جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « حقوق شهروندی » در نشریات گروه « فلسفه و کلام »

One of the important ethical issues in the new criminal procedure law is related to the observance of citizen's rights in the proceedings. The foundation stone of a criminal matter is laid by the law enforcement officers in the stage of crime discovery, and this stage plays an important role in securing or not securing people's citizenship rights. In the new law, the observance of ethics in criminal proceedings depends on the observance of citizen's rights. In this research, to investigate the rights of citizens from the perspective of the accused and the victims based on Q. A. D. K. 2012 has been paid.

The research shows that the criminal procedure law of 2012, compared to the previous laws, has many valuable points in the direction of improving morals and respecting the citizenship rights of the accused and the victims as much as possible in all stages of criminal proceedings, especially in the stage of crime discovery and preliminary investigations. and the tasks of judicial officers in it are quantitatively broader and qualitatively more precise and explicit than the former law, and are associated with innovations especially in the field of observing citizen rights. In order to comply with these rights, guarantees have been established to enable the realization of this important in the real world, therefore, on the one hand, by establishing general and general guarantees in order to protect the parties of a criminal complaint, and on the other hand, guarantees appropriate to the situation assigned to them.

Manism and Mazdakism are two famous philosophical schools of thoughts in ancient Iran, which apparently have some similar teachings, and both of them were introduced against the states of their era. It is important to identify philosophical schools from various aspects, one of these aspects is the examination of citizenship rights, which provides us with the possibility of more understanding their teachings according to the requirements of today's society. In addition to identifying the various dimensions of the both aforementioned schools, the purpose of the research is to evaluate the teachings in terms of citizenship rights. Based on what mentioned, the main question of the research is to what extent citizenship rights have been identified in the schools of Manism and Mazdakism? To respond more precisely, it is necessary to examine the historical traces, books and study the teachings related to the above schools. First, to identify their philosophical foundationsfor this aim, it is necessary to find the answers in both schools through five important philosophical categories, ontology, anthropology, epistemology, methodology, and sociology, respectively, because it leads to an accurate identification and compliance of the both schools of thoughts teachings. Second, is to evaluate the teachings of these schools regarding citizenship rights, based on the philosophical responses of Manism and Mazdakism schools relating to anthropology and sociology. The most prominent approach of the current research carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, is although in the teachings of the Manism school, the ascetic and worldly prevails having led to the denial of some of the basic rights of human beings, but in religous teachings, there are clearly signs to regard civil rights such as equality between men and women. It should be highly mentioned that the denial of these rights was only related to a certain group of people who voluntarily accepted such a lifestyle. In addition to asceticism, with the aim of emerging justice and equality between people, Mazdakism proposes teachings such as the sharing of property and women. As a final result, it should be explicity mentioned that by considering the social contexts in the era of Mani and Mazdak, respect for fundamental rights of human can be seen in these two rituals, but the teachings of sharing property and women's right in the Mazdak school are considered against the rights of citizens.

Citizenship rights, along with paying special attention to individualism, are concerned with a set of values ​​such as egalitarianism, freedom, democracy, which pursues the collective benefit. If the rights and ethics of citizens are not institutionalized in a society, the relationship between the people and the government will be shaken, therefore, the issue of ethics and citizen's rights have been taken into consideration in the laws. In the current research, the aim is to examine the position of communalism and individualism in municipal laws with a view on ethics and citizenship rights.

Citizen's rights may seem at first to be due to individualism, but in fact, it tends towards socialism. Meanwhile, municipal laws should reflect the ethics and rights of citizens. According to Article 1 of the Charter of Citizens' Rights, proper administration of the country's affairs on the basis of rule of law, efficiency, accountability, transparency, justice and fairness by all officials and employees of executive bodies is mandatory. Currently, the municipal laws have challenges such as: incompatibility of the rights and mutual duties of citizens and the municipality, lack of participation of citizens in the preparation process, review and approval of urban development plans (comprehensive plans, preferential plans, etc.), lack of the solutions to attract citizen participation are the lack of urban unit management. In most cases, it has been observed that the approach of the municipality is towards socialism.

Citizenship rights are one of the basic and ethical rights in human society, which creates security. According to paragraph 14 of the third article of the constitution, the government is obliged to use all its facilities to ensure the rights of individuals and create security for everyone in order to achieve its goals. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of investigating the importance of ethics and security in providing citizenship rights from the perspective of judicial law.

