اسلام

Approaches to citizenship rights are different in discursive systems. This concept is a new approach to all kinds of human rights in social life to organize the social and institutional interaction of people. Imam Sajjad's treatise on the rights of Imam Sajjad (a.s.) was placed in the discourse of Islam by detailing according to the general narrative based on monotheism, prophethood and resurrection, in some parts by expressing recommendations in the form of commands and prohibitions with a moral and judgmental aspect. In this discourse, the teachings are presented to the believers as a task that they are obliged to do or leave. This concept in the discourse of liberalism with its human-centered basis and the components connected with it presented a special understanding of it and tried to narrate the needs and desires of human beings in the form of citizenship rights in life by drawing articulations in accordance with his vision. socialize The present essay tried to analyze the disparate understandings of Islamic discourse based on Imam Sajjad's (a.s.) treatise on rights and liberalism and explain the different understandings and narratives of each of them with the descriptive method and discourse analysis with the benefit of library documents.

The Quran clearly introduces humans to their enemy and explains both the hidden and obvious dangers they face. To protect oneself from these dangers, one must seek refuge in God. The recommendation to seek refuge in sensitive situations, such as reciting the Quran or to escape physical and moral dangers, emphasizes the importance and impact of seeking refuge. Seeking refuge refers to seeking protection from Allah, the All-Knowing and All-Powerful, from the evil of Satan, in everything that causes fear and harm. This is expressed by the phrase “A'udhu billahi min ash-shaitan ar-rajim” or “Astaghfirullah min ash-shaitan ar-rajim.” The purpose of this article is to determine the jurisprudential ruling on seeking refuge and to explore the impact it has on the health of individuals and society. Through examining jurisprudential and ethical books, it has been concluded that seeking refuge is necessary for humans, and they are obligated to seek refuge and protection from Allah. It is necessary for individuals to seek refuge in the fortified stronghold of the one and only God to preserve themselves from the evil of Satan at all times in order to maintain their well-being and safety. Seeking refuge has a significant impact on the mental health of individuals and society. Therefore, a person who seeks refuge becomes a refuge for society, and the result of this is the growth and prosperity of the community

The two concepts of Islam and faith (Iman) have been of interest to scholars in Islamic schools of thought, and the nature of the relationship between these two terms has significant implications in theological and social discussions. This research aims to explain the similarities and differences in the relationship between Islam and faith from the perspectives of Ibn Taymiyyah and Wahhabism. By referring to primary sources of Ibn Taymiyyah and Wahhabism, this study has examined the levels and types of Islam and faith in their thoughts, and consequently extracted, explained, and analyzed the differences and similarities in their views on the relationship between Islam and faith. One of the findings of this research is that in some cases, regarding the linguistic and terminological meanings, as well as the levels and types of Islam and faith, Ibn Taymiyyah's view is inconsistent with Wahhabism, while in other cases, it is consistent. However, the confusion between some meanings of Islam and faith, and particularly the misunderstanding of the concept of apparent and real Islam, can be considered a common point in these two schools of thought. By uncovering this mistake, the ground for interaction with takfiri ideologies and further research for truth-seekers will be provided

A lack of production and underutilization of economic resources remain among the primary economic challenges faced by nations, particularly in Islamic countries. To address this issue, solutions have predominantly relied on theories and recommendations by economists and production specialists rooted in secular human sciences, while often neglecting the foundational principles, viewpoints, and economic frameworks provided by Islam. An exploration of Quranic teachings and Prophetic traditions reveals potential strategies for overcoming obstacles and fostering economic growth and production. This article investigates the economic factors contributing to production growth as emphasized in the hadith collections of both Sunni and Shia traditions. It seeks to answer the question: “What is the role of economic factors in fostering production from the perspectives of Islamic traditions of Shia and Sunni” The study identifies key elements that significantly impact production growth, including a commitment to diligence and labor, the importance of capital generation, effective land utilization, and a focus on agriculture and mining. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing library-based sources and drawing from Quranic verses and the Prophetic traditions of both Sunni and Shia traditions. The purpose of this article is to revisit and elucidate the economic factors influencing production growth within the teachings of Islamic traditions of Shia and Sunni, thereby bridging the gap between Islamic economic principles and contemporary production challenges.

