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Today, countries are trying to achieve sustainable development in the international legal system by using all their existing mechanisms, including natural and God-given resources, especially the copper industry, because there are many opportunities in the copper mining sector. and related industries are a driving force for the development of international economic cooperation. Therefore, this article is a review of the mutual impact of the copper industry and the sustainable development of international law.

This article is descriptive and analytical. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

The relationship between sustainable development, the copper industry and its distribution cycle is an interactive and two-way relationship in a way that the copper industry and its close relationship with local communities, natural resources and the environment and the undeniable effects of these activities on human life And nature affects the international law of sustainable development, and the international law of sustainable development also tries to minimize the environmental challenges of the copper industry by establishing codified rules.

copper activities should be considered in order to maximize economic and social benefits and reduce negative environmental effects, which, while achieving sustainable development, will provide the necessary ground for the next generation to benefit from natural resources and the environment.

Laws and regulations to regulate social relations are different according to the characteristics and needs of societies. Convergence of laws through uniformity or harmonization with the advancement of technology, diversity and expansion of communication is one of the necessities of today's world and it leads to credibility, trust in legal exchanges, psychological security, preservation and promotion of human rights as the ultimate goal of international law. The purpose of this article is the feasibility of international legal unity of official documents.

This article is descriptive-analytical. Also, this research has investigated the international legal unity of official documents based on assumptions and facts in the form of documentary and library studies with a practical purpose.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are respected.

Investigations show that the occurrence of obstacles and challenges in this direction, despite slowing down the process, has never succeeded in stopping it. In addition, the formation of conventions and treaties and the establishment of international organizations are effective methods of rule-making and creating harmonized laws among countries.

The results showed that the creation of legal unity in the international realm and in different branches, as an action that helps the world to achieve peace and security, as well as relying on international legal principles and a realistic attitude. Looking at the events, it will lead to uniformity and harmonization of international laws.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the evolution of women's employment rights and equality in labor rights from the perspective of international law.

The research method is descriptive and analytical and this research is theoretical. The method that has been used to collect information is in the form of a library and it has been done by referring to books and articles.

Ethical Considerations:

 In this article, the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

Due to feminism, the issue of defending women's rights took a global form and became one of the important topics in the United Nations and other international organizations. According to the law against gender non-discrimination, women have the same right as men in employment. The concept of women's rights includes rights such as the right to work and the right to have equal pay with men for equal work, which is also supported in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.

Despite all his efforts, he could not produce the desired results. Gender inequality is still deeply rooted in all societies and women still do not have access to suitable jobs and are employed for specific jobs with lower wages. In many parts of the world, they still do not have access to minimum education and health, and they suffer from violence and discrimination.

The prohibition of torture, as one of the most evolved rules, has gone through ups and downs over time. In international law, after the global consensus of 1948, this title was considered organized in legal systems and emerged as a binding rule in international documents. However, before the establishment of contemporary international law, the ugliness of acts of violence, particularly against prisoners, had been condemned in religious schools. In this regard, Islamic traditions provide explicit rulings that, while inherently serving as a source for jurisprudential decision-making, have led to divergent opinions due to the generality of the narrations and the context of their revelation.A look at the legal opinions of the Guardian Council and the development of Iran's new legal procedure regarding the crime of torture, compared to the views of constitutional experts at the beginning of the revolution, clearly defines the different jurisprudential and legal approaches to this issue. The present article tries to present a new perspective by analyzing several significant cases in this field and the judicial rulings of courts, using a descriptive-analytical method based on library and documentary research. The findings offer new insights that can shape judicial policies in this area.

International humanitarian law is in a generality and peculiarity in some aspects with international criminal law. International humanitarian law is used as a reference point in understanding and interpreting the rules of war crimes.Conversely, international criminal law is considered as one of the methods of guaranteeing the implementation of the violation of the fundamental rules of international humanitarian law. Therefore, with the aim of examining the degree of mutual influence of these two legal systems from each other and review the scope and examples of this effect, the main question is how the mutual influence of these two legal systems on each other's development and evolution has been?The hypothesis under consideration is based on the fact that these two legal systems help each other to the continuous development and evolution of each other in a mutual effect and in a cyclical relationship. In this descriptive-analytical research conducted in a library manner, the findings show that due to the necessity of a precise definition of crime as one of the basic notions of the international criminal law system, the development of this system has inevitably been led to the elimination of ambiguity in defining cases of serious violations of international humanitarian law and the rules of humanitarian law have also caused the gradual development of international criminal law in the field of new criminalizations and as a result the development of international law In the fields of environmental crimes and crimes against cultural and historical works.

