جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « religion » در نشریات گروه « علوم تربیتی »

Religion and technology are pervasive phenomena of human life and their interaction has taken various forms. The purpose of this research is to formulate types of synergy between religion and technology (superficial, incorrect and incomplete). Also, a favorable and responsible approach to this relationship is presented from the perspective of a technological person and a religious person. The purpose of religion is to educate a person; The highest goal of religious education is to reach closeness as a formative reality; So, in this research, the effect of synergy between religion and technology is explained and analyzed to clarify its effect in reaching this goal. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The findings show that although religion and technology can benefit from each other in multiple ways, sharing in the search for excellence has caused new aspects of their synergy. In this research, the type of religious man's encounter with technology and the technological man's encounter with religion are drawn. The focal position of the concept of closeness in Islamic education is paid attention to highlight the superstructure and underlying reflections on the relationship between religion and technology for the guardians of education who are interested in both religious growth and the intelligentization of educational centers and content. The results of the research show that the face of technology itself and its aspects that serve the basic needs of mankind, consciously or unconsciously lead to closeness; But when technology is used for selfish human policies and procedures, it is destructive and undesirable.

The aim of this study was to identify the nature of moral education in the curriculum of religion and life and explain it with the Islamic lifestyle of high school students.The research approach was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of qualitative implementation method of conventional content analysis in which the books of religion and life of the second high school in the academic year 1400-1401 with the focus on eleventh and twelfth grade books were examined. To validate the accuracy of the data, the researcher's self-review method and peer review were used, and for data reliability, simultaneous review was used. Content analysis checklist by coding method was also used to collect and analyze data. The findings of this study included 7 main categories, 22 sub-categories and 98 concepts, the main categories of which were civilization (actionability, altruism, social balance), politics (intelligence, appropriateness, permeability), spirituality (ontology, Unitarianism, semantics, anthropology), norm-orientation (jurisprudence, valueability, central function), regionalism (realism, reasoning, self-assessment), goal orientation (futurism, expediency, selectivity), and Self-identity (biological behavior, emotion management, individualism) was identified in it.The results showed that in the process of educating students, by identifying their moral abilities, while paying attention to the theoretical dimensions of moral concepts, through an integrated approach, provide the practical application of these concepts in accordance with activities and learning opportunities.

The purpose of this research is to measure the effectiveness of the teaching package of religion and life based on the Choice Theory on responsibility and practice of religious beliefs in the 10th grade female students in the academic year of 1402-1403.

The research method was semi-experimental and pre-test and post-test with a control group by gender. The statistical population was 360 10th grade female students in the 18th district of Tehran, and the statistical sample consisted of two groups of 30 people. The research tool was the educational package and questionnaire of responsibility of Kurdlo and the questionnaire of practicing the religious beliefs of the Temple. The method of analysis was analysis of variance with repeated measures.

The educational package has a significant effect on the responsibility of female students at the confidence level of 95%. (F=15.266, P<0.01) and the results reveal that the effect size of education on the responsibility of adolescent female students was equal to 35%. this education has no significant effect on the religious beliefs of adolescent female students at the 95% confidence level. (F=0.117, P>0.05) and the effect size of education on the religious beliefs of adolescent female students was less than 1%.

The intervention of the researcher led to an increase in the level of responsibility of students in the statistical sample, and by learning the principles of choice theory, students make responsible and effective choices. This method of education and intervention did not lead to an increase in the amount of practicing the religious beliefs of the students in the statistical sample.

The accreditation tool for curriculum evaluation has different factors. By choosing new approaches and methods, you can be influential in most factors. According to the theory of constructivism, all knowledge is constructive and relative. Learning is the process of building knowledge. The objective of the effectiveness of constructivism is to strengthen problem solving, critical thinking, analysis, creation and evaluation.

descriptive and correlational. Statistical sample: All secondary school religion and life teachers and Quranic school principals, both male and female, who were working in second secondary schools in Tehran in the academic year of 1402-1401. Sampling Method A sample of 213 participants of this course was selected by random cluster method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the theoretical foundations, and the method of data analysis was the structural equation test, and its validity and reliability were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. The method of analyzing the test data is structural equations.

1- Causal factors affecting the model, including the ability of the curriculum designed to achieve the goals of the program, 2- Intervening factors: the requirement of a teacher leader, 3- Strategic factors: creating a questionable environment, 4- Background factors: providing opportunities Learning in learners, 5-consequences: creating a questioning spirit in learners. Paths and causal relationships between external and internal constructs were confirmed in validation by confirmatory factor analysis

The purpose of the present research is to study the effectiveness of participatory learning techniques (cooperation) compared to monologue methods on the motivation and students’ educational achievement in the course of Religion and Life. The research method is semi-experimental using pre and post-test with a control group. The research statistical population consists of female students in the 2nd grade of high school in Mah Valāt. 104 students were chosen from Hazrat Hojjat high school using the convenience method, among whom an experimental group (26 members) and a control group (26 members) were chosen as the sample. Data collection instruments were 2 questionnaires of Pham and Taylor Academic Performance Scale and Harter’s Motivation Scale as well as course assessment after each method of teaching. For data analysis, SPSS, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and univariate analysis of covariance were used. The results indicate that based on statistical analysis, teaching the course of Religion and Life by a participatory method has a significant effect on the variables of students’ motivation and academic performance. This effect significantly increased variables of motivation and academic performance in the experimental group compared to the control group. With respect to Eta coefficient, it can be said that 52.7% and 43.5% of the difference in the average of moderated scores after post testing the variables of motivation and academic performance in the experimental and control group is attributed to the participatory learning and teaching method. The courses that are taught based on monologue methods decrease the students’ motivation and their academic performance. As a result, they don’t show interest in learning and fail in education. However, the research results show that if teachers make use of new methods in their teaching, it leads to the improvement of students’ motivation and betterment of their academic performance. Since it is required to adopt active teaching methods like participatory learning technique (cooperation) to teach the book of Religion and Life, it is recommended that some in-service-training classes be held for teachers to acquire new and active teaching methods in this regard.

Based on Max Weber's view as a sociologist of religion, it may be possible to claim that most of the world's great religions do not have a logical origin; Not only is it not heavenly, it is also not earthly. In other words, they try to consider religion as an irrational phenomenon. But from the point of view of martyr Motahari as a Muslim thinker, the root and origin of religion is supernatural. If its purpose and goal is to appear in nature, it is for this reason that religion must be reduced to human language and understanding in order to bring man to real life. Religion is a matter with divine foundations that does not have a real existence that has gender and season. In other words, the heavenly essence of religion cannot be known based on the earthly and debatable theories of sociologists of religion; Rather, dealing with the essence of religion and then knowing and distinguishing authentic religious phenomena from non-authentic ones will be possible only through the person of religion. Therefore, the effort is to present the variable of this article, i.e., the origin of religion, by using the exploratory method and descriptive-analytical approach, with direct reference to first-hand documents and references, in a clear way and based on the foundations of Shahid Motahari. In order to achieve the desired result, by describing the data and documents, analyzing and comparing them, an attempt has been made to present a desirable and acceptable result.

The purpose of this study was to investigate this question: Is the question of God relevant in the field of curriculum studies? For this purpose, a speculative study was conducted and in order to convince of the discussion, the arguments along with valid and numerous citations done in two basic axes. Initially, the question was examined outside the field of curriculum studies, and in the next axis, was studied in the field of curriculum studies. studies outside the field, contrary to the common claim of modern science, indicate the existence of metaphysical-theological presuppositions throughout the modern era, its philosophy and sciences, and in the field of curriculum studies, various works documented in the discussion , Confirm the relevance and the important place of this theological question in determining the positions of curriculum experts in the past, present and future of the field. This issue, along with the need to pay attention to the Islamic tradition from a theological point of view, opens a wide field to us which Entering this field, is left to future studies.