Ethics and citizenship rights are one of the main pillars of social life in all societies. Morality is the basis of citizenship rights and security is necessary to achieve it. The judicial system has the duty to formulate basic moral principles in order to ensure the safety of citizens, in such a way that the rights of individuals are not violated. Principles such as acquittal, the principle of public punishment, the principle of legality of crime and punishment, etc. Therefore, in every society, the existence of a healthy and capable judicial system is needed and necessary to realize the security of citizens. In fact, the judicial system of the country is responsible for the protection of citizens against the violation of their Sharia and legal rights.

One of the main pillars of citizenship rights is to prevent wastage of time and save citizen's time. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of conceptualizing and implementing consumer time planning as an important category of professional ethics and citizenship rights.

The present study was fundamental and among mixed researches. In the qualitative part, the data method of the foundation was used. The statistical population was experts in the field of time planning in the banking system (deputies, heads of banks and professors of business management) who were selected as a sample using purposive sampling to achieve theoretical saturation of 15 people. The analysis tool was in-depth and controversial and the data were analyzed by coding method with MAXQDA software. In the quantitative part it was a descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population was customers of state-owned banks in Tehran, from which 245 people were selected using available sampling. The instrument of the questionnaire was a researcher-made qualitative section and the data were analyzed by structural equation method using PLS software.

In total, by reviewing the research results, 24 initial codes, in the form of 6 central codes (reducing time (reducing the risk of customer expectation), filling the perceived waiting time from the employees' point of view, filling the perceived waiting time from the customer's point of view Time-based service overlap, intra-organizational standards, and time shift) remain exploratory factor analysis. The validity and reliability scores were supported by statistical scale.

Organizations try to prevent citizens from wasting their time with proper planning. Consumer time planning in banking processes is one of the manifestations of citizenship rights, and banks can do this in addition to respecting citizenship rights, leading to customer satisfaction and long-term survival of the organization

Evidence in criminal matters is a line drawing that connects the different stages of criminal proceedings from the moment a crime is discovered to the issuance of a sentence. Gathering evidence and then evaluating and measuring them is far away, and what is considered as a mechanism of reasoning in criminal matters is the search for absolute material truth or reality. Paying attention to this serious matter is in fact due to the importance that moral schools attach to the issue of individual freedom and respect. Therefore, the present study was formed with the aim of examining respect for the freedom of individuals and studying the reason in Imami jurisprudence and Iranian criminal law.

A statement of incorrect information, a false report, a forged writing, a false testimony, or an inaccurate or deviant expert statement may mislead the judge and result in an innocent conviction. The emphasis of moral schools on the need to adhere to citizenship rights and respect for the freedoms of individuals at all stages of the trial doubles the need and importance of addressing the issue of reason. In criminal proceedings, what embodies criminal justice is the active presence of the judiciary in exploring the evidence and accessing the truth. The principle of freedom of reason must be determined in the light of legal criteria and its limits and validity must be known. And in a general approach, the legal framework of the principle of freedom of reason is limited on the one hand to the boundaries of detailed reason and on the other to the boundaries of the legitimacy of education.

The main purpose of criminal law must be to secure the basic human rights or fundamental rights of individuals. But the matter is the relationship between morality and human rights. For the purpose of the science of morality is to bring humanity to the highest degree of humanity, and the purpose of law is to achieve relative justice and to restore order in society. Equity is also a means of assigning justice and tailoring its rules to specific cases. Thus, justice and equity are closely intertwined. Ethics and law are two sciences with two distinct goals, and some jurists believe that any confusion between ethics and law should be avoided. Therefore, this article examines the relationship between morality and fundamental rights.

One of the positive steps that current judicial procedures can take to bring about justice for individuals is that it is true that morality should be avoided in any way. Obedience leads to the intellectual disengagement of lawyers and the departure from the goal of justice, and the excessive inclusion of ethics in the world of law causes the judge's personal emotions to replace legal principles. On the other hand, the main purpose of criminal law should be to safeguard human rights and maintain a moral framework. By enacting explicit, clear and understandable laws for all, the legislator will consolidate the principles of sound criminal policy and prevent violations of these rights.

The Holy Quran as one of the main sources of Islamic political system and freedom has a high status in the Islamic thought. To carry out desirable political activities, in political freedom, individuals, groups, and organizations are freed from the oppressive imposition of the ruling power and external socio-political obstacles. The goal of getting rid of inner tyranny, achieving freedom and enjoying civil rights in this attitude, is to bring human beings to happiness. Using a descriptive-analytical method and focusing on the interpretation of the Quranic verses, this article examines the criteria of political freedom. Considering the necessity of disciplining political freedom as a divine gift, criteria such as observing the rules of Shari'a, taking responsibility, preventing the spread of seditionist views, respecting the rights of others, observing rational rules and observing the interests and dignity of the Islamic society govern the issue of political freedom.

