societal processes, stem from "relational thought" but lack proper elucidation of their ontological and epistemological underpinnings. The article employs the Synthesis Research Method to comprehensively analyze and categorize "relational perspectives" based on their ontological roots to address these issues. Moreover, it seeks to elaborate a "co-disciplinary and (deep) relational epistemological and methodological framework" by utilizing "general epistemic components" and "key components of the (deep) relational view based on flat ontology". From this viewpoint, knowledge possesses multiple, heterogeneous, mediated, and contextual nature, drawing from the intertwined resources of "conscious subjectivity" (conscious deliberation or reflexivity) and "objectivity" (external environment). Furthermore, unconscious mediators, such as "collective ideal" (culture and discourse) and "individual embodied" (psychophysical characteristics) mediators, play an essential role in shaping knowledge. Knowledge exhibits uncertain and contingent boundaries, and is in a perpetual state of "becoming". Drawing inspiration from Latour, the methodology is premised on developing "assemblage/deployment programs". Importantly, the epistemic framework can apply to a wide spectrum of fields, from humanities and social sciences to art, spatial planning, and public policy, with the potential to promote single disciplines into co-disciplinarity and co-disciplines into trans-disciplinarity.

In this article, we have tried to better understand the concept of embodiment and its place among anthropological and sociological approaches by getting to know Thomas Csordas’s perspective Through his theories and works. Understanding the embodied world is rediscovering self and the world in the singularity of materiality intertwined with meaning; Understanding the world of things behind the curtain of their human-social identification as objects. This return to world of things is joy of remembering the interconnected world and also the difficult and complex encounter with alienation and separation of other. In this confrontation, the direct judgment of human subjectivity is distorted and reconstruct in its forgotten body. One of the challenges of writing this article has been introducing Csordas’s world and theory from his perspective. The purpose of this article is understanding the philosophical and theoretical concept of embodiment and face it as an ontological and methodological paradigm in anthropological and sociological studies. Therefore, first, the concept of embodiment and its philosophical and theoretical roots have been briefly discussed; Then, its methodological aspects are stated from the Csordas’s point of view. Csordas is important because he describes embodiment as a paradigm that brings us to a more coherent and general understanding of the culture and his sufferings. Csordas also presents a coherent formulation of "cultural phenomenology" in the embodied paradigm, as a phenomenological method in anthropological and cultural research.

Video games are an essential phenomenon within new media art, utilizing game controllers that enable players to provide commands and receive corresponding output to interact with the system. In recent years, various controllers for video games have been introduced, some of which enable players to provide physical inputs using their entire body. Yet, it is inherent in human nature to interact with the world directly without intermediaries. In essence, the process of interacting with technology via intermediaries, such as video game controllers, introduces a new mechanism for human users. The primary aim of this research is to analyze the ways in which various controller generations in video games map the player's body schema within the game world. Moreover, the article delves into how symbiotic controllers can enhance the video game playing experience by accurately mapping a player's entire physical body in virtual space.

This study has been conducted using qualitative research methods, specifically a case study approach. Documentary data, including online video documents, and observational data obtained from watching players during gameplay, have been used to answer the research questions. The video data was obtained from players interacting with three distinct controllers - the Wii remote of the Nintendo system in Wii-Sports, the Dual Shock controller of Sony's system, and Microsoft's Kinect technology - in a selected set of games, from a total of over 20 videos available online. The video selection included prominent instances of player interaction with the game using the three different controller types. In alignment with Calleja's theory, video game controllers can be classified into three types: symbolic, imitative, and symbiotic. These controller types will be discussed further in the analysis section of this research.

The body schema is an unconscious sensorimotor system that allows humans to perform activities efficiently without the need for conscious awareness or control. The important aspect to note about the body schema is its inherent flexibility and capacity for expansion during the embodied experience of users interacting with digital media. Video game controllers differentiate this medium from other visual media, like cinema and television, by acting as a link between the virtual and physical worlds. As such, controllers are responsible for accurately mapping a player's actions within the game. In fact, controllers serve as an automatic extension of the player's body and a means of translating the player's agency into digital signals that can be interpreted by hardware and software. We observed two types of actions performed using the controller: primary actions, such as moving the joystick or pressing a button, and more complex, context-specific actions, like aiming a gun or driving a car. Primarily, controllers enable players to physically move their bodies to perform specific actions. In contrast, the main action refers to what is done in the game and can be composed of various elementary actions that may or may not relate to the physical movements performed by the player. This discrepancy highlights an issue that affects the accuracy of mapping a player's body scheme, as their bodies may be performing different actions than those displayed on the game screen.

