جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "organized crime" در نشریات گروه "علوم اجتماعی"

Today's crimes are more complex, interconnected and global and are carried out on both physical and virtual levels. Therefore, more than ever, there is a need for multilateral police cooperation to address security challenges affecting communities. The formation and growth of organized crime has also added to this importance, and based on this, in this article, while examining the nature of organized crime, we will deal with the issue of what kind of actions Interpol follows in dealing with it, and what actions are taken in this regard. Has there been a preventive measure?

This confrontation is written in a descriptive-analytical way.

Prevention of organized crime is important for several reasons such as guaranteeing human rights and guaranteeing international security. In this context, many international measures have been taken to prevent and deal with organized crime. In recent years, Interpol has taken several measures to prevent and deal with organized crime, including electronic extradition and regional organized crime threat assessment, for which Interpol has implemented several projects in cooperation with member states. Examples include the Asian Organized Crime Prevention Project, B- The Project for the Prevention of Organized Crime, Terrorism and Firearms Trafficking in Moldova, C- The Prevention of Organized Crime in Interpol's Millennium Project, D- The Prevention of Organized Crime in the Project Fortaleza is Interpol and the prevention of organized crime in the (I-CAN) project. Also, the alliance of Interpol and FATF has been effective in preventing and dealing with organized crime in the implementation of joint projects.

Organized crimes, with a variety of manifestations, complexity in the ways of committing and spreading, economic and cultural aspects to countries and societies and impose serious challenges at the levels has created national and international Based on its inherent and legal duty, the Iranian police is in charge of detecting crimes, including organized crimes, using a codified model. This research was done in order to identify the dimensions and components of the pattern of detection of organized crimes in the Iranian police.

The current research is qualitative in terms of its purpose, application and implementation method, based on content analysis strategy and data collection method in the field with in-depth and semi-structured interview tools. In this research, 15 experts in different areas of criminal investigation at the Iranian police level were interviewed by purposive sampling based on the principle of theoretical saturation.

The research findings include seven dimensions; Human resources, objectives, structural, technology, coordination, interactions and environment and 18 components for the pattern of detection of organized crimes in Iran police.

The results of the research show that there is no codified pattern in the detection of organized crimes at the level of the Iranian police, therefore, the implementation of the pattern identified by the trustees and relevant officials will contribute to the success of the police in dealing with organized crimes and consequently It leads to the improvement of security in different dimensions, at the national and transnational levels.

Nowadays, the phenomenon of drugs and related crimes has become a major problem for many countries in the world. The only manifestation of organized crime currently prevalent in the Islamic Republic of Iran is narcotics, which is considered as a transnational organized crime because its main purpose is to gain economic benefits since it is not carried out all over the country. . Four decades of counter-narcotics action in the country, despite the enormous financial and moral costs, has not produced the desired results. Money laundering is one of the reasons. Some of the illegal activities carried out by criminal gangs and groups, such as drug trafficking and money laundering, have become widespread worldwide and involve most countries around the world, such as the enslavement of destructive and destructive effects on security, the economy, politics and other essential pillars of countries.

This is a descriptive-analytic applied utilizing referenced articles, library and documentary studies to examine drug trafficking gangs, and proceeds from drug sales and purification of these revenues.

The formulation and adoption of appropriate, comprehensive domestic, multilateral or international laws and regulations can be effective in combating money laundering resulting from drug trafficking as an organized crime.

Surveys in documents and resources show that providing anti-drug trafficking strategies and on the other hand formulating sound money laundering laws that can be enforced are among suitable measures in preventing money laundering from becoming legal.

One of the crimes that has always plagued the country is drugs and gangs active in this field. Identifying the leaders of these gangs with new methods has always been a concern of police organizations. In this regard, this article aims to provide a method to identify the leaders of drug gangs.

In terms of purpose, the current research is a practical one that has been used to collect data using a sequential exploratory combined method. Data from a set of work items, including mobile phones, work cases after extracting calls and voice and text communications of the defendants' communication equipment in the form of a dataset and by observing the principles of information classification. Considering the confidential nature of the available numbers, first all the available numbers were converted into codes and a numerical code was considered for each of the numbers, and after identifying the candidate numbers, their numbers were extracted in the analysis section, and by examining the connections of the criminal network, Different networks have been created and by analyzing the communication in each network, criminals and their important nodes have been identified.

By examining the network evaluation metrics such as intercity, proximity, input degree, output degree and hub, each node was valued and weighted. Then, by examining the value of each node with the mentioned criteria, the candidate nodes in each criterion were classified according to the influence of each criterion on the value of a node.