The purpose of the present survey is to indicate the Ethical fundamentals of citizenship rights in imam Khomeini,s thoghts and it,s effect on  respect for citizenship rights.

The method of the research is analytical and inferential based on Imam Khomeini, s works. Data collection is through library method.

The results of the article indicate that ethical fundamentals in imam Khomeini,s thoghts are based on nature , Religious rationality , Intrinsic dignity and human development.

The author of the paper concludes that Divine ethics will lead to responsible presence of citizens in Islamic government with the aim of getting closer to God (proximity). The mentioned theory will increase political development, social freedom, multiple advocacy, Legality, tolerance and cognition, respect for individual and social rights and finally growth in Virtues, excellence and progress in Islamic society.

International investment law and substantive and procedural rules for dispute settlement through arbitration mechanism is under experience and evaluation. Theoretical reasoning and procedure play an important role in this process. One of the issues raised in this field of law is the possibility of considering international human rights as part of the governing law, and consequently considering human rights obligations for both contracting parties of the investment agreement. Given that human rights commitments often do not meet the economic interests of both parties, they are likely to be ignored and neglected. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss how to monitor the human rights act of international investment parties. One solution to meet this need is to pay attention to the oversight exercised those who are outside the investment contract or the third party to the contract. In this study, considering the theoretical and procedural justifications, the present conditions of the possibility of a third party entry into an investment dispute is examined from a human rights standpoint

The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as the highest legal document of the country, is the basis for the preparation, formulation and writing of other laws and defines the principles of political, cultural, economic, foreign relations, structure and limits of political power and guarantees the rights of citizens.

In this research, it is tried to examine the fundamental principles of the constitution in the area of ​​the nation as the principle of equality of people in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Descriptive-analytic method. 

The constitution, as the result of the Islamic Revolution of the people of Iran, led by Imam Khomeini (P.B.U.H), urgently paid special attention to the fundamental rights of the people and people of Iran, emphasizing the principle of equality and equality of people against the law, the granting of privileged and unlawful privileges to the class or A certain group of people has been forbidden.

The results of this study indicate that, unlike most systems in the world, all people of the society are equal to the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran in terms of the inclusion and enforcement of the law, and, after forty years since the victory of the Islamic Revolution, this equality and equality are more than Considered beforehand and based on available documentation, violators of laws without political and social considerations are being treated equally and decisively by regulatory agencies.

Considering that the Islamic Republic of Iran has been founded on the basis of Islamic principles and one of its main objectives is the revival of human dignity and respect for citizenship rights, the present study is conducted to investigate the impact of the Islamic Revolution on raising the public awareness of citizenship rights and human dignity.

In the current research, a descriptive survey method was employed. The statistical population is included all students of Islamic Azad University of Tabriz during the academic year of 2018-2019, and 384 students were selected by cluster sampling. The data collecting tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with validity of 0.83 and reliability of 0.87. Descriptive statistics mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics of single sample t through SPSS23 software were used to analyze the data. 

 The findings of the research indicate that the Islamic Revolution in raising public awareness of the citizenship rights and human dignity has played a positive role.

 The Islamic Revolution has promoted citizens' awareness of their civil, political, social and economic rights. According to the results, it is suggested that the national and local media will be more concerned with introducing citizenship rights based on the principles of the Islamic Revolution. 

Human rights and citizenship rights are derived from the inherent and natural rights of mankind, and they have received special attention throughout history. Although after more than half a century of United Nations life, in the era that we call the age of technology and communication, there are still many people from civil wars and ethnic strife, poverty and hunger, drought, lack of health, or even the most basic of living conditions. They lose their lives. The Doctrine of Responsibility for the Protection of Human Trafficking is a result of the widespread and systematic violations of fundamental human rights in the 1990s, as well as measures that provide a threat to peace reflected in the resolutions of the Security Council, in light of the Security Council's inherent duty of international peace and security, In fact, at the current stage, the response of the international community to the humanitarian disaster is reactive and passive. Still, there is a vacuum in the existence of a specific mechanism that can map the policy of a reasonable and yet reasonably effective and effective response to human crises. The "responsibility for protection" is, in fact, to provide a new, yet precisely-designed, strategy for the appropriate substitute for the "humanitarian intervention" challenge; the "responsibility for protection", however, is a completely different concept of humanitarian intervention. The set of actions to be taken under this doctrine includes three dimensions of responsibility for prevention, responsibility for responses and reconstruction responsibilities. This strictly humanitarian strategy is considered to protect and protect human rights and citizenship more and more. This strategy is a useful and effective solution for governments in crisis or crisis situations based on citizenship rights.