At the same time, education is the source of the flourishing of a person's personality, talent and breadth of vision. From a collective point of view, it is also considered as a supporter of progress, prosperity, creating understanding, tolerance and friendship between people and nations of the world. that the status and honor of the nation depends on the level of literacy and its scientific achievements Emphasis on learning the science and knowledge and the equality of men and women for this matter, in Quranic verses and prophetic instructions and other religious texts, although it expresses the importance of science and respect for women and girls. However, the inappropriate treatment of the educational affairs custodians and the creation of grounds for mixing and abusing women and girls is another problem that helps in preventing them from education. And families are forced to prevent their children's education and access to science education for the respect and chastity of their children. The purpose of writing this research is to express the exact view of Islam in relation to the education of women. The research method of this article is library. The books related to the subject of the study and later according to the target and the viewpoints related to the research topic were collected, then by using examples and models, accepted principles and rules, the viewpoint was analyzed. The result obtained from this research is that from the perspective of Islam, there is no difference between men and women in the teaching of science, and women can study science just like men by maintaining hijab and chastity.

This article presents a comparative study of the concept of wisdom in the Quran and the Bible, analyzing its role in the ethical systems of Islam and Christianity. Wisdom, as a fundamental concept in sacred texts, is introduced in both religions as a guiding principle for achieving an ethical and spiritual life. In the Quran, wisdom is defined as a divine knowledge granted to prophets and chosen individuals, guiding humanity to a deeper understanding of the truths of the world and the divine laws. Conversely, in the Bible, wisdom is portrayed as an embodiment of God's word and a pathway to connection with Him, leading individuals towards love and salvation. The conceptual similarities of wisdom in both texts reveal profound commonalities between Islam and Christianity, while differences in their manifestations and applications in ethical systems are also observed. This article further explores the shared foundations in moral and religious education across both traditions, emphasizing their impact on the ethical values and social behaviors of contemporary societies. Ultimately, the research offers recommendations for future studies in this area, including an examination of educational approaches to wisdom and its influence on the upbringing of future generations. The aim of this study is to enhance the understanding of wisdom and its role in the development of ethics and human behavior within religious communities.

The essential rules of religion are one of the most fundamental issues in the Islamic legal system. Adherence to it causes a person to benefit from the rights of citizenship in Islam; and opposing it will cause him to be deprived of the mentioned rights with titles such as apostate, kāfir and muḥārib. The essential rulings of religion refer to that part of religious knowledge whose reference to Sharia is not a place of doubt, and its criterion is the improvisation of the ruling and the subject that every Muslim knows at the beginning; and its acceptance does not need proof, because it is a rational axiom, and its meaning is so obvious that even non-Muslims are aware of it, such as prayer, fasting, Hajj, monotheism, prophethood and resurrection. However, there are some sayings about the implementation of the ruling and its effect, based on the hadiths and opinions of Islamic thinkers, some believe that denying the necessary rulings of the religion is an independent cause of disbelief. A group says that denying the essential rules of religion is a cause of disbelief if it is the cause of denying the mission.

Though the necessity of forming a global government is accepted from the viewpoint of reason, scholars, and most of Abrahamic and non-Abrahamic religions and schools of thought however, it has received less attention. The formation of an effective government by a leader who is aware of its requisites, and with a systematic organization and the aim of salvation, justice, and perfectionism is the common theory of many thinkers, scholars, and Abrahamic religions. By examining the goals, characteristics, and plans of the Promised Savior for the formation of a global unified government, with Analytical-rational and narrative method, and paying attention to the inefficiency and lack of richness of the teachings of Judaism and Christianity about the issue of Salvation and human perfectionism, it can be concluded that Mahdism is considered as the most important basis for the necessity of forming a one world government to achieve the goals.

The event of Karbala and Ashura have been among the main elements that have inspired certain Orientalists to study them. Some of them regard Ashura as a major factor for manifestation of Shiism in the world. Some of them may come up with good understanding of Ashura based on Shii sources. Yet, those who draw upon non-Shii works have made big mistakes in understanding and appreciating Ashura.