The results showed that by examining the criteria for measuring the drug network with the aforementioned analysis method, the nodes that were the connecting factor of several sub-networks were identified and their communication role was determined, and finally, by giving weight to each node, the nodes with superiority were identified. Bala, who can play a decisive role in the network and emerge as a leader, was identified.

Combat cross-border crime is an old concern. After the collapse of the Berlin Wall, the States quickly realize that faced with a new world order, it becomes necessary to abandon part of their sovereignty in order to work together, against a new crime favored by globalization. The European Union also places this imperative at the heart of its ambitions. While initially, the European Community was only an economic agreement, it quickly realized that the pooling of goods and capital, but also the free movement of people, engendered a new delinquency, a transnational delinquency. In the face of this problem, a European arrest warrant was envisaged for judicial cooperation between the member states of this union.

The present research is written based on descriptive and analytical methods and methods of collecting information is from library-documentary studies. In this regard, the regulations-documents and sources related to the European arrest warrant have been reviewed.

Indeed, criminals do not care about borders while law enforcement is constrained. Offenders take advantage of these facilities to proceed with their trafficking, or to escape the authorities, who cannot prosecute them outside their national territory. Here then appears the need for interstate police and judicial collaboration. Within the European Union, this collaboration was therefore gradually put in place, until the creation of the European arrest warrant, a mechanism for the surrender of individuals between States.

The confiscation of property has, as a matter of fact, been customary as one of the ways to deal with crimes, and is now included as one of the methods of combating drugs and other crimes in the official law of our country. Today, drug gangs are gaining enormous gains through criminal acts, which poses a serious threat to the country and can affect the political, economic, and cultural institutions of the country and then become a source of threats to national security. Thus, it is very important to conduct scientific research in order to select the right and scientific ways and take effective measures to confront this ominous phenomenon. Therefore, by performing these researches, the problems and deficiencies of this area are more known and the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of confiscation of property derived from the criminal offenses of drug traffickers in traditional and industrial drugs, precursors and psychotropic drugs in Kurdistan province. 

  This research is qualitative in nature and method, and Delphi method and interview with experts were used for collecting data. The statistical population consists of ten experts and fighters in the field of drug abuse in Kurdistan province. Sampling is of the total number.

Findings:

The results of this study revealed that confiscation of property derived from criminal acts and drug trafficking and precursors could be one of the good methods of combating organized crime and other crimes such as money laundering and terrorism.

If the identification of the smugglers' assets is done properly, they can impose irreparable blows on the trafficking of narcotics, precursors and psychotropic substances by enforcing the relevant laws and seizing them.

Despite the decades of introduction of the concept of organized crime, no international-regional document has yet reached a clear and complete definition of these crimes. This type of crime with a variety of manifestations, complexity in the methods of perpetration and increasing expansion, consequences and harmful effects from political, security, economic and cultural aspects to countries and societies impose serious challenges at the national and international levels. Created. The special nature and leisure of time and place in committing organized crime; And the various dimensions of this phenomenon, the effective struggle and confrontation with it has faced challenges. In this study, an attempt has been made to systematically and historically examine the concepts of organized crime, to identify a specific concept of these crimes and to plan appropriate strategies to deal with them.

The present study is based on a descriptive-analytical method and based on documents and library sources, and in this regard, by studying international documents and domestic laws, with a practical purpose, the obtained information is analyzed. Is.

The results of the research show that after identifying and understanding the concept of organized crime - which is necessary to deal with any emerging phenomenon - to avoid going astray in the face of organized crime, we must pay attention to the dimensions This phenomenon includes "organizing illegal activities", "organizing criminal structures" and "organizing the social sphere (illegal governance)"; Preventive and repressive measures should be planned in accordance with each of these aspects.

Although committing terrorist crimes is not a new topic. But the threats posed by this ominous phenomenon to various societies today have created a strong determination in national and international criminal policy to a purposeful fight against this transnational organized crime. Because, as a result of the spread of new technologies and the process of globalization of crime, significant changes have taken place in the nature and extent of this type of crime in the world. At present, the threats posed by terrorist acts do not fit into the framework of a given land and have become a global problem. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the developments of Iran's criminal law policy against organized crime of terrorism with the approach of globalization of crime.

