جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ارزش ذاتی" در نشریات گروه "فلسفه و کلام"

Environmental crisis is due to the welfare of humans and the negligence of other living organisms in the use of natural resources. Because of the ethics more than other schemes of protecting the environment can lead to require humans to leave bad behavior towards the environment, for resolve of this crisis, we need to attend to the ethics of the environment seriously, because it provides us with a set of personal and social criteria that are essential for establishing relationship between humans and their environment. In twentieth-century, thinkers in the field of environmental ethics generate “anthropocentric”, “biocentric” and “ecocentric” theories. Among these theories, biocentric theories, in particular the theory of “respect for nature”, are in an acceptable level of rationality. In this research, we will formulate this theory, then we will prove that this theory is reasonable in field of environmental ethics. Finally, we will respond to criticisms of this theory.

This article covers some conceptual analyses made about basic issues in environmental ethics. The analyses were partly concerned with the significance and efficacy of philosophical efforts regarding environmental issues and partly with the methods, arguments, concepts, and ideas common in this field of philosophy. The findings led the researchers to conclude that a principlistic attitude is inevitable, and a doer-based or action-based attitude, instead of the common subject-based attitude, towards ethical duties would pave the way for extending human duties to non-human beings. Moreover, a right-based conception of duty would better explain our duty towards non-human beings while “right” is understood according to the notion of “need” rather than “value”.

Such criteria as life, human gene, ethical agency, perception and feeling, social or biological relationships, and a combination of them form the basis on which one can speak about case of morality. The views, being based upon man or beings other than man or emphasizing essential values have sought to defend themselves. By essential value is publicly meant non instrumental and independent value. As is explained in the paper, with regard to common views in the field and considering ethical value and essential value, one cannot know plants and animals to be cases of morality. Furthermore, with regard to transcendent purpose of Islam and accepting human-based state of morality, instrumental value of the beings other than man can be viewed as essential value.

Professor Misbāh believes that man's perfection is exemplified in the intrinsic value which conforms to "drawing to Allah". However, since "nearness" has several meanings and none can be the intended meaning, he believes that "nearness" has at least three meanings: temporal-spatial", "existential", and "axiological". The axiological meaning itself is divided into three kinds: "honorific and hypothetical", "assimilative", and "gnostic and monotheistic". Based on the analyses provided by this eminent professor, "nearness" in its axiological meaning corresponds to the gnostic and monotheistic meaning which may account for intrinsic value and man's perfection. According to what is inferred from the verses and traditions, the meaning of man's perfection and also nearness to God as already stated, a gnostic and monotheistic meaning, and this is a fact which the professor himself has made explicit in his different works.

Having Analyzing the concepts of ‘intrinsic value’ and ‘instrumental value’ in the domain of natural environment, the present essay deals with the major approaches in the philosophy of environment and ethics of environment as well as discusses the approaches in the domain of law, especially in relation to the environmental damages. The basic assumption of this writing is that the orientation of the laws and approaches is still anthropocentric, neglecting the biocentric approaches which include man as one element. In the end, while inspired by the Islamic doctrines in the philosophy of environment and the law of environment, the essay emphasizes on the anthrobiocentric approach.