جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "protestant" در نشریات گروه "فقه و حقوق"

Natural law is the main reason of natural human rights. According to its most famous conception, natural law is the commands of practical reason about free human behaviours to arrive at eternal happiness. Western natural law discussions started from the sixth century BC. During this long history, natural law was under different conceptions. In the 19th century, natural law discussions subsided altogether because of the domination of positivism on the philosophers' thoughts and they were revived in three stages in the postmodern period of the 20th century. This paper analyses natural law theories in the second stage of the revival. These theories are classified into two groups: Catholic and Protestant views. The Catholics thought that paying attention to natural law teachings is necessary to make positive laws ethical in societies. Protestants were prudent in relation to natural law as the real (not intrinsic) secular morality. In addition to the particular deficiencies of each theory, the common problem of both two groups of theories is that they are not natural law in the same name. That is why dividing them under one word (of natural law) is not a correct logical division. The research method in this paper is a synthetic one, which is traditional – intellectual – critical.

The return of Jesus Christ, which is interpreted as the second coming or parousia, is a Christian belief that this idea is based on prophecies and is part of Christian eschatology. There are differences of opinion among Christian sects regarding this view. In the New Testament, the return of Jesus is mentioned and in it terms like: arrival, coming or presence are mentioned and that event is defined as "savior" and "incarnation" of God. According to the New Testament Bible, the return of Jesus to earth will be a glorious event that will appear with events. The Second Coming is mentioned in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles' Creed. In the following centuries, the issue of the return of Jesus Christ in the Protestant circles also has debates and reform actions, especially because in the Lutheran and Anglican rites it is mentioned as the second return that Jesus will come again with glory to judge the living and the dead. According to Anglicans' belief, we experience the signs and evidences of Christ's return in the world and in our current life, which we clearly witness in the Eucharist. According to them, the return is in justice and peace and this fact must be realized. Finally, there is the belief and expectation of the return of Jesus in the end times. In this essay, prominent cases of apocalyptic beliefs of Christianity, especially in the Anglican denomination, are examined.

AbstractThe early Christian church refused to accept war as moral in any circumstances and until A.D. 170 Christians were forbidden to enlist. This period of extreme pacifism lasted for three centuries after Christ.During the 4th and 5th centuries Roman Society was progressively Christianized following the conversion of the emperor Constantine. The growth in the church made it difficult to maintain pacifism because Christians were no longer a minority in Society. Also, the danger posed by the barbarian invasions made defensive war seem necessary. Augustine led the way in revising Christian attitudes toward war by formulating a series of rules to regulate violence and permit believers to fight for the empire. The Just war concept is elaborated and given authority in the Christian world by Augustine. The crusades were the most obvious example of the merger between violence and holiness which took place in the medieval church. The holy war or crusade in which the moral stakes were considered so high that any action necessary to bring victory was legitimate, particularly if the war was between God's partisans and the infidels. The early Christian church refused to accept war as moral in any circumstances and until A.D. 170 Christians were forbidden to enlist. This period of extreme pacifism lasted for three centuries after Christ.