جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « قاجار » در نشریات گروه « کتابداری و مدیریت اطلاعات »

To investigate the position of Zel al-Sultan's military organization and how to develop his military facilities with a case study of Isfahan barracks.

Method and Research Design:

 This research was written with a descriptive and analytical approach using the historical and content analysis method based on manuscripts, internal and external archival documents and images, and library and field studies.

The findings of the research indicate that Zel al-Sultan from 1878AD/1296 AH to 1887AD/1305 AH, built and equipped four barracks, two infantry artillery, and several warehouses of military weapons in Isfahan. He had a well-trained army of around 21,000 soldiers, who were trained in modern military techniques. Zel al-Sultan's success in forming a regular corps was due to the timely payment of dues to officials and soldiers, and the provision of necessary military equipment and training. Mustafa Qolikhan Farashbashi was responsible for the construction and alteration of Chahar Hawz, Naqsh-e Jahan, Fethiyeh, and Naseri barracks in accordance with Zel al-Sultan's orders.

to find traces of Qajar-era Iranians in the French Oriental Scientific Society, which is known as the "Asian Society" (La Société Asiatique) in Paris.

Method and Research Design: 

This research is based on the historical research method based on the collection of findings and verification and comparative and analytical comparison of the information of the Asian journal (Le Journal Asiatique) and finding the documents of the relationship between the Asian Society and its Iranian members in the aforementioned journal.

Regardless of the political relations of the Qajar period rulers with European countries and especially France, which were subject to change at different times, the relations of Iranian political rulers and Iranians of culture and literature with the Asian Society of Paris were continuously maintained. This was a sign of the importance of the process of forming institutionalized relationships in the field of new science and knowledge inside and outside of Iran.

With the beginning of modernism and its spread among Iranian society during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many institutions of Iranian society changed. These institutions, which have historically been formed with the participation of the institution of tradition and religion, have been threatened by modern concepts. This threat, in many cases, led to a confrontation between tradition and modernism.

Method and Research Design: 

One of the most influential institutions of the Iranian society was the institution of health, which was formed based on a combination of temperament medicine, folk medicine and with a religious color and smell, throughout history. After the arrival of modernism in Iran, this powerful social institution was severely exposed to the effects of new scientific insights and many of its beliefs were questioned.This research, relying on one of the concepts of medical sociology under the title of "medicalization", has analyzed this confrontation.

 It has also examined the impact of medicalization on religion in Iran. The results of this research show that, for several decades, the cultural atmosphere of the society was influenced by health concepts. In the process of medicalization, the institution of religion handed over many areas of social influence to the institution of medicine.

Endowments of the Qajar period are among the most important resources that demonstrates the social, economic, cultural and religious conditions of Iran of the time. Female endowments are particularly important among the different classes and groups of Iranian society that have endowed. Investigating the content of women's endowments is important since they display both quantity and quality of endowments among women. They also demonstrate women’s participation in social activities of the period. The purpose of the research is to study the contents of the endowments of the women in Sari and Barforoush during the Qajar period, to distinguish their characteristics and functions as well as the social status of the women.

Method and Research Design: 

Endowments and some historical library resources were studied and analyzed in a descriptive and analytical way.

The result show that there are few differences between women and men’s endowments in Sari and Barforoush in the Qajar period considering their characteristics and functions. The endowments had religious and social functions and were considered for the following purposes mourning, charitable deeds, seminary students' expenses, publishing religious books, public services, and supporting the life expenses of the children of the person who endows. Endowments were mostly piece of land, a house, a shop, a garden, a bath or a caravanserai. The women were among the rich and noblemen, merchants, and landowners. The women’s social status depended on their father or husband except the ones that themselves were a midwife or tragedian (Ta’ziye khan). Their father or husband were mostly coppersmith, