جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "standards" در نشریات گروه "فقه و حقوق"

One of the occupations that the International Labor Organization (ILO) has deal with, due to its importance and frequency, is fishing. Many countries have not yet particularly addressed the dimensions of this issue; such as the difficulty of working in this profession, low wages and various dangers that always threaten fishermen; and this has caused fishermen to experience a lot of discrimination compared to other jobs.

In this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used and librarymethod has been utilised as the method of collecting information.

The International Labor Organization, as a leading organization for the protection of workers' rights, has codified and developed several laws to protect the rights of fishermen. The Convention (No. 188) and The Recommendation (No. 199) are among the most important documents of the International Labor Organization in the field of work in the fishing sector. The main purpose of these documents is to provide conditions so that fishermen can benefit from job security along with other workers and have the possibility of concluding fair work contracts, considering the difficulty of working at sea. Convention 188 provides a set of minimum requirements and standards. However, many countries are unable to fulfill these minimum requirements and standards. Providing technical and financial assistance is one of the main ways to help such countries. But it should always be kept in mind that the most important step to improve the rights of fishermen is to increase their awareness about their rights.

Oil exploration and development operations, and especially the exploitation of drilled wells, are managed by a complex and multi-layered chain of stages and types of technical services. One of the most important operations is oil and gas well Drilling Services. More than twenty different services are required to manage, repair, maintain, redrill and control oil and gas wells during their operation. From the point of view of advancement and delay, technology has always been ahead of the regulations and laws governing it. In order to organize the specific regulations of each sector, the lawyer should pay attention to this advance and not to legislate, compose and interpret regardless of the requirements of technology and target groups and its functions. Drilling services and related contracts can be considered among the most widely used types of services and contracts in the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry, from the exploration stage to the end of production and exploitation. By studying the contracts concluded between Companies (employers) and Contractors that come from different legal systems, as well as contract samples that are proposed by related professional and trade organizations, questions arise that such as below: What is the origin of maximum similarity and common language in this section? Can this closeness and sometimes sameness of drilling contracts be simply interpreted as "Boilerplates" in the contracts, or is the issue more fundamental than that, and in the stages of interpretation, implementation and dispute resolution, it is also the basis of important decisions? The method of ascertaining the rules can be based on induction (moving from the part and reaching the general rules). The sources of this inference are also 1- Repetition of contractual conditions based on the standards and examples compiled of drilling contracts by specialized institutions and major multinational companies in the oil industry; 2- Arbitral awards, including classical awards in the field of oil and general awards in the field of international trade and domestic arbitration awards, which explicitly refer to concepts such as "Principles governing the Norms of trade and industry", "Recognized Practices and Known Procedures"   and the like are cited and the last is 3- domestic laws.Confidentiality/ "Contractor's responsibility in equipping and preparation"/ "Commitment to cooperate with other contractors"/ " "Presumption of damage due to the delay of the contractor in fulfilling his obligations."/ "Indemnification of the parties to the contract from consequential (indirect) damages"/ "Compliance with accepted requirements" Regarding safety" HSE /"Distribution and  risk allocation between the  Company(employer) and the contractor" and "Permissibility of the contract towards the employer in daily and in-depth contracts" are among these rules. Of course, this list can be completed or changed in different circumstances. Today, in cross-border and international commercial and industrial activities, more than local and domestic factors, the nature and specific requirements of these activities, as well as the major players in these fields (multinational companies and specialized institutions) play a role.

The Role &Position of FATF in International law System Abstract The range of responses to the phenomenon of money laundering , terrorism financing and the proliferation has a global dimension and given the diverse reactions of the international community through regional and global organizations, the legal policies of the FATF sooner than previously thought were reflected in domestic and international law and international community. In the meantime, the international community has come to the conclusion that the international fight against money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is only possible through systematic means. FATF is the center of expression of the will of governments and the international community to eradicate these phenomena. The role and position of the FATF in this regard as an international organization has always been controversial in the field of international law. The authors seek to prove this assumption that the FATF is an international organization with a global scope and that its role, position and the recommendations complying with international and customary law.

One of the issues addressed by the UNCLOS is the protection of the marine environment. The major challenge in this respect is that the Convention has in most cases only referred to general principles and requirements and has not specified more detailed rules and specific environmental standards. This can create many practical problems for States Parties in fulfilling their environmental obligations. The reasons for this include avoiding the practical difficulties and difficulties caused by the amendment and updating of this Convention in order to comply with the newer standards. The approach taken in UNCLOS is to refer to the rules and standards contained in other instruments, such as the “International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)”, which is much simpler to amend and update. The challenge is the legal status of the rules and standards in the recent Convention for the States Parties to UNCLOS, since; the convention has never explicitly referred to this document. However, these rules and standards seem to be binding for States Parties to UNCLOS, such as the provisions of the MARPOL.

Development of new technologies and its growing process in the last years of the twentieth century, leads to the use of satellites in navigation. Although the technical aspects of this project has significantly improved, legal and political aspects of it, have been subject of different views of states and of international organizations related to aviation industry and though have not led to a final decision. Since ICAO has been an important and active international organization in aviation industry, the question is that what a role it can play in various aspects of the implementation of satellite systems and overcoming the challenges in the field. An overview of international instruments in the field of aerospace law shows that ICAO can play an effective role in adoption and amendment of the recommended standards and practices, collaboration and technical cooperation, efforts to achieve a new system, the creation of an appropriate legal framework and the according verification and authorization of to the satellite navigation service providers

Upstream oil and gas operations could have adverse impacts on the environment and society as well as the safety,security and health of people.Therefore, as a pre-condition to commence any oil and gas project,there must be a comprehensive ESHIA report, prepared and submitted by contractor to DOE, in which all necessary precautions and a concrete program are considered to avoid, control or reduce such impacts.ESHIA should not be aimed only for the stage of receiving approval for the project; it must also cover all stages during the life of a project and afterwards. Public participation for preparation of this report provides the opportunity for people who might be affected by the project to give their opinions and also monitor the programe. CSR as a part of the contemporary exercise of most IOCs supports and validates the contractual and legal obligations of IOCs to observe HSE while implementing oil and gas projects.