Explaining Ontological Foundations, Principles, and Methods of Sexual Education from the Islamic Perspective AbstractFrom the Islamic standpoint, sexual education refers to teaching ethical and religious criteria in relation to the sexual dimension of the human being. In this sense, there are generally three approaches, including (1) the monasticism approach, based on resisting sexual urges and prohibiting sexual awareness and education; (2) the reformist approach, founded on liberation from traditional sexual ethics, sexual freedom, as well as recognition of various sexual orientations; and (3) the moderate approach, derived from the main teachings of Islam regarding sexual needs and sexual education. Against this background, the present study was to explain the ontological foundations, principles, and methods of sexual education from the Islamic perspective, through a descriptive-analytical inductive method. The study results for the ontological foundations of sexual education were associated with God-centeredness, existence as the manifestation of the best system, coupled relationships, purposeful existence, and existence in the world and the hereafter. The sexual education principles also consisted of divine commands as sexual education criteria, sexual piety, sexual dignity not as the ideal goal, development of great human talents, marriage, conferring views on marriage, divine standards for marriage, reasonable purposefulness of sexual education, and freedom from self bondage. Besides, the sexual education methods comprised of sexual desire elevation to divine levels, continuous care, attention to normal sexual needs, sublimation, respect for marriage as the natural law, reference to others’ opinions on marriage, application of divine standards, sexual education based on stages of development, sexual abstinence, and remembering God in soul temptations.

When Islam emerged, it faced a world in which slavery was a fundamental institution in society. This study seeks to extract the approach and interaction of Islam to the issue of slavery from trustworthy texts that have the highest degree of authority. And with this motive, she tries to study this issue in the Qur'an. The findings of the article show that the Qur'an has a negative view of the slavery system and has come up with a unique way to overthrow it. On the one hand, it has tried to liberate slaves from within and instill in them confidence and dignity, and on the other hand, it has painted a vision of "freedom" for slaves. The Qur'an has acted gradually to achieve the goal of freeing slaves. The Qur'an obliges slaveholders to free slaves if conditions allow, and on the other hand, issues moral instructions for better interaction with slaves. Finally, the Qur'an has tried to gradually eliminate the conditions that lead to slavery.

The ʿAṭiyya prayer, attributed to Jaʿfar al-Ṭayyār, Imam ʿAlī’s brother, is a widely recognized form of prayer among Muslims. While there is extensive information about this prayer in hadiths, its material significance and historical impact have not been thoroughly studied. This research aims to explore the importance of the ʿAṭiyya prayer in early Islamic centuries through religious sources, historical records, and archaeological evidence. It demonstrates that the ʿAṭiyya prayer is not only one of the most recognized prayers, frequently cited in written sources, but also that its manifestations can be found in wooden inscriptions from the Buyid era, specifically commissioned by Amīr ʿAḍud al-Dawla al-Daylamī. Thus, it can be concluded that this prayer held significant importance among both the general public and rulers from the early Islamic period.

Secularism and religion are two opposing phenomena, both of which discuss the role of religion in society and governance. Secularism means the separation of religion from politics and government, and jurisprudence, as a branch of religious sciences, deals with the interpretation and adaptation of religious rulings to different times, places, and conditions in order to implement democracy in the society while being religious. In fact, Islam is a religion that emphasizes belief in God and following his teachings and commands, and monotheism, prophecy, the book, resurrection, and law are the foundations of this heavenly religion. Islamic jurisprudence helps in understanding and deriving Sharia rules and investigates religious rules and regulations in various social, political and cultural fields of daily life of Muslims. And in this direction, he takes help from four main sources, namely the book (Qur'an), tradition, Consensus and Reason. The jurists discuss the abilities and capabilities of this knowledge to respond to the needs and Sharia issues of the society. The upcoming research examines the capabilities of jurisprudence in confrontation with secularism by using library sources and documents and with a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the investigations show that the science of jurisprudence has the ability to apply Sharia rulings to real conditions and can extract the relevant rulings from Islamic sources and provide appropriate arguments to solve Sharia issues and be a good solution for social issues and opposition to secularism. And there is no democracy or progress.

The topic of homosexuality is currently a focal point of discussion and debate. This behavior has experienced a significant evolution influenced by two opposing perspectives. On one hand, the acceptance of certain individuals has contributed to the normalization of what was previously deemed a deviation. On the other hand, some scholars argue that the non-volitional aspect of this behavior stems from its intrinsic qualities, bolstered by genetic, hormonal, and neurological studies concerning homosexual individuals. While this hypothesis has faced criticism from an empirical scientific standpoint, this research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach to examine, for the first time, the concept of homosexuality as innate through the lenses of Christianity and Islam. Both of these Abrahamic religions link this behavior to the people of Lot, thereby rejecting any notion of an inherent nature associated with it. Their sacred texts underscore, both directly and indirectly, that homosexuality represents a form of sexual deviation that contradicts human nature and essence.

