جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سوژه و ابژه » در نشریات گروه « فلسفه و کلام »

This article, emphasizing Peter Byrne’s thought, one of the most important figures of contemporary religious philosophy, in addition to explaining his views on realism and non-realism as well as theism, religion, and theology, analyzes the philosophical foundations of this issue. Byrne’s critical approach to various dimensions of non-realism contains a fundamental distinction between theism and theology in adopting a realist and non-realist point of view about them; considering the separation of the two fields of theology and theism, he believes in the unrealistic nature of liberal theology as an academic discipline and the realism of religion, God, and theistic discourse; the purpose of the theistic discourse refers to an extra-mental, extra-mundane, transcendent entity. Ultimately, has analyzed the philosophical foundations of this issue; and Peter Byrne’s brief reference in examining the origin of the distinction between realism and non-realism, and also highlighted the modern non-realistic interpretation of religion, and in addition to analyzing the roots of the problem of religious realism and non-realism and by emphasizing the relationship between subject and object-especially in Kant’s philosophy, he has reviewed this philosophical foundation in the opinion of Peter Byrne.

The approach of Descartes and his subsequent philosophical tradition to consciousness did have epistemological consequences. The distinction between subject and object, and the question of how the mind and body relate, the entanglement of the mind in its ideas that led to the problem of “egocentric predicament,” the problem of the identity of the perceptual object, skepticism, and the issue of valuation regarding the gap between the mind and the object are some consequences of this approach. Consequently, alternative approaches have been proposed by philosophers to avoid such consequences. Among these approaches is phenomenology with the narratives of Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty. Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology with its intentionality, Heidegger’s doctrine of “being-in-the-world” and Merleau-Ponty’s idea of conscious bodies tried to explain the mechanism and characteristics of consciousness. The present article seeks to examine the problems of the Cartesian-European epistemological system, to show how to deal with these problems, and finally to analyze and critique the characteristics of each approach to see whether these alternative approaches could have managed to solve these problems or not.

We want to study the expansion of subjectivity in Descartes' philosophy, so we all know that subjectivity is the foundation of the human self in the realms of epistemology, cosmology, ethics, art, religion, and science. This article shows that Descartes's general skepticism led him to subjectivity because after he doubted everything, he found himself as the first and only certain being, and then he considered the principle of "I think, therefore I am" (Cogito) as the foundation of cognition and every being in the world, including the being of God and corporal substances. Descartes considered the human reason to be independent of everything other than reason itself respecting the matter (problem) of cognition, and, in this direction, he resorts to the mental innate concepts to shape the scientific construction itself. Subjectivity (the human self) embraces all aspects of Descartes' philosophy, and in this philosophy, the whole world appears as a set of objects, and the universe (cosmos) has no other truth than the image that the human being made from it. Therefore, the only real subject is nothing but the human self. Descartes' subjectivity changed the course of modern philosophy, and later philosophers philosophized in that direction. Descartes's philosophy, and in particular his epistemology, is based on the mind. It begins with the mind and continues with the mind, and ends with the human mind. And this is the culmination of the broad scope of subjectivism in René Descartes's philosophy, and our goal was to emphasize the breadth of subjectivism