جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سوگیری شناختی » در نشریات گروه « روانشناسی »

Type D personality, which has been related to cognitive factors, makes a person susceptible to psychological and physical disorders. However, cognitive biases specific to this type have not been identified till now, and if identified, it can help to modify cognitive biases of a wide range of problems.

Considering the need to fill the existing gap, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the type D personality’s cognitive biases.

The current research was conducted based on a qualitative approach using a constructive phenomenological method. The target population was the Persian Gulf University’s students of Bushehr in 2022, among them 21 people with type D personality were selected by purposive sampling, and a semi-structured interview, designed by the researchers, was conducted with them. Manifest content analysis and latent content analysis, based on open and axial coding, were also performed in MAXQDA-2020 software.

56 initial codes were found in two themes of “personal bias” and “environmental bias”. Environmental bias included “view about the world” (with sub-themes of “view about the future” and “view about the present situation”) and “view about the others” whereas personal bias included “personal characteristics” (consists of “emotional”, “social”, and “cognitive” characteristics) and “personal life” (consists of “attitude about the present life” and “attitude about the past life”). Finally the initial codes, all themes and sub-themes were attributed to “interpretative bias” as axial coding.

The identified interpretation biases can be considered as items of interpretation bias modification scenarios and can be used to modify the mentioned biases in people with type D personality.

In today's world, where progress and achievement are considered among individual values, it is necessary to have self-evaluation criteria and indicators, but sometimes these self-evaluations go beyond normal and become harmful. In other words, the desire to be perfect, having high standards and critical evaluations of one's own performance, and high sensitivity to mistakes become prominent features of the person. This maladaptive perfectionism is also common in athletes and acts as an obstacle for their effective performance. The present study was carried out in order to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification on the perfectionism and resilience of perfectionist student athletes. The research method in this study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included perfectionist athlete students of the Persian Gulf University in the academic year of 1401-1402, who were identified based on the criteria of the multidimensional perfectionism questionnaire. The research sample included 40 perfectionist student athletes who were selected by random sampling and were placed in two experimental and control groups using the random assignment method. The cognitive bias modification intervention program was conducted using the dot probe task (exploring the dot), individually, and during 8 sessions of 30 to 40 minutes. In order to investigate the research hypotheses, univariate covariance analysis was used. The findings showed that the intervention program aimed at modification of cognitive bias, while reducing the amount of perfectionistic cognitive bias (P<0.05) and the dimensions of students' perfectionism (P<0.05), led to an increase in some components of resilience, including hardiness, purposefulness, control and spirituality (P<0.05). perfectionistic cognitive bias modification provides the opportunity for athletes to have a more realistic assessment of their abilities and performance, and to be more resilient in the face of problems and challenges.

This study aimed to predict criminal behavior based on cognitive biases, emotion dysregulation, and social support. The research method was descriptive-correlation. People formed the statistical research community cared for and supported as criminals in the Tehran Reform and Education Center in 2023. The available sampling method selected one hundred twenty people as research samples. Measurement tools included the criminal behavior checklist of Sharifinia (2010), the social support questionnaire of Vaux et al. (1986), the emotion regulation difficulty questionnaire of Gratz & Roemer (2004), the Davos cognitive bias Assessment Scale of van Der Gaag et al. (2013), which the sample people completed. the Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used in SPSS-24 software for data analysis. The study's findings showed that cognitive biases and emotion dysregulation have a significant positive relationship with criminal behavior, and social support has a significant negative relationship with criminal behavior. The linear regression model showed that cognitive biases, emotion dysregulation, and social support can predict 78.9, 12.8, and 12.6 percent of the variance in criminal behavior, respectively. In addition, the research findings showed that the combination of research variables explains 71.9% of the variance in criminal behavior (P< 0.05). Given that irrational thoughts, emotional dysregulation, and lack of social support play a significant role in the formation and occurrence of criminal behavior, psychological interventions and the implementation of deterrent laws at the community level can prevent criminal behavior and improve the psychological health of adolescents.

The present study was carried out with the aim of a comparative study of cognitive bias adjustment training and mental imagery on the verbal and visual memory of female students of the first year of high school.