Learning how to use a controller to navigate and explore the game is a crucial aspect of the player's experience. Controllers should be internalized and used intuitively to provide an enjoyable experience. Moreover, altering the controller input and changing the controller schema can drastically affect the player's experience, comparable to the learning curve of acquiring a new language to communicate with technology. While symbolic controllers map minimal real-world actions to maximal game-world actions, resulting in inconsistent body schema mapping, imitative and symbiotic controllers exhibit a congruent mapping between what the player does and the corresponding game-world action. However, other issues can arise, including a gap between the player's body scheme and natural experience. The use of symbiotic controllers, while allowing for natural actions, is limited in its ability to provide meaningful feedback to the player. This is because the game system and mediator do not provide the necessary bi-directional, natural feedback to accurately map the player's body schema and natural experience.

With the beginning of modernization in Iran during the Reza Shah period and following the implementation of control and disciplinary policies, the female body, which was previously marginalized, entered the center of politics. Although Mohammad Reza Shah lacked the political power his father enjoyed but he tried to continue his predecessor’s policies. In the early second Pahlavi era, with the decline of the political power of the government, a freer political atmosphere was provided to the press. During this period, women publications began to represent the political and social conditions of Iranian women. At that time, one of the controversial issues in women's magazines was the concept of embodiment. In this research, using the content analysis method, the concept of female embodiment in the "Bidāri-ye Mā" monthly magazine between 1944 and 1949 has been studied. Three main forms of embodiment are recognized in this journal: Traditional embodiment, puppet embodiment, and warrior embodiment. By criticizing the two forms of traditional and puppet embodiment, the magazine has determined its ideal image of the body form which was warrior embodiment. Although the magazine's ideal embodiment criticized other forms of embodiment due to the imposition of strict rules, this embodiment too imposed strict rules on the female body.

Lived experience in the life-world is an interdisciplinary concept, according to which the sociological understanding of films is made possible by a phenomenological approach. In this research, we extended Husserl's life-world notion to the world of films and reached the concept of "the symbolic life world of films". Film is a social production and plays a role in the construction of the social world. Therefore, it can be said that the world of everyday life continues in the world of films as well. In this world, intersubjectivity takes on a symbolic aspect, that is, the characters’ lived experience is expressed in cinematic language. In the symbolic life-world of films and the intersubjective relationships of characters, the themes related to the embodiment and self-experience can be described phenomenologically. The main purpose of this research was to study embodiment and self-experience in the narration and actions of male and female characters in Iranian cinema from the 1980s to the 2010s. The main question was how embodiment and self-experience of the subjects are were constructed in the intersubjective relations.  

This research was done with the aim of understanding embodiment and self-experience in the symbolic life-world of films through the method of descriptive phenomenology and thematic analysis. To this goal, 6 Iranian films were selected from the 1980s to the 2010s by using intensity sampling, in which the embodiment and self-experience of the subjects were portrayed as philosophical and problematic ideas as follows: Maybe Another Time, Hamun, Passengers, Unruled Paper, Bright Nights, and Subdued. After selecting the samples, deep observation and coding, as well as other analytical steps, were performed. The key sequences and dialogues of each film were selected and compared after several observations. By replaying and watching the films in slow and fast motions, we were able to obtain the data that might have been overlooked in real observations. Due to the in-text nature of this study, we sought to extract meanings and concepts by coding the internal space of the images. In the theme analysis, we sought the general structure of meaning, not fragmented themes and categories. Therefore, the findings of this study included the themes that showed the general semantic structure and context of the subjects under study. 

The results revealed that in the studied films, the characters were in crisis in their interpersonal relationships and thus constructed in the form of self/other duality. This duality was the fundamental form of the subjects’ experiences, in which the self and the other were constructed in the intersubjective realm. The social context, in which the films had been produced over the 4 decades (the 1980s to the 2010s) constituted a specific gender structure.The embodiment of the subjects was constructed in the context of actions and role performances, whether in the form of a female or a male body. The embodiment and self-experience of the gendered subjects were based on a priori patterns in the collective intersubjective space that pitted them in opposition to each other, the most important form of which was confrontation of a man and a woman.The subject experienced himself in the self/other duality and the embodiment was a mediator for self-recovery or transformation in the other. In the 1980's, this duality had an individual form; the female body had no independent domain and was formed in another absurd (male) mental framework. The female body was an object that was extinguished under the gaze of another person and self was recovered by another one. In the 1990s, the self/other duality was drawn into the collective realm and the subjects were constituted in the form of duality of technique/collective intersubjectivity. The body and the self were recovered in the collective intersubjective frame and the nature of the technique was revealed in the forgery of the subjects. In the 2000s, the embodiment of the subjects was drawn into the realm of confrontation/transition; the embodied action of the woman passed through the absurd body of the man and left her in an abandoned world. In the 2010s, this contrast faded and the subjects were constituted in the form of co-embodiment. The collective bond merged with the fast-food physicality and sensitivity of the female body, while the subject experienced herself in the metamorphic form of the house. Contrary to the results of previous researches, which had a fixed and static understanding of the gendered body of the subjects and considered man as the dominant subject and woman as being subjugated to the patriarchal system, the findings of this study conducted through a phenomenological approach showed that the subjects were constructed in the form of a confrontation with each other.The dominant subject (male) in most films was in crisis himself and thus an absurd subject. The woman was also able to face, confront, and find transition from the man through her embodied actions.

Body can be comprehended as the root of human identity, a time and a place in which the social world is embodied. Our understanding of our body and the meanings signified by this understanding vary depending on different social contexts. Moreover, adolescence is a period which body -as an unfinished and changing project- becomes an acute and critical sphere. The main aim in this article, first, is to analyse the understanding and attitude of adolescents in Tehran -as a generation- toward their body and others’ in their peer group. And second, to study the attitude adults -as previous generations- have toward this adolescents' understanding of body. In fact, the main effort is to learn how adolescents distinguish between bodies, and based on what regulations they classify bodies. And then to learn what attitudes adults have toward this understanding of body.
This study has been done through “Qualitative Research” and the data is grounded in “In-depth and Semi-Structured Interviews” with 17 adolescent boys and girls (aged 15 to 18) and 14 adult men and women (aged 21 to 48) in Tehran. The Maximum Variation sampling is used for finding the cases in various types and theoretical sampling is used to achieve conceptual saturation. Finally, the interview data were coded and categorized by “Thematic analysis”.
Results show modern attitude toward body prevails among adolescents and most of them recognize body changeable and becoming. Although this understanding leads to puzzlement and sometimes worry for previous generations, the change itself and its ruling regulations paradoxically follow the totally traditional and gendered (masculine body and feminine body) patterns. Although this configuration seemingly represents adolescents’ embodiment ground breaking and altered, it has roots in values and patterns of previous generations. The same values and patterns but with different emersion and representation. It needs to be mentioned, the existing and continuity of these traditional regulations lies beneath the deep layers of this understanding and cannot be revealed effortlessly.
Therefore, most of both adolescents and adults contradict the existence and continuity of these regulations. This contradiction is comprehensible. Part of the adolescents' fulfilment and identification is constructed from this contradiction they feel between themselves and previous generations. Approving this convergence of these apparently different regulations in understanding body, causes a crisis in their identification. Additionally, adults resist approving this convergence mostly because the outstanding difference they observe between the emergence and representation of this embodied understanding the adolescents and previous generations have; therefore, adults cannot recognize the fundamental and significant similarities. Occasionally, the idea of existing such contradiction gives identity to previous generations. Therefore, seemingly these two sides of this equation strive to accentuate the differences in order to consolidate the boundaries of “self” and “others” -as two or more different generations.

Instagram is one of the most important social networks that has provided an attractive space for self-representation and virtual interaction. The attractiveness of this social network is somehow due to the diversity and exchangeability of images, photos and signs which are frequently commented by millions of users. This research is about to interpret the Instagram users’ narratives of body images, through relying on three theories: the theory of self-representation (Goffman), cultural representation (Giddens), and somatic society (Turner & Shilling). The main question is how users read and consume body image in Instagram? We have used narrative interview to gain the stories users make about their experiences of being and searching in Instagram. The sample is selected among users in Sanandaj city by way of snowball sampling method (16 case: 11 male, 5 female). The findings show that users’ reading and consumption of body images can be categorized into five main categories or patterns: interactional, symbolic, representational, taste oriented and leisure oriented. The first implies users’ attempts to reflect their social life and manage impressions on others; the second category is about embodiment and imitating the dominant body images; the third means that users usually tend to be seduced and like to be immersed in images; the fourth implies finding the desired followers; and the fifth is about how to spend free time.