The purpose of this research was to identify the factors influencing students' desire to go to the mosque based on the plan of Shahid Behnam Mohammadi. In terms of practical purpose, the present research is a mixed method in which the qualitative part of the document review and the quantitative part of the cross-sectional survey method are used. The statistical population of this research includes teachers and students of Tehran. Based on Morgan's table, the current random sample was 103 people, and the researcher-made questionnaire was implemented on them. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (one-sample T, Nunley's utility spectrum, independent two-group T, and Friedman's test) were used to analyze quantitative data. The findings showed that based on the opinion of the audience of Shahid Behnam Mohammadi project, there are no serious obstacles in terms of the internal influencing factors of the project regarding the lack of youth recruitment. Regarding the prioritization of the categories from the point of view of their impact on not attracting the audience to the mosque, from the audience's point of view, the prioritization of the categories in the sample is as follows: planning and educational content (with an average of 2.75), the category of inattention to Constructions and age requirements (with an average of 2.71), facilities and facilities (with an average of 2.56) and finally the category of effective human resources (with an average of 2.52). Also, the findings showed that in the categories of facilities, needs and requirements, and the role of the family, the average score among trainers is higher than its value among the audience. According to other statements, the trainers of the project believe that these factors had a greater impact on not attracting teenagers to the mosque, compared to the contacts regarding the mentioned categories.

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between religiosity and cigarette smoking in male adolescents. The statistical population of this study includes male senior high school students in Tehran. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select 290 students who filled out Golak and Stark Religiosity Questionnaire (1965) and Firoozabadi Nicotine addiction questionnaire (2016) to collect information. Data was analyzed with Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. Findings revealed a significant correlation between religiosity and cigarette addiction. The correlation between total score of religiosity and cigarette addiction is inverse (-0.360) such that the more religious an individual is, the lower their cigarette addiction rate is. The results of multiple regression analysis indicate that religiosity dimensions, except for experience dimension, can predict cigarette addiction.

Drug abuse among adolescents is currently one of the health, social and economic issues across the world, which directly affects their health (Delavari Heravi et al., 2005). Drug abuse starts in many people at high school, therefore, one of the most important ways to reduce drug abuse in adulthood is to control it in adolescence. Studies show that most adolescents start using drugs around the age of 12 or 13. Researchers argue that adolescents start using legal substances such as tobacco and then turn to illegal substances such as alcohol, inhalants and marijuana (Pumariega et al., 2005). Many researchers believe that faith and religiosity can help individuals deal with emotions and social conditions. Besides, religiosity is correlated with several mental health indicators; for example, religious people turn to delinquency, drug and alcohol abuse, divorce and suicide less frequently than non-religious people (Diener et al., 2002: 82). Some factors affect drug abuse as protective factors and others as risk factors. One of the protective factors is religiosity, reported in some studies (Wills et al., 2003: 24) as a shield against drug dependence. Recent studies on the relationship between religiosity and the tendency to smoke in adolescents in Iran have been conducted mostly with study populations of university students and adults, and most studies have focused on religiosity with other issues (identity crisis, lifestyle, etc.). Therefore, given the importance of this subject and its potential impact on committing high-risk behaviors such as the tendency to smoke, this study was conducted to investigate the role of religiosity in the tendency to smoke among male adolescents in Tehran.

The research method in this descriptive study was correlational, which is classified as applied research. The study population consisted of all male students aged 15 to 18 in Tehran (n = 364,118 according to the statistics of the General Directorate of Education of Tehran province). The sample size was considered to be 290 given the study population and using Cochran's Formula. After determining the sample size, cluster-random sampling method was used to select the participants. In the current study, first one district was randomly selected from among different districts in Tehran using multi-stage cluster method, and then three schools were randomly selected in each district to administer the questionnaire, and then the Religiosity Questionnaire (Glock and Stark, 1965) and the Nicotine Addiction Questionnaire were randomly distributed among the students of selected schools. Finally, after exclusion of 12 incomplete questionnaires, 278 questionnaires entered data analysis. Religiosity Scale (Glock and Stark, 1965) has 26 items and is used to measure the level of religiosity in four dimensions: belief, practice, experience and consequences. The alpha coefficient of the whole questionnaire has been reported to be 0.83 (Ahankoobnejad, 2010: 4). The alpha coefficient has been reported as 0.81 for belief dimension, 0.75 for experience dimension, 0.72 for consequences dimension and 0.83 for practice dimension (Serajzadeh, 1995). The Nicotine Addiction Questionnaire (Firouzabadi et al., 2015) consists of five items and is aimed to investigate nicotine dependence. The internal validity of the whole scale was reported as 0.84 and its Cronbach's alpha as 0.84.