The present study is theoretical in nature, purposeful, applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-analytical research in terms of writing style. Data collection has been done through library study by referring to academic and electronic scientific resources.

that Iran's criminal law policy does not have effective and coherent mechanisms to combat the phenomenon of terrorism and the legislature has acted poorly in criminalizing and allocating independent legal material to this crime. However, in the judiciary, moharebeh and corruption on earth are considered as examples of terrorist operations. However, this lack of coordination in criminal and judicial criminal policy is not very pleasing to the Iranian judicial justice system. Of course, following the emphasis of the UN Security Council on the criminalization of terrorism (1373), the legislature in 1394 with the passage of the Anti-Terrorism Financing Law, criminalized terrorist acts and such crimes. However, this type of criminalization is not enough, and criminalization of terrorism is necessary in Iranian legislative policy as an independent crime.

Nowadays drug trafficking and its relating crimes have been known as an organized crime and has been created as a main problem for most countries of the world. This study was to identify the dimensions and components of crime detection strategies in organized drug crimes so as to improve the current situation.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and data type a qualitative research and in terms of research method, Thematic analysis. Participants in this study, based on the rule and principle of theoretical saturation, included 22 experts who were available in the field of organized crime, crime detection strategies that selected by purposive and theoretical sampling. Data collection tool is a semi-structured interview and to ensure the validity of the assessment tool, in addition, it was used the content validity and face validity that was based on the data using MAXQDA software, in three stages of open, axial and selective coding, analysis and analyzed. Data validation was done by descriptive and verifiable methods by participants.

Based on the research findings, five specific strategies were examined respectively as follow: structure strategies and drug possess, control and fighting (National), intra -organizational interactions (National environment), extra -organizational interactions (International) and strengthen manpower which were determined as 110components.

The most important results of these strategies include; Strengthen police structure, increase operational budget, The Dominance of Intelligence, intelligence and remote sensing, strengthen police and border diplomacy, plan overseas operations, establish special anti-narcotics judicial complexes, enhance the effectiveness of surveillance and control measures, strengthen Education and preventive measures, etc.

Background and Purpose:

However, in the 1960s, the spread of addiction and the pressure of Iranian society and international authorities led the legislature to adopt a strict legislative policy against drug trafficking. However, the legislature did not have a specific approach in its criminal policy and, whether intentionally or unintentionally, by pursuing criminalization and determining inappropriate punishment, it has practically pursued an inconsistent policy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of crime globalization on Iran's legislative criminal policy in the field of drug trafficking.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of writing style. The information was collected through a library study with reference to academic scientific sources and Internet sites.

The findings of the study indicate that the first drug criminalization began with the imposition of fines in 1289; Due to its inefficiency, in 1338, the death penalty was imposed for drug criminalization. Subsequently, the inconsistency of the legislative policy with the judicial policy and the police and security measures, led to the approval of the Anti-Narcotics Law on 3/8/1367. However, the ineffectiveness of the punishment provided in this law, especially (execution) with international and domestic conditions, led to amendments to it during 1997 and 2010. Finally, under the influence of the globalization of drug trafficking, the legislature added articles to the law on 7/12/2017 in order to soften and reduce the death penalty.

The results show that the legislator has not taken a purposeful approach in the field of narcotics during these years and has not achieved the legislative policy accepted by the international and domestic community due to the lack of attention to the issue of globalization of drug trafficking.

In fact, human trafficking can be associated with criminal acts such as trafficking for sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, domestic slavery, forced theft, forced begging. The combat against these phenomena is often done from the perspective of suppressing the perpetrators of human trafficking. The criminal definition of human trafficking, which has recently undergone legal changes, carries severe penalties for the perpetrators of these crimes. However, proving human trafficking offenses remains difficult because it requires the specialization of prosecuting authorities, complex investigations, and sometimes differential proceedings in several countries. Accordingly, in the present research, a descriptive-analytical method is attempted to investigate the status of the measures used to deal with organized crime of human trafficking in the French legal system. And considering the shortcomings of the Iranian legal system, suggestions should be made to eliminate them. In the end, it is concluded that the Iranian legislature does not have a systematic and clear position on the differentiation-specialization of criminal proceedings regarding crimes of organized human trafficking. According to the present study, it is suggested that the existing laws in our country be amended based on the current needs of society and the increasing development of crimes based on a differential criminal policy commensurate with the effects and dimensions of such crimes.