Feminism, as a social and legal theory, has undergone many changes in American law and international law since its inception in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In American law, feminism initially focused on the fight for women's rights, especially the right to vote and equal rights in the workplace. In the following decades, the theory of feminism expanded to concepts such as gender equality in the fields of education, employment, reproductive rights, and combating structural discrimination. From the 1970s onward, the second and third waves of feminism focused on intersectional theories that considered factors such as race, social class, and sexual orientation in addition to gender.In the field of international law, the theory of feminism initially mainly paid attention to women's rights within the framework of international conventions and treaties. In this context, the efforts made in order to identify and protect the rights of women in war, reproductive rights, and combating gender violence were the main issues. From the 1990s onwards, intersectional feminism entered international law and, by making changes to traditional approaches, examined issues such as decolonization, migration, and human rights from a gender perspective.In sum, the evolution of the theory of feminism in American law and international law has continuously moved towards the development of an intersectional and inclusive understanding of gender equality and social justice.

Nowadays “due diligence” is considered one of the controversial issues in international law. The effectiveness of this provision in various fields of international law, including human rights, humanitarian law, international investment law, state responsibility, environmental law, and other fields of international law, has sparked many papers and research on it. Due diligence is a deliberately flexible standard in international law that requires states and intergovernmental organizations to act with utmost care in meeting their contractual and customary commitments. This maximum commitment for each country or intergovernmental organization will be different and subject to change depending on the situation and conditions of the case, the ability of the country or intergovernmental organization, the importance of the interests that are at risk of damage, and other effective components. In terms of its nature, due diligence is not only the primary rules of behavior and not the secondary rules of responsibility, but like good faith, it is a quality with which primary obligations must be fulfilled.

The emergence of the metaverse undoubtedly brings many complications in the field of international law enforcement. Due to the inherently transnational nature of the metaverse, it is clear that applying national legal frameworks to virtual actions is a complex and challenging process. The very essence of the metaverse, with its ability to transcend traditional national boundaries, creates significant barriers to direct domestic law enforcement. The regulation of virtual activities requires the creation of a comprehensive and inclusive framework under the supervision of public international law. Another concern that arises is related to the possible replacement of laws by technological advances. In the field of metaverse, one can see the high speed of technological progress. The field of international law faces the great challenge of effectively regulating virtual activities in accordance with established international norms and principles, considering the dynamic nature of these developments. The necessity of adapting the international legal system to the field of virtual activities is undeniable, because it is vital to address the multifaceted concerns that arise in this field. The topic of this article deals with the contemporary process of updating international agreements and legal structures, forming international regulatory bodies and encouraging global cooperation and coordination. As the met averse goes through its evolutionary process, it is necessary that the international laws are adapted accordingly and effectively regulate the behavior in cyber space.

 Today, international law is responsible for managing and creating an effective legal framework for organizing fresh water in the clouds. One of the most important tensions in the world is the frequency of witnessing crises, one of which being the issue of "legal dimensions of artificial fertilization of clouds", especially when it is carried out in border areas between States. This point has become increasingly important in recent years. On the one hand, trying to intervene in the precipitation process and changing its natural circulation can affect the normal precipitation process, and as a result, a group of governments can benefit more from the water resources in the atmosphere at the expense of another group of governments. On the other hand, there is no doubt that the issue of interfering in the normal process of cloud precipitation is one of the major issues regarding the concept of development.The main issue of the research is how international law can help to solve the disputes related to the artificial fertilization of clouds. In this context, the most important questions are as follows:Are States, in the international normative order, entitled to the water reserves in the clouds that exist within their territory? And if the answer to this question is positive, can they directly claim their right from the said resources?In this article - with a descriptive analytical method - by examining the right of States to the water resources in the clouds from the perspective of international law, this hypothesis has been investigated that despite the shortcomings of the international law treaty system related to clouds, general principles of law have created duties and rights for States in this field. By examining State practice, this article has tried to examine and analyze their approach in this field.The most important findings of this article focus on three fundamental principles that should be taken into account in the use of fresh water sources of clouds: First, the principle of peaceful use of these water resources; Second, considering the needs of developing and least developed countries in terms of water resources, and third, this important principle that any material and physical exploitation should be carried out by considering the interest of the current and future generations. In relation to the last principle, it means that this exploitation should not be for the benefit of a specific State or a particular group, and that humanity as a whole should benefit from it. However, in the matter of clouds, we are facing an important difficulty: the volume of water that evaporates from the open seas cannot be calculated, and in the same way, the amount of water necessary for States that are exposed to droughts are unknown. In such a situation, similar to the arrangements governing the status of the seabed authority as well as the rules governing the exploitation of this area, this amount can be determined within the framework of the rules regarding the administrative process by one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. In this context, water transfer and related costs can be provided through donations from developed countries. However, it must be acknowledged that in the current situation, the implementation of such a solution does not seem very likely, but the experience of codification of international law regulations in this field shows that the public international law already recognizes the rights of States that are in a geographically disadvantaged situation from the place of "common heritage of mankind".While emphasizing on geographical facts, this article comes to an important conclusion that the water within the clouds can be considered as an absolute common resource among States, and therefore the clouds should not be subject to the sole ownership of a particular State.In this article, it is argued that the international legal regime of clouds is moving towards subjecting the precipitation to the ownership of no particular State, and for the purpose of preventing abuse, uses general principles of law such as the principle of not harming others.This article tries to establish a right for States that are in an unfavorable geographical position, and at the same time, aims to prevent the possible damage that interference in the process of cloud formation can bring to the States.It is true that when we talk about the legal status of a complex resource such as water within the clouds, the proposed solutions are dependent on the way we analyze the issue. In this article, an attempt has been made to re-imagine this natural phenomenon with regard to its close relationship with humanity and the environment that form a close bond to it. In this connection, the most important related issue is the right of States to access natural water resources. The important fact has been taken into consideration that although access to water is considered a basic need of humanity, there is still a serious disagreement over the formation of the "right to water" as a human right. The important effort of this article is to use general principles of law to fill lacunae in this connection. The truth is that relying only on general principles of law have certain limitations. The vagueness and generality of these principles can lead to unfair results. In such a situation, international law with an eschatological approach and emphasizing the need of the members of the world community for water, should try to present a fair approach in this field. The goal is to create a balance between the needs of the international community and the challenges of commercial exploitation of clouds, and at the same time, use cloud fertilization technology for the benefit of regions that do not have a favorable geographical situation. The international law of clouds is an important branch of the international law of waters, which should be analyzed closer and advanced each and every day due to the substantial growth of technology in this field.