Out of the 290 participants, 38 (13.1%) were 15 years, 65 (22.4%) 16 years, 113 (39%) 17 years, and 61 (21%) 18 years and 12 individuals (4.5%) did not answer the item on age.In Table 1, based on the obtained correlation coefficients, the correlation between the overall score of religiosity and nicotine addiction is inverse (-0.360), and therefore it can be argued that people with higher religiosity have lower nicotine addiction (p<0.01).  Also, the correlation of nicotine addiction with belief, consequences and practice dimensions as well as with the total score of religiosity was significant and inverse (p<0.01). The correlation between nicotine addiction and the experience dimension of religiosity was also not significant (p<0.05).Table 2 shows the results of multiple regression analysis for predicting nicotine addiction through religiosity dimensions.Given that the value of the tolerance statistic is greater than the cut-off value of 0.1 and the variance inflation factor (VIF) which is less than the cut-off value of 10, it is concluded that the assumption of collinearity has not been violated. The value of the standardized regression coefficient (Beta) was obtained -0.172 for belief dimension, 0.146 for experience dimension,-0.268 for consequences dimension and -0.182 for practice dimension, showing that the consequences dimension had the greatest impact and the experience dimension had the least impact in predicting the tendency to smoke among male students aged 15 to 18. With regard to the significance level of the obtained t-statistic, the hypothesis of the research is confirmed and we conclude that the dimensions of religiosity can predict the tendency to smoke.

The tendency to smoke is a social problem and a destructive phenomenon that, as with other social deviations, destroys the most valuable assets of the country, i.e. adolescents and young people. The results of data analysis revealed a relationship between religiosity and nicotine addiction among adolescents. These results also showed that adolescents with high levels of religiosity had a comparably lower level of nicotine addiction. This finding can be explained in that, in general, people who have strong religious tendencies have more mental strength in adverse situations, and they evaluate problems as positive and meaningful in most cases, and consequently, they will feel better; as a result, they have higher mental health and are less vulnerable to the stress due to problems.

Masculinity is an emerging field of gender studies that examines the degree of conformity between biological male and ascribed and expected masculinity. Today, masculinity, which has been upgraded to masculinities, follows the study of male's gender, studies male behaviors that are claimed to be rooted in natural and authentic masculinity. To measure this claim, this article deals with the expectations of Islam from Muslim men and the objective behaviors of Muslim men. It seems that the Muslim man's behavior in some cases differs from the expected areas of Islam and Islamic ethics when dealing with a Muslim woman in the family. This article has used Persian proverbs and the reasons for violence of Muslim man against Muslim woman in other cultures in order to point out the behaviors of Muslim man with Muslim woman outside of Islamic teachings. This article focuses on examining the cognitive process that has created this difference in behavior, and points to the single-sex orientation of men in Muslim male culture following the extinction of competing cognitive forms as the reason for the prevalence of this practice. It is possible to solve this problem by strengthening other cognitive forms and following the teachings and recommendations in Islamic ethics, and it will lead to the removal of the accusation that women are considered subordinated in Islam due to some behavior of Muslim man.

The religion of Islam considers the most important mission of the divine prophets to convey the message of the religion. Paying attention to the religious characteristics of propaganda indicates that the flow of propaganda is not merely announcing and conveying a message; Rather, its success is the result of a scholarly view of the complex dimensions of propaganda and the elements involved. On the other hand, today, advertising, with a significant presence in the field of information; It also forms the main part of the educational activities of the communities. Therefore, the present study has focused on the analysis of the antecedents and consequences of efficient Islamic propaganda.

The research uses an inductive deductive approach which is descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method and practical in terms of purpose. Since the present study is a mixed research, therefore, the research methodology should be presented qualitatively and quantitatively. The statistical population consists of experts consisting of activists in the field of Islamic propaganda, 20 of whom were selected as a sample using the snowball method. Also, the data collection tool was a questionnaire that the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using content validity and retest, respectively.

What is considered as the output of the research is to achieve 9 preconditions and 9 consequences of Islamic propaganda.