Advances in new technologies The use of electronic communications control in the detection of national crimes, a transgression that violates the internal and external security of countries, including Human trafficking, drugs, terrorism, money laundering, assassination and extortion, piracy, and serial killings have become inevitable. Electronic communication is done in a variety of ways; Including communications via computer networks, smartphones, virtual networks.In line with various legal systems and international instruments,One of the most important methods and tricks of studying crime evidence, especially organized crime, is violent and effective in society, such as murder, kidnapping, rape and the purpose of controlling electronic communications.This control is considered a kind of invasion of private privacy by individuals and is usually considered a crime.In order for the actions of law enforcement agencies to be exempt from crime, the legal systems of different countries have adopted special conditions that, while fully respecting the privacy of individuals,allow the control of any electronic communications and allow the use of electronic communications content.The most important special conditions for controlling electronic communications in European countries are the requirements such as national security; National Defense; Public safety; Preventing, searching, detecting and prosecuting criminal acts with an emphasis on organized crime and terrorism and disrupting public order and security; But court oversight is essential.In short, Iran and the United States have had a similar approach to electronic communications control until the passage of the US Patriotic Law Act, which came into force after 9/11 under the pretext of providing security and counterterrorism.

In proportion to the modern examples of organized crimes, in criminological studies, new approaches to more systematic combat against these crimes have been put forward. In regard to certain scientific reasons, it can be realized that development-centric initiatives in response to organized crimes regarding transnational studies should be taken into considerations. Therefore; This kind of approach can be used as a tool by which organized crimes would be seen as a negative factor affecting trade, politics and society and this macro look will cause this phenomenon and those reactions and effective measures related to their reduction be recognized better. Therefore; attention and measurement of organized crimes solely as a criminal phenomenon, regardless of its impacts on economy, politics and different sidelines of society, means inefficacy of every approach proposed and implemented against these crimes. In international criminological literature, this kind of approach is called development-centric so that it can go beyond the existing traditional approaches and create a stage for the most comprehensive solutions. While this article proves that security or justice-based strategies will not be able to succeed per se, it believes that even development-centric strategies will not achieve much success if used in a standalone and one-dimensional manner against organized crimes. Anyway, these strategies can be considered as long-term and sustainable solutions for some of the most conspicuous challenges related to organized crimes which can prevent the future effects of this crime on vulnerable victims while drastically mitigating organized crimes.

Based of the existing realities, goods and foreign currency smuggling in a completely organized form, are widespread in southern borders whose perpetration compared with living smuggling, not only causes the expansion of harmful consequences of this kind of crime but it also facilitates these consequences to certain social and economic areas.. An organized formation, continuation of criminal behavior in the course of time, monetary motives and goals, smuggling in a transnational scope and using various criminal methods and ways are among the most important characteristics of the organized nature of goods and foreign currency smuggling. This descriptive research which was done using suryeying technique, was intended to investigate the nature of goods and foreign currency over one billion Rials in Iran’s southern borders.The target audience of this research includes 1017 smugglers with criminal records who have been convicted at least twice in the years 1390-95 on charges of smuggling goods worth one billion Rials in southern borders provinces (Boushehr, Hormozgan, Khozestan and Sistan Balouchestan. The volume of statistical samples using Kokran Formula was determined 154 were chosen randomly. Data collection tool was through questionnaire with a sustainability of 0.876 in which Pierson’s correlation and Regression coefficient were used. The research findings showed that there is a meaningful correlation between organized formations features, continuation of criminal behavior in the course of time, monetary goals and motives, transnational perpetration of smuggling, exploiting criminal methods and the organized nature of goods smuggling over one billion Rials in southern borders. The analyzed results showed that correlation coefficient of the five characteristics respectively was 0.482, o.431, 0.404, 0.366 and 0.334 which indicates a direct connection between the said characteristics and the organized nature of goods smuggling over one billion Rials in the southern borders. Moreover, the research findings showed that of the mentioned five characteristics, the organized formation feature has the highest and continuation of criminal behavior has the lowest impact on the organized nature of goods smuggling in the southern borders.

Organized crime is among the most dangerous crimes, by its unique characteristics which threaten the economic, social, and political security of a society. It has taken modern and knotty forms, along with technological advancements around the world, which makes it transnational in nature. Therefore, we need to fully comprehend the definition, proofs, and effects of organized crime in order to approach it systematically. In this paper, we first examine the concept of organized crime and its background; the effects of organized crime in local laws will be considered afterwards.

Trafficking in persons, especially women and children are modern day slavery which is known as one of the manifestations of organized crime since the beginning of the 1990s. In recent years, it has become a global problem. Human Trafficking in the twenty-first century can be thought of as a new slave trade just like its former form in the nineteenth century. Hence, the need is felt to consider human trafficking as a crime in all countries. In this article the problem of trafficking in persons, usually aimed at women and children for sexual exploitation or trafficking, is discussed. Trafficking, as a criminal act which is punishable by law, has a long history, but because of the lack of detailed crime statistics of the real exchange rate, we cannot discuss its rate precisely. The present paper attempts to analyze the structure of this phenomenon in the international legal system and also to look beyond punitive measures and policies.