The present study was designed and implemented as an experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design and with a control group. Subjects were randomly replaced in two experimental groups and one control group. The data was obtained using the Wechsler memory test, which was performed individually. Then, the group of cognitive bias adjustment sessions and Simonton's guided mental imagery (Karami and Moradi, 2009) were exposed to different trainings during 8 90-minute sessions, while the control group remained without any intervention. After the training of the experimental groups, the Wechsler test was again performed on the 3 groups. The data were analyzed using repeated measure analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc test and SPSS23 software.

The results showed that the effect of cognitive bias adjustment training and mental imagery on verbal and visual memory is positive and significant, and according to the significance level of this test (p=0.699), it can be concluded that there is a difference between the effect of cognitive bias adjustment training and mental imagery on memory. There is no significant difference between students verbally and visually.

Teaching different ways of learning in students will have a significant contribution to their school progress due to the greater sensitivity to this segment of the society.

The aim of this study was to compare the recognition of facial emotions and cognitive biases in people with body dysmorphic disorder and people without body dysmorphic disorder.

The method of the present study was causal-comparative.The statistical population of the present study included all people with body dysmorphic disorder in the age group of 25 to 35 years in 2019. The research sample included 70 people (35 people in each group) who were selected by available sampling methods. Data was collected using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for Body Dysmorphic Disorder (Phillips et al. 1997), The Interpretations Questionnaire-modified (IQ-modified; adapted from Buhlmann et al. 2002), and the Facial Emotions Recognition Test (Ekman & Friesen, 1976). The data was analyzed using t-test and non-parametric Friedman test.

The results showed that there was a significant difference (P <0.01) between people with body dysmorphic disorder and People without body dysmorphic disorder in cognitive biases. Also, there was a significant difference (P <0.01) between the two groups of individuals without body dysmorphic disorder and individuals with body dysmorphic disorder in the component of recognizing facial emotions.

The results of the statistical analysis showed that people with body dysmorphic disorder have more and more negative body-related cognitive biases compared to people without body dysmorphic disorder. Also, people with body dysmorphic disorder  perform weaker than people without body dysmorphic disorder in recognizing facial emotions except sadness. It seems that these variables play an essential role in the formation and continuation of this disorder..

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive bias components in the behavior of investors (teachers) in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study included all teachers investing in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, which was selected by available sampling method 384 people. Measurement tools also included researcher-made questionnaires that after design and validation, its validity and reliability were evaluated by professors and statistical methods. Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis were used to identify and compare the severity and effect of cognitive bias components. The results showed that except for severe bias, all components of self-confidence, conservatism, ambiguity, mental accounting, stress, behavioral disorder and eventfulness (retrospective) affected the behavior of investors and entered the regression model (p<0.01). Given the level of significance, these components play a significant role in predicting investor behavior. It should be noted that irrational decisions, influenced by cognitive biases, cause the inefficiency of financial markets by creating price bubbles and ultimately to the detriment of all investors.

This study aim to compare the cognitively biased information processing in anxiety, depression and was normal people. The study was causal-comparative study of 50 subjects anxious subjects, 50 subjects with depression and 50 normal subjects were formed by students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected using data Bvdnd.grdavry anxiety scales and Beck Depression scale psychological symptoms and clinical interviews, tests, and test complete root words were a reminder properties and data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that explicit and implicit memory between the three groups, anxious, depressed and normal in terms of positive, negative, and there was a significant threat, while threatening words of anxious, depressed subjects with negative words and positive words of ordinary scores were higher. But there was no significant difference in terms of neutrality between the three groups. It can be concluded that information processing in explicit and implicit memory bias creates and causes the information to be more consistent with the mood.

Some times in spite of investment failure (lose of time and money) people insist on endurance of investment failure (representative of gamblers behavior). This phenomenon was known "Sunk Cost". The aim of the current research was to investigate the cause of sunk cost via experimental research. The sample was 180 students of educational science and psychology of university of Isfahan selected randomly. Experimental design was some wignet scenario about incomplete project and ask them to decide about it. It is assumed that prior money allocations with percent increment in cost, the probability of reinvestment was added. Finding via one way ANOVA and second degree and linearal regression analysis show that prior money allocation did not accept as lost, so invest additional resource in the hope of erasing their loses. Results were explained by contribution of to theories, namely: cognitive dissonance and self justification.