The administrative system faces many problems and, in practice, is in turmoil. One of the main reasons for corruption in the country is the presence of anomics (maladaptation) in different administrative departments. Administrative system abnormalities provide opportunities for committing crimes or corruption in the offices. One of the most effective methods of administrative health is the implementation of the Citizenship Rights Charter It prevents the creation of corruption opportunities for individuals, especially in the departments, and will also help to respect the rights of the nation, most notably administrative and economic rights. The main question of the present research is that the areas of belief and law, the implementation of citizenship rights are derived from the basic components and values of the administrative system? By deliberating in the books, articles and legal documents related to this study, it was found that the most important of these citizenship rights are: the right to equality in the protection of the law and the enjoyment of opportunities and facilities, the right to freedom and respect for the citizen, the right to proportionate, wise, The precise and diligent conduct of the state, the right to uninterrupted and timely public services, the right to transparent government and the freedom of information, the right to guarantee and respect for rights and legitimate expectations, the right to a responsible government, the right to a healthy state and the prohibition of abuse of power, The right to an intelligent government conforming to technology and knowledge of the day, the right to participate, the right to an efficient and effective government and the right to responsibility And fulfill the legal obligations of the state.

Citizenship rights in every platform are based on a set of principles, which are the main foundations of each of those rights. Civil Rights in Islam are based on fundamental principles, whose recognition can give us a precise framework. Using the descriptive-analytical method and referring Islamic resources, this paper extracts the most important of these principles, and then exposes its ruling logic. The foundations such as the principle of "the Absolute Divine Sovereignty", "preferring the otherworldly interests to the worldly one", "the priority of the spiritual life", "human dignity", "justice", "appropriating behavior", "expediency" and "correlation of right and duty" have a fundamental impact on the citizenship rights. The Islamic government is responsible to pay attention to these principles in the framework of framing the rights of citizenship and putting them into practice in society, because neglecting these principles would undermine civil rights.

Virtual citizen is one of the concepts that is being evaluated today on various topics. The virtual citizen or the electronic citizen also has the rights and duties that it is obliged to observe in order to restore order in society. Perhaps some of the uncertain nature and idiosyncrasies of some users may be seen as a reason for not respecting the rights of citizenship in cyberspace and are allowed to commit any offense, abuse or misconduct. It should be noted that in the last decade, virtual identity may not have clearly been the true identity of individuals, however, the growth of social networks and the transfer of individual interactions in group networks or on-line multimedia devices has led individuals to move towards their actual representation on the basis of limits in the real world, and to introduce themselves, as in the real world, with their real identities. The current paper examines the rights of citizenship in the virtual world, addressing the challenges ahead.

From the innovations of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1392, the implementation of the doctrines of cooperative criminal policy through the participation of NGOs in the criminal proceedings that the legislator has addressed in Article 66 of the Act. Mutual cooperation between the Semans and the people in the area of protecting citizens' rights and citizenship, in addition to reducing the black criminality rate, will be effective in many cases, the determination and presence of the people who can deal with crimes against human rights and citizenship. Proceed with a case. Despite these state institutions, the intervention of the Semans in the hearing seems to be somewhat unnecessary; but this is not the case, the mutual and reciprocal link between the Semans and the state agencies with one another on the one hand to social control and the deepening of supervision and protection In this regard, in the society, on the other hand, in the judicial dimension, it will be helpful to discover the crimes, to collect the reasons, identify the perpetrators, and achieve the desired result. The authors of this paper, using the analytical method, are described as libraries and phishing The study of the role of NGOs in criminal proceedings; in support of citizenship law and ethics

Civil rights are the most important issues in the contemporary rights. However, considering the word citizen and the term civil rights, their investigation seems to be useful to truly clarify the civil rights. Citizenship is one the most significant social concepts coined to help better understanding of society, its internal affairs and the conduct of actions and behaviors. Likewise the others, this concept reveals its meaning in the historical- social context and within the conceptual networks. As cities, at the present time, increasingly gain importance and with the rise in urban population and the emergence of megalopolises, in addition to the accumulation of wealth and great powers, cities become the units with high political capabilities. In the meantime, strengthening the citizenship in general and the ethics of citizenship in particular could be a suitable and cultural way to link the legal, political and social domains to each other. Since three decades ago in urban planning, our country, to some extent, has been able to create some metropolises rather than one to help the distribution of population in the country. However, this, on its own, could not improve the culture and the ethics of citizenship. With the socio-cultural problems in cities, the discomfort of citizens and the negative effects on the country‟s macro policies, the formation and institutionalization of ethics of citizenship seem essential for us. Therefore, with the suggestions to increase the awareness and understanding of society and the activation of citizen participation in promoting ethics of citizenship and its institutionalization, a serious step will be taken for the recognition and the full implementation of civil rights.