جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "دعاوی بین المللی" در نشریات گروه "فقه و حقوق"

Nowadays, great importance has been attached to the contractual terms especially the agreement on choice of court in international commercial contracts for possible disputes. Although, considering the party autonomy principle and parties’ interests, the agreement on the court that will have jurisdiction over the case is acceptable and this agreement obviously is valid in some legal systems and also in international instruments, Iranian Law casts serious doubt on it. Lack of certain laws and deficiency of case law in Iran have induced this uncertainty. The confusion in the clause to the exclusion of Iranian courts’ jurisdiction is more serious. This article using descriptive-analytical method and focusing on some Acts and Cases in legal system of Iran indicates that in Iranian Law, the agreement on jurisdiction that introduces the Iranian courts as competent court is acceptable. Accordingly, Iranian Law operates like many other legal systems. Nevertheless, it deals with more restrictions on the exclusion of Iranian courts’ jurisdiction clause. This clause is valid unless the subject of dispute is related to issues that the Iranian courts have exclusive jurisdiction.

Globalization and increasing Political, economic and cultural relations among different countries’ people have resulted in many legal effects. One of the important results of these relations is the increase of disputes among people in the world that forums must apply a foreign law to settle them. Certainly, Iranian forums have dealt with such cases. Although the proof of foreign law as a question of fact is up to the parties in Iran, but in confronting with different and conflicting evidences and witnesses about foreign law and its content, the forums should play more effective role in proving the foreign law. Nowadays, most legal systems have adopted the means for interference of forums in the proof of foreign law. Although the necessity of interference of forums is accepted, but there is an important question. Which solution can be proposed for the forum to prove a proper foreign law and its content? This essay with considering some corresponding laws and experience of some countries proposes the international cooperation and bilateral agreements as a proper resolution.

In this article، the evaluation of damages in international disputes with special reference to the oil and gas cases has been studied. It should be noticed as a fact that the breach of contracts or the breach of some sorts of obligations does not necessarily amount to payment of damages. In many cases، the evaluation of damages depends on the methods of evaluation uses. Therefore، the most important methods of evaluation، such as market value، liquidation value، replacement value، adjusted book value and discount cash flow methods، in the lights of legal principles are carefully studied. The courts or the arbitral tribunals decide which method is more suitable in the special case in question. There are a lot of issues to be taken into account. This article shows the most important related criteria which the judges or the arbitral should bear in mind when they are making their decisions. This will help them to reach into a conclusion which is just، reliable، advisable and finally acceptable to the parties to the disputes and the international commercial community as a whole.

In an international connection which different factors of legal relation were spread in different countries، bringing of several actions with the same object in different countries court was completely probable. Each party with various reasons seeks litigation in a court which provides their interest in better way. However parallel litigation in it he same object impose burdensome charges on litigant’s parties and judiciary systems and will cause an impediment for recognition of foreign judgments. Profound difference legal systems and direct relation of jurisdiction issue with sovereignty rights of states is an impediment for existence of uniform and worldwide resolution for settlement of parallel litigation problem. In some way that many of treaties and model laws merely have been satisfied with defective integration and cause a kind of mediation between rules of major legal systems.

In international private law، the issue of international jurisdiction of domestic courts is considered as a prerequisite for designing a system for the resolution of conflicts in rules. The problem then arises when at least one of the parties was foreigner or subject of the legal claim may be associated with a foreign state. Has Islamic public court the jurisdiction and duty for proceeding lawsuits concerning legal relationships between the citizens of an Islamic state and foreigners or the legal relationships among citizens of an Islamic state themselves which are formed in the land of disbelievers or in some respects related to it? This paper has attempted to response this question by stating the problem and finding its answer in customary law first and then، with an analytical، jurisprudential and legal approach explained different forms and various assumptions of the problem. It concluded that in most cases related to international private law، the public courts of Islamic states has the right and jurisdiction for proceeding these types of legal claims and therefore، the above mentioned prerequisite exists in Islamic law and jurisprudence for designing a system for the resolution of conflicts in rules.