The crime of territorial aggression is among the most terrible international crimes. After the outbreak of World War II, the Allies decided to try the defeated Axis of this war, including on charges of crimes against peace. After seventy years since the last and only case of the crime of aggression was prosecuted in an international criminal court, the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court was activated in July 2018 over the crime of aggression. The explanation of the way to activate the jurisdiction of the court and its fruition since the drafting of the statute followed a winding path and lasted for two decades. The 16th session of the General Assembly of the International Court of Justice started on the 4th of December at the headquarters of the United Nations in New York with the speech of the Secretary General of the United Nations and ended on the 14th of December. The most important achievement of the 16th summit was the activation of the International Criminal Court's jurisdiction over the crime of "Territorial aggression". we seek to investigate the latest developments in the crime of aggression in international law using a descriptive-analytical method.

Clothing has long been considered one of the necessities of human life in many cultures. However, only a few documents and declarations of rights in the international and regional scene mention it. For example, the United Nations International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights mentions the right to clothing in its eleventh article. But the importance of this right over other basic needs has been overlooked by the Committee which monitors the implementation of the Covenant. As the same way, international law practitioners and human rights scholars have also disregarded the right to clothing. Much research has been done on freedom of dress in the context of civil and political rights. But the right to adequate clothing has been surprisingly neglected among other economic, social, and cultural rights. The dressing of a person is not only related to his economic status, but also to his position in society. Furthermore, one's clothing affects one's cultural, sexual, and religious identity, as well as one's dignity and even one's health. The insignificant recognition of such a right in the legal sphere justifies its being considered a forgotten right.

The sustainable management of freshwater resources is one of the most critical global challenges, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, where water scarcity is acute. Among key challenges are the lack of renewable water resources, imbalanced distribution, water pollution, and the consequences of over-construction of dams and barriers. This article focuses on the evolution of international water law, particularly with respect to the Helsinki Conference (1966) and the 1997 United Nations Convention. It aims to explore how these legal frameworks address challenges involving shared water resources while adapting to environmental and climate changes. The primary goal is to analyze the legal and practical mechanisms for equitable use while resolving disputes in international waterways.

This is a descriptive study.

Ethical Considerations:

 All ethical principles governing research have been observed in the presentation of this Translation.

The findings indicate that international legal frameworks established by the Helsinki Conference and the 1997 Convention have laid a foundation for balancing the fair and reasonable utilization of shared water resources. They encompass principles like pollution prevention, environmental preservation, and fostering international cooperation among riparian states. Despite their effectiveness, challenges such as mismatched political interests, enforcement difficulties, and the need for updating these frameworks in the face of climate change remain persistent obstacles.

The research concludes that effective management of shared international waterways requires robust cooperation mechanisms, including joint institutions tasked with oversight. Adaptive legal strategies must address modern challenges such as environmental conservation and the socioeconomic needs of affected populations. The study recommends enhancing international collaboration, drafting practical frameworks for dispute resolution, and redefining key principles in light of global environmental pressures. The article emphasizes future developments in water law as critical to addressing pressing issues like environmental sustainability, equitable resource distribution, and regional cooperation.