This article tries to analyze the content of the book Phenomenology of Perception by Merleau-ponty critically. Therefore, having considered the importance of this work in the formation of the concept of Phenomenology in the author’s own period, we regard the role of this book in the following trend of Phenomenology. In introducing the author of this work, Maurice Merleau-ponty, we point out to the disadvantages of Phenomenology by Husserl from the viewpoint of Merleau-ponty. This paper, also, studies the translation of this book in English (since the original work was in French); so, the translator of the work; i. e., Colin Smith (1914-1990), will be introduced. The major part of this article is dedicated to the Content Analysis of this work, critically review its translation, and criticize the conceptual analytical status of the book itself. In the proceeding sections, we focus on the chronological order of the book, the sufficiency of resources, accuracy in references and citations, the form, and the language of the work, which is to some extent difficult. At last, in the conclusion, we mention the central importance of this work for some majors such as Philosophy in the post-graduate degrees, and even its permeation into the fields of Art, Medicine, and Nursing.

The purpose of this article is to study the Turner's works in the field of sociology of body and its relationship with human rights. Although the study of citizenship has been an important development in contemporary sociology, the nature of rights has been largely ignored. Only in the 1990s the works of Bryan Turner led to the development of a new sociology of human rights. This article defends the claim that human rights is a legitimate subject of inquiry for sociologists. Method of recent article is documentary. Turner sociological studies in the field of medical, body, human rights and religion can be an example of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary studies in humanities. Turner, in his works has tried to take advantage of concepts and findings of sociology of body, politics and philosophical anthropology, as well as embodiment and vulnerability and find materialist basis for defending human rights universal claims. He knows sociology of body as a basis for the defense of human rights universal concepts and alternative discourse to the natural law tradition. According to him, human rights as an institution beyond citizenship, is a substitute for citizenship and its challenges. In summary, The article argues that a sociology of human rights is very important, because, there are obvious limitations to the idea of citizenship which is based on membership of a nation state. Therefore, human rights as a sociological concept is an important supplement to the existing idea of citizenship.

Analyzing the status of the human body in present epoch from Nancy Scheper Hughes (NSH) the medical anthropologist points of view is the main goal of this article. Since the mid 20th century and following the rapid growth of science and technology in the western world, the processes of globalization and also basic transformations in medicine have been making great influences on human body status. For example the consequences of body manipulation via new medical technologies, the process of medicalizing the lives and societies, alienation of human body from human , degrading of the statues of body via commodifying it as a whole or in parts in national and global markets , all have caused many objectional reactions from many social scientist in different disciplines especially in medical anthropology in which many scientists like NSH have had an active position against these issues. This is a documental study the data of which are in most parts gathered from NSHs field works with the focus on the problem of commodifying bodies in the global markets. One of the most important findings in the present study is the primacy of "the ethical" over "the social" and "the cultural" as a preassumption that philosophically supports NSHs approach to stand up as a political, ethical and militant anthropology in a vivid protest to the fallen status of human body in the late globalized capitalism era. Compared to the traditional approaches, critical militant anthropology does ask some important ethical questions about the main duty of anthropologists and ethnographers in the present epoch. Must they impartially continue writing their applied ordinary ethnographies more or less? Can they on the contrary to traditions make ethical decisions and guide their analyzing critical writings at the aim of helping change the present conditions?

Biological Anthropology had been considerably changed from beginning to now. From 19th to Mid-20th century, the race has been the principal concept in bio-anthropologic researches. Since Mid-20th, the concept of race replaced with the new subjects. The second half of 20th century can be counted as the transition period for bio-anthropology. The three last decades of 20th century are the decades of increasingly growth of the discipline. Throughout these years the discipline goes ahead from a general situation to a more specialized one. The specialties such as Human genetics, Primatology, Human economy and paleoanthropology are the most important specialties which are developing right now. In 21st, a new important approach named bio-cultural approach established under the discipline in which both biological and culture aspect are include when studying a human issue. Nutritional Anthropology, Embodiment and Medical Anthropology and Neural Anthropology are some of its sub-areas. These sub-areas are considered as the most practical areas in contemporary anthropology. This article deals with this new approach and its sub-areas.

recent interest in body issues on the part of academic and scientific circles should be seen as a reaction to the radical changes in relationship between body, economy, technology and society. The growth of nutrition, health and sport technologies along with the increasing importance of agency and consumerism, have turned body and embodiment into major themes in the contemporary society. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data on young boys and girls having regular sport activity, the present paper aims to reveal the relationship and the feelings they have towards their body. The findings indicate that modernity has made the youths more sensitive towards controlling and disciplining their body. Similarly, the competing discourses in public sphere (including the masculine discourse) act as major references in forming, understanding, and representing the body. In addition to reproducing traditional norms and bodily behaviors, such young boys and girls having regular sport activity, the present paper aims to reveal the relationship and the feelings they have towards their body.