جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "christ" در نشریات گروه "ادیان و عرفان"

of the basic issues of the modern era was the crisis of meaning. Kazantzakis (1883 -1957),wrote his works in his own interpretation, creating a great idea to give a new meaning to life and comfort for man.This article aims to find out; What is the importance of spirituality for Kazantzakis? Wha tconcepts does his spiritual attitude include? His spiritual approach can be placed in which of the types of spirituality? And which concepts are traditional and which are new? Examining the subject leads us to the conclusion that the six concepts of God, Christ, body, spirit, nature, and law can be found in line with his spiritual attitude. For him, God is the ascension of spirituality, which was constantly evolving in his thoughts. For him, nature is a manifestation of God's presence. For him, Christ is a model of love, sacrifice, struggle and seeking justice, and his law is written love in the hearts of people. The body and the souland there lationship between them are also one of the most important components in his spiritual attitude,which he considered his lifelong effort to be harmony and unity between the two. His spirituality can be seen as active -practical and prophetic -critical.This research has been carried out in a descriptive - analytical way on the works of Kazantzakis.

Christology of Paul of Samosata was condemned to heresy in the 3rd century AD by the Synod of Antioch for its emphasis on the mere humanity of Jesus and the denial of the substantive divinity and preexistence of Christ. This Christology revolves around the three axes of the historical Christ, the God-like man, and the saving prophet, and shows that Jesus that like other human beings, is composed of soul and body but more transcendent, and was born of Mary at a point in history; With his moral development, he became worthy of the grace of the Son of God and attained the position of a prophet and the promised Messiah, who had already been designed in the plan of God's salvation. He was united with the will of God by his death to save human beings and to conquer the original sin of man. By looking at early Christianity, the author argues that the Christology of Paul Samosata, which is most closely related to early Christianity, revived the intellectual tradition of Jesus Christ and the thought of the early Christians, who considered Jesus to be a mere human. on the other hand, it is in opposition to the Catholic logos-cosmology Christology, which believes in the divinity and humanity of Jesus.

The most comprehensive research series that examines the written relationships between the Muslim world and Christianity is the Christian-Islam Relations Project, abbreviated as CMR, conducted by the University of Birmingham with the participation of scholars from around the world. In this essay with a historical hermeneutic approach, the patterns of these writings have been emphasized by emphasizing apocalyptic interpretations of the emergence of Islam and analyzed by analyzing the qualitative content of over three hundred writings over the first four centuries. In these apocalyptic writings, Islam is regarded either as a Jewish conspiracy, or as a savior that has emerged to rid Christians of official churches, or an aggressive religion that, according to prophecies, punishes Christians who are influenced by Roman culture. In another variant, Islam is neither a savior nor a program of punishment, but is prophesied to provide the basis for the final salvation and resurrection of Christ.

For a long time, the realization of a world government free from all oppression and violence with a bright future for life has been one of human aspirations. The prophets and divine religions have given the good news that in the end, the rule of a single universal world based on justice will be formed and that the future will be realized by universal peacemaker and savior. Therefore, the prophets and the authorities invite people to wait for the realization of the divine world-a constructive and dynamic expectation. In Islam, world government is realized by the Prophet Mahdi, and in Christianity, the kingdom of God is realized through the Prophet Jesus. This government has characteristics that distinguish it from other governments, including: the caliphate of the righteous; the establishment of divine judgments; the rule of justice; economic prosperity, etc. Believers of these two religions, on the basis of authentic texts, prepare themselves for that day and wait. In the article, the author is going to make a descriptive-analytical comparison of the reasons for expectation of a world government in the two religions of Christianity and Islam; the first is based on the New Testament and the second is based on verses and narrations.

There are similar Biblical and theological concepts and terms in Islam and Christianity, whose semantic coincidence needs an in-depth analysis. Logos in Christianity and the Word in the Quran are among these terms that considering the philosophical background and theological application of Logos, appear to have no common meaning, while the original texts of both religions reveal a semantic relationship, although they may not be exactly the same. This comparative study provides a deeper understanding of the sacred texts of both religions. Both in the Quran and in the New Testament, there is a tangible relationship between the Word and the "Holy Spirit" or the "Sprirt". The Holy Spirit establishes an interconnected relationship between the world of Divine Command and the world of creation. All the destinies of creation are documented in the Divine world, all of which are in the form of the Word, and the "Sprirt" is able to pass through a cosmic domain and act in the other cosmic dominion through the heavenly brokers (angels and other means).

Although Christianity did not have the ability to play a theoretical and practical role in politics and social activities until the fourth century, it -for some purposes - entered the social arena and took part in government activity. This brought about undesirable effects to Christian societies, which ended in the exclusion of the church from social life. This paper studies the causes and factors behind this sudden rise and exclusion. It seems that this end is ascribed to the fact that Christianity lacks political and social foundations. All prophets (as) took measures to establish a government when they found that the conditions were favorable, but no such conditions were prevailing in the time of Christ (as). The system which rests on two aspects - worldly and spiritual – in Christian theology, the similar example which is contained in Augustine's book "The City of God" and Aquina's belief that a distinction should be drawn between political affairs, salvation and happiness all support this claim. Thus, although Christians entered the social and political arenas in theory and action, they returned to the standing point. They got themselves into a corner in the church and played the role of teachers of ethics because their entrance was accidental.