Failure to achieve the expected goals and consequences in the social society turns the issue of seeking the law and evasion of the law into a complex social issue influenced by legal and historical aspects. In this article, the tension between religious order and international law with regard to the application of religious sovereignty through the supervisory body of the Guardian Council and by using Weber's theory of religion and rights was shown in order to determine to what extent the political system can resolve this tension with the right of protection. Shariah supervision has been agreed upon. The findings show that there is a serious conflict between the rule of Sharia and modern laws in international law, on the one hand, the issue of the priority of government rulings over Sharia rulings has been a pretext for the expedient application of domestic and international laws, and on the other hand, the number of international treaties that despite being contradictory to the Shari'ah have been approved according to the needs of the day are not few. As a result, the function of Sharia supervision of the Guardian Council as an institution that legitimizes laws cannot be seen as effective, because this institution has caused the politicization of social and cultural rights by interfering with religious considerations on laws instead of benefiting from collective wisdom.

Cyber space and activities such as cyber operations which are conducted in it are one of the new challenges facing the contemporary international law. Accordingly, exploration and determination of issues relating to this space and its related activities, inter alia, from the perspective of international law, has an undeniable significance and necessity. In this regard, the present study has attempted to examine the requirements of cyber operations in territorial sea and high seas in the light of 2017 Tallinn Manual 02. The findings of this paper imply that conducting cyber operations in the said maritime zones should be compatible with the principles and rules which govern them. Generally speaking, cyber space is not a new territory or area for human activities in the framework of international law. Consequently, cyber operations are considered cyber activities which are conducted by human beings in land, sea, air and outer space and, as a result, are governed by international law standards applicable in this territories.

The most common way to address issues in various fields of knowledge, including international law, is through the writing and publishing of books and articles. However, this method is not the only approach to addressing international law issues. One of the most significant methods is the writing of "book reviews," which hold a prominent place in nearly all major international law journals worldwide. It should be noted that "review" in this context has a broad meaning and is not limited to "criticism." A "book review" involves a structural analysis of the work and aims to acquaint the audience with its most important topics and context. This article explains the concept of "book review" and its role in international law, while also reviewing the book "Judging Iran" by Charles Brower.

It has been a long time since the occupation of Palestinian territory by Israel. Yet, no solution has been rendered for the humanitarian and security crises by the world community. The occupation of Palestine embraces broad breaches of different principles and rules of international law including the right of self-determination and jus ad bellum. However, the Continuance and prolongation of the occupation have led to doubts as to its illegitimacy. Apart from any practical solution that could or can be given to this problem, an analytical description of the nature of the situation and its legitimacy might shed light on the feasible actions that need to be taken. In line with this purpose, The UN General Assembly has requested an advisory opinion from ICJ on the effect of the ongoing violation of International Law resulting from the prolonged occupation of Palestine on the legal nature of the occupation and its consequences towards third States. In this article using the analytical-descriptive method, we are to analyze the nature and consequences of the prolonged occupation under international law and the possible approaches of the ICJ in this regard. Finally, in our opinion prolonged occupation as the result of jus ad bellum is the continuous breach of international law which should be ended as soon as possible and unconditionally by observing the international rules both from the occupier and third Stat’s sides.

Environmental issues are increasingly recognized as major international challenges, emerging as primary concerns not only for environmental activists but also for government leaders worldwide. It is evident that, in the near future, the fundamental sources of conflict among states will primarily involve environmental and natural resource issues. Within this context, mountains hold a unique significance due to their critical role in ecosystems. However, they have received insufficient attention, resulting in their delicate structures being particularly vulnerable to damage and degradation. Clearly, leveraging the frameworks of international law can facilitate the prevention of further harm and the restoration of existing damages. Notably, several European countries have already enacted legal measures in this domain, yielding positive outcomes.

Resolution of ethnic conflicts (ECs) is crucial for restoring international peace and security, which implicates the role of international law (IL). Employing a descriptive-analytical method and relying on desk research, this contribution seeks to examine the most significant challenges to and opportunities of IL in the context of resolving ECs. The analysis identifies three principal challenges: 1) the internal contradictions inherent in peacebuilding processes that impede the realization of sustainable peace in multiethnic societies; 2) the lack or insufficiency of a minority-oriented approach in United Nations’ structure and reaction mechanisms, rendering the achievement of lasting ethnic peace elusive; and 3) the organizational discoordination and one-dimensional approach within the UN framework, which has led to the inability or difficulty of taking effective, concentrated, comprehensive, and case-specific measures to resolve ECs. Conversely, the authors propose several existing solutions in international law for addressing these challenges including: 1) mainstreaming minority rights at the UN level; and 2) establishing a specialized institution for ECs within the UN structure. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the aforementioned challenges and opportunities faced by international law in the context of resolving ethnic conflicts.