The political education of children in Islam is considered a subset of educational matters. Various schools of thought have seriously addressed this issue. However, a prevailing misconception among some Islamic currents and the general beliefs of the faithful regarding the political education of children is that it is merely aligned with political factions. While there is no conflict with healthy political activity, the objective is to expand and perpetuate the celestial nature of society in accordance with the tenets of Islamic law through the foundational structure of society, namely the family. Therefore, it is necessary to correct the public perspective. This study aims to answer whether political education within the family is necessary and whether Islam endorses its necessity. To address this question, a descriptive-analytical method was used to examine the theoretical background of the topic in the traditions of both Islamic and non-Islamic rationalists, as well as the religious justifications for the necessity of the topic. The results indicate that political education within the family involves nurturing the social and political dimensions of the family, which has two approaches: The first approach is nurturing in line with the source of duty, encompassing God, human needs, and societal needs. The second approach involves nurturing within the realm of education, encompassing all possible methods and examples in the field of education. All definitions agree that the subject of societal education, particularly of children, is realized through various factors, including the family, governance, and society, with leadership by divine laws or government, executed by parents, particularly the father. To achieve this crucial task, it is necessary to address various aspects, including the prerequisites for political education, the requirements of political education, the mechanisms of political education, and the outcomes of political education.

Translation: The examination of the authority of Abrahamic religions after the advent of Islam has always been a lively and dynamic issue among theological discussions. Given the importance of uncovering the Qurʾānic perspective on this matter, transmitted evidence forms the main axis of the debates between the two sides. Among the related topics is determining the semantic application of the word “Islam” in the Qurʾān. One of the most debated verses is the noble verse “Inna ad-dīna 'inda Allāhi al-islām,” (Arabic: إن الدین عند الل السلم , K 3:19 Indeed, the religion in the sight of Allāh is Islam) which establishes Islam as the religion before God. Although both proponents and opponents of religious authenticity refer to this verse, an independent study that gathers and evaluates all the evidence has not yet been conducted. In this research, which emphasizes a library-analytical method, the study not only distinguishes between the two main interpretations of this verse but also evaluates the evidence for each. It then presents a third interpretation based on a different understanding of “religion” and “Islam.” This perspective defines Islam as the concept of surrender and religion as the expression of believers’ religiousness. Consequently, this research concludes that the verse is unrelated to the issue of the “authenticity of religions.” Therefore, both supporters and opponents of religious authenticity cannot regard this verse as an independent document to support their claims.

In his works, Ali Ibn Rabban Tabari has criticized the doctrine of Trinity and Incarnation in Christianity by referring to the Testaments. He was born in a Christian family and his father and uncle were prominent Christian scholars. He himself was a devout Christian until the age of seventy; therefore, he knew the text of the Bible and Christian teachings. By referring to the Gospels, he tries to validate the Holy Quran's description of Jesus Christ. So, he calls Jesus the prophet and messenger of God and rejects the Christian belief in the Trinity and incarnation. Regarding the Trinity, he argues that the Father and the Son cannot be regarded as ancient together, because in this case the father-son relationship will be meaningless. Regarding the belief in the incarnation of God in the body of Christ, he also says that according to the Gospels, we can see that Jesus had human characteristics. If we consider him as God incarnate, we must attribute those human attributes, such as eating, drinking, sleeping, etc., to God as well. According to these arguments, Ibn Rabban considers the doctrines of Trinity and Incarnation to be contrary to pure monotheism and therefore rejected.

The very special place of martyrdom and its seeking in Islam has been the cause of researchers' paying attention to this topic; the topic of martyrdom in Islam has also attracted the attention of orientalists. Ethan Kohlberg is one of the Islamists who has focused on martyrdom in his researches. He believes that the concepts of martyr and martyrs existed before Islam, and that the martyrdom mentioned in the Qur’an is the same fighting in the way of God that was adapted from the religion of Christianity. Kohlberg, citing the wars of Muslims during the lifetime of the Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) and after his passing away, concludes that martyrdom in Islam is different from its Quranic concept and is considered a type of suicide. He also believes that the prohibition of suicide is not explicitly stated in the Qur’an. By referring to the argumentations of historical traditions, he presents suicide as allowed commandment. In this research after an overview introduction of martyrdom and suicide concepts in Islamic verses and traditions, in its content review, expressions and description of citations of this orientalist concerning martyrdom and his point of view about martyrdom-seeking, suicide sentence in Islam and the fact that martyrdom-seeking is actually a suicide attempt itself will be analyzed and in accuracy of his point of view will be clearly illustrated.