Constructivism theory is one of the approaches that has had a profound impact on learning and teaching approaches. The main goal of the research is to design and evaluate the evaluation model of the religion and life course of the second high school based on the constructivist perspective with a mixed approach. This research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose. The research method is of a mixed type and has been carried out in two parts, quantitative and qualitative. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part is 18 educational management experts and experienced teachers who were selected using the snowball sampling method and 11 theoretical saturation points. The semi-structured interview data collection tool is derived from theoretical foundations. The method of analysis of this section is based on data theory. The results of this part of the research are explained in the form of five main categories and sub-categories: Causal factors including the ability of the designed curriculum to achieve the goals of the program, intervening factors including the requirement of a leader teacher, strategic factors including creating a questionable environment, background factors including providing learning opportunities in learners, the consequences include creating a spirit of inquiry in learners. The quantitative part of the research was distributed using a researcher-made questionnaire tool derived from the qualitative model of the research after confirming the validity and reliability in the statistical population where the number of the statistical sample was estimated to be 213 people based on random cluster sampling. Paths and causal relationships between external and internal structures in the structural model were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis.

Young females face the challenge of conflict between various levels of identity, whereas integrated identity is necessary for optimal performance in both social and psychological contexts. As a result, the intervention route is prepared by understanding the different aspects of it. In this study, the qualitative method and purposeful sampling have been utilized. For this purpose, semi-structured interview has been conducted on twenty young females nineteen to twenty four years old who have experienced identity challenges. For analyzing the data, interviews were categorized in three stages and paradigm model of Corbin and Strauss were driven based on the model of grounded theory the validity of it has been assessed. The Causal conditions including the psychological distress and effective confrontation with the divine worldview, and the consequence of strategies revealed the characteristics of belief and practice in religion, which explains its pervasive and infrastructural nature in development of the integrated and sustainable identity, indicating the characteristic of the third-order change. Strategies, contextual conditions and intervening conditions were analyzed.

A variety of models are used to explain phenomena and relations among them. A common instance of these models links different variables in the form of a mediation model: a mediator factor links two variables and provides an explanation of why and how they are connected. The present research question is to propose a systematic explanation of the relation between religion and health by using the mediation model. Based on this model, the factor of lifestyle mediates between religion and health, and religious teachings have an indirect impact on the conditions of health. In this view, religious lifestyle is a factor that predicts health and indicates a considered life revolving around religious teachings. It is on the basis of this commitment that it is expected that healthy and virtuous behaviors are shown by the pious, and that religious society and the pious are among the healthiest.   However, health, in the religious view, is not specific to bodily and psychological health, but a third type known as spiritual health comes up that is gained through unifying experiences and commitment to an ultimate meaning in life. Furthermore, an objective and moderate assessment of the relationship between religion and health involves taking some ifs and buts into consideration to which the last part of this writing has been allocated. It is noteworthy that this study has been conducted with the descriptive-analytic method.

Economic corruption, as shifting social interests towards individual or group interests, has negative effects on societies. Factors affecting corruption can be exogenous or endogenous. Religion with an emphasis on ethical values can be an endogenous barrier to corruption. Therefore, in this paper, the aim is to investigate the effect of religiosity on corruption. The method used is to analyze questionnaire research. In the questionnaire, we measure simultaneously religiosity and corruption tendency and then analyze the relationship between the two. According to the results, with the increase in the level of religious subsets including beliefs, worship, morality and sharia, corruption tendency declines. If the levels of worship, morality, sharia, and social religiosity increase, individuals will not use their position for the self-interest. With increases in the religiosity level, people are less likely to use unauthorized ways to solve their problems. Also, partisanship and fraud decline, and the individuals are less likely to commit corruption in order to solve problems.

This research aimed at providing a new conception of the role and nature of religious foundations in the curriculum studies by rethinking of interactions between religion and philosophy. Using theoretical approach in the study revealed that the majority of existing approaches to interactions between philosophy and religion have defects and limitations as to the nature of religious foundations of the curriculum. In the approach named the priority of philosophy over religion, the philosophical principles act as the curriculum foundation and all curriculum dimensions and issues are formulated based on philosophical assumptions and religious principles are conceived as secondary ones. In the extreme rationalism approach, philosophical principles are basic where religious principles have no independent placement included under sociological and/or historical foundations. For passing these limitations and redefining the fundamental and active role of religious foundations of the curriculum, it is needed that a reflective view is set forth for Sadra's conception of interactions between religion and philosophy as the two thoughtful systems. Therefore, Mulla-Sadra's view on the interactions between religion and philosophy was analyzed based on its main eight features and their implications for the religious foundations in the curriculum. In this new view, the role and placement of religious foundations in the curriculum change heavily. Religion is conceived as a coherent knowledge system and meaningful network (theory) and religious foundation play the main role in curriculum knowledge. In this regard, religion and its foundations are all present in all cognitive dimensions, levels and aspects of the curriculum.

