جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "خاورشناسان" در نشریات گروه "ادیان و عرفان"

The most important and famous and adopted theory that is commonly held by the Orientalists about the sources of the Qur'an is the theory of adaptation of Qur'an based on Jewish and Christian sources, especially the two Testaments. According to this point of view, which denies the revelatory nature of the Qur'an and the prophethood of the Prophet of Islam (P.B.U.H.), his holiness has learned many Jewish and Christian teachings through some Jewish and Christian groups and presented in the form of the Qur'an. These individuals and groups are considered by the Orientalists as the Prophet's instructors. This paper seeks to analyze this view fairly comprehensive, and defends the revelatory nature of the Qur'an, by reviewing and criticizing the challenges of Orientalists' points of view. Considering the Qur'an as a human work is the first problem, which is based on a wrong prejudice of the Orientalists. The second and more important problem is their unscientific method in dealing with the historical data. Following their assumptions, the historical data have emphasized and analyzed selectively, fanatically and unilaterally by the Orientalists. But lacking of such reports about the training of the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) by others, non-continuing and limiting meetings of the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) with the alleged instructors, giving glad tidings and confirming the Prophet (P.B.U.H.), the conversion of some of them to Islam, the inconsistency of this story with the moral character of the Prophet (P.B.U.H.), the critical approaches of the Qur'an towards the People of the Book, interrupting, delaying and waiting for revelation, the challenge of the Qur'an or Tahaddi, emphasizing on the revelatory and supernaturally nature of the Qur'an and illiteracy of the Prophet are the other reasons that have been argued in the critique of Orientalist's theory.

The adaptation of the Quran's from the New and Old Testaments is the most important theory about the sources of the Quran and is commonly held by Orientalists. It is mainly based on the teachings of these two scriptures. Rejecting the idea of the revelation of the Quran and prophecy of the prophet of Islam, this theory holds that the prophet had learned many teachings of the Testaments from some Jewish and Christian people and groups. This research aims to provide a relatively comprehensive critique of the theory of adaptation and to confirm the revelation of the Quran. Focusing on a number of important content and linguistic differences between the common teachings of the Quran and the Testaments, the researcher seeks to prove the unsoundness of the claim that the Quran has been adapted from the New and Old Testaments. The existence of the triple opposite, contradictory and slightly different accounts among the common historical narrations, the existence of different reports and the essential difference in the style and explanatory structure of the two and the lack of internal contradictions of the Testaments in the Quran are among the important differences already mentioned. The existence of a common source of revelation for the two books, the silence of a group of Jewish and Christian scholars or their converting to Islam, the severe criticism leveled by the Quran at the Jews and Christians, the inconsistency of adaptation with the Prophet's character, the challenge posed by the Quran and its emphasis on its being reveled and the association of many Quranic verses with occasions of Revelation are among the arguments against the theory of the adaptation of the Quran from the Testaments.

Through a non-religious approach to the Holy Quran and its teachings, many orientalists have highlighted the presupposition of”the non-divine nature of the Qur’an” and carried out a lot of research on finding the origin of the Quran and its stories. They regard the Quran as a human book influenced by the other holy books especially the Torah and the Bible. They also believe that the Quranic stories are adapted from the previous holy books. Among their reasons is the similarity of stories in the Quran and the Testaments, a logical and well-reasoned answer to these doubts proves the divinity of the Holy Qur’an. By virtue of the religious evidence, the content of the historical propositions of the Qur’an and the Testaments and differentiating the artistic effects of the Quranic stories and those of the testaments, and also the valid non-religious reasons, the archeologists’ findings that confirm the Quranic stories and reject some of the statements of the testament. This paper, seeks to reject and repudiate the supposition that the Quranic stories are adapted from the Testaments.

Part of orientalists, studies focuses on Shiism. Using various methods, they have studied the development of Shiite Thought. Some of these methods have been typically unique, opening a new horizon before the Muslem scholars, while in some cases, due to different reasons, their results have ended in incorrect findings, not being compatible with the reality. One of the most important figures in the realm of Shiite studies in the west is William Montgomery Watt. Referring to his article, "The Shiites in the era of Umayyids" the present article critically surveys this western scholar's ideas on Shiism. To do this, we criticize his viewpoints by collecting evidences through valid books, analyzing each of them in brief and concluding from them based on methodology and content.

One of more recent works on the Quran by non-Muslims and Orientalists is the Encyclopaedia of the Quran edited by Jane Dammen McAuliffe, and published in Leiden (the Netherlands). Since 2000, five volumes of the Encyclopaedia has been published, comprising one thousands entries. The authors of the Encyclopaedia have stated a variety of accounts on Quranic topics such as its literary style, content, history and the like, and sometimes have challenged Shiite views, without having sufficient knowledge of the subject. In this paper, the views of the authors have been examined on the basis of Shiite account, from a scholarly perspective.