One of the most important issues in religions and religious communities is relation between religion and state. This relationship in Christianity, throughout its history had ups and downs. Based on the theoretical and practical principles of Christianity, which is derived from the Bible and the views and actions of Jesus Christ and the apostles, Christianity does not have a social and political program. In Christianity, religion is distinct from politics and people are obliged to obey the government. In its initial approach, Christianity had political silence and social isolation. But after the official formation in the fourth century, this rule changed and Christians, despite their foundations, entered society and politics seriously, and went so far as they quarreled and fought with kings on sovereignty and created "Doctrine of the two swords". In any way, by studying the sources and history of Christianity and in order to raise awareness about the relation between Church and state from the beginning to the end of the Middle Ages, the article illustrated this relationship.

Irenaeus is a church father who introduced a special interpretation of original sin. He believes that creation passes through two stages and man, at the beginning of creation had a weak nature and was at the initial stages of growth and perfection. Despite the teachings of the Word of God, Adam was not perfect when he was in heaven, and the Devil, who was aware of man's weak nature, urged Adam and Eve to disobey God's command. Their eating from the forbidden tree was behind their coming to this world, their attainment of perfection and their similarity to God. Being similar to God is the minor aspect of creation. Death this world is the ascribed to sinfulness and disobedience, the outcome of which is eternal, sinfulness and disobedience. Of course, Adam's sin is the worst kind of sin because it was followed by remorse and repentance. Thus man is favored with God's mercy. Irenaeus considers Christ’s existence as the reason for creation, not as a response to the sin of Adam. In fact, he regards Jesus Christ as the center of universe and the role of Adam is to pave the way for Christ. The unity between Christ and God has restored the friendship which was lost by Adam.

The rise of Antichrist who is opposed to Christ in every aspect, is considered as a characteristic sign of the end of time. The concept of Antichrist, based on the apocalyptic books of the Old Testament was pondered over by the church fathers and developed during the middle Ages. From the 16th century onward many persons were considered as his instances. A number of verses in the Bible refer to Antichrist. It is said that his dominance is universal and satanic and according to the book of revelation, the world will worship Satan in the person of this beastly world leader. Antichrist is the foremost enemy of the good and christian teachings emphasize that he is at work even now. He and his army are opposed to the God’s plans. Some consider him as an evil person, others see him as a world system or trend, and still others identify some religious or political leaders with him. It seem that the origins of this concept are to be found in Judaism. In Islam, the concept of Antichrist is reflected in the person of dajjāl, which has exerted a great influence in theology, art and politics. In this paper various aspects of this concept is studied.

Each part of Karl Rahner’s theology is in deep relation to his understanding of human situation. He believes that God has communicated Himself with man. This self-offering of God to human needs a response from man. Such an existential part has certain effects on the concrete human life and seeks its true and ultimate realization. This attitude to human leads to transcendental Christology. Christ is the definite response to the self-offering of God. So He is the pinnacle of the possibility that all people enjoy; saying yes to God. Through emphasizing on an evolution in the world, Rahner indicates the Christ’s cosmological importance. In addition to his importance for man, he maintains Christ is so important for the entire world. Such an attitude to Christ is in conformity with the traditional one, saying Christ is the incarnation of the word of God, a real unification between God and man has occurred in him. In the present essay this is indicated, not only in surveying the transcendental Christology and Rahner’s belief in evolution, but in his paying attention to Chalcedon Creed.

The word Christ means savior. There are other meanings attributed to the word such as king and auspice. Nazarene deems Jesus Christ as God itself, one of the three gods, and son of God or embodiment of God, believing that it is only through Christ that one can get in touch with God. The title God's Spirit is because of Christ's birth without any natural procedures and out of the verse "We blew our spirit into his body"(91:21).Christ owns some miracles such as walking on the surface of water, reading a text without any schooling, talking while in cradle, resurrecting a bird, healing Achme and Abras, Taking victuals from the heaven, Ascension, etc. Since the basis of this research is on introduction of Christ through the Koran and Sham's lyric poems, therefore, dealing with other kinds of Christ's miracles and other issues is avoided simply because the story of resurrecting Arez and the rest in the Koran and Sham's lyric poems is not mentioned.

The modern Satanism is a sect that has been established in 1966 in San Francisco by Anton La Vey. It has the previous record in the history of sorcery and communication with devils. In particular, the black magic that it has been formed in renaissance and its aim is a struggle with sacred things of religions specially Christianity. The deviational sects as Mithraism and incorrect operation of church in the middle age and mental space in the age of renaissance and modern are fertile grounds for genesis of this sect. but in more profound attention, Satanism as one of the signs for the appearance of Christ is a piece in a bigger chess plate by the name of Apocalypse or End of Time that is propagandized nowadays in America by Evangelists; in the meantime, political and cultural uses from this sect is one of the aims of its designers.