One of the Fundamental and basic principles of Islam is considered as the Islamic dress and hijab regard by women and men in society, Also, the dress style as an effective tool in establishing social relationships of people, so dress style is affected in identity formation. Diversity and fitness clothes that show individuals identity, may be changed over time with economic, demographic Change and other social change. In the same way, the main propose of the article, in the first step determining dress style and hejab among women 15 to 45 years and secondly to identify variables impact of national identity, religion, age and education on the style of dress and hejab is considered.Research was done through survey method with 542 samples. Sampling Method was Combination of Multi-Stage Cluster ,Random Sampling. and By questionnaires collected necessary information from women 15 years old age and over. For preliminary analysis of data is Used SPSS version 17 is used and for modeling the causes of dress style and Islamic hejab among women's Lisrel software of version 8/5 is Used.After data analyzing ,findings show that: Average norms regard of Islamic dress among women in Tabriz is located in an appropriate level which is 66.2%. This rate was higher than the average percentage of the spectrum. The results of correlation analysis showed that national, religiosity, age and education identity, except for the legal variable, had a significant correlation with the amount of adherence to normative hijab. Between variables National identity, religion, age and education except for legalism is a significant correlation with dress style and Hejab , this variables explained to 20 percent of the variable variance of dress style and Hejab.Final models produced in the Lisrel software indicate that variables of National identity, religion, age and education are affecting factors on dress style and Hejab among women.

The success and effectiveness of the various curricula of the educational system requires the identification of field realities and efforts to solve their problems. One of the most important areas and functions of the educational system in our country is religious education, which is designed to develop students' religious and moral virtues. From this perspective, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate and identify the set of problems in the curriculum of religion and life in secondary school based on the perceptions and lived experiences of the teachers of the course. The general approach of this research is qualitative according to its nature and purpose. The necessary data and information were collected and organized through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 teachers of religion and life who were selected by purposive sampling. Data collection was performed according to the theoretical saturation principle. Colaizzi's seven-step method was used to analyze and interpret the information obtained. The results showed that the field of religion and life curriculum in the second secondary school of the country's education system faces two main obstacles: educational problems (school-related issues and educational factors) and non-educational challenges (external realities). These barriers, each of which has its own sub-categories, in practice make the religion and high school life curriculum lack the expected educational and training functions and positive effects on students' religious and moral learning. It is obvious that the use of scientific solutions to solve the mentioned problems can make the country's educational system more efficient in the area of religion and life and also provide students with the desired religious virtues.

Social capital is a set of values that promotes partnership and trust among people. Religion is also one of the factors influencing the formation of social capital. This article also uses the data of the National Social Capital Measurement Plan survey in 2005 and 2015, to study the relationship of social capital at the macro level among the religions (Shiites, Sunnis, religious minorities) of the country.The components of social capital in this article are those considered in measuring the country's social capital. In those surveys, macro social capital is defined by two elements of trust and social relationships.Results were compared by means of the comparative method and secondary analysis. In the 2005 survey, there was a significant relationship between the index of perception of system performance, the perception of community goodwill and the index of evaluation of the future with the type of religion. But these indicators in the national survey of 2015 did not have a significant relationship with the type of religion. Respondents from different religions have a large homogeneous social capital.The situation in the country has made the respondents of different religions have the same views on the current and future state of the system

Montesquieu is one of the experts who has greatly influenced other thinkers and even politicians. In his book, The Spirit of Laws, he enumerates various social functions for religions. The researcher in the present study seeks to explain Montesquieu's theories with a critical approach and using the library method.Some of the conclusions he has reached in his studies of religion include the compatibility of moderate government with the religion of Christ and authoritarian rule with the government of Islam, the relationship of Catholicism with the monarchy and Protestantism with the republic, the need for morality to agree with the law. It is religious and ... which is mentioned in the text of the article.What Montesquieu enumerates as the social functions of religion reflects his reductionist or instrumentalist view in the two areas of reducing the truth of religion to its function and reducing the transcendent goals of religion to the world.Also, his analysis of Islam seems to be incomplete and based on the behavior of oppressive rulers and caliphs during Islamic times. It should be noted that the bias and interference of religious interests in explaining matters is also one of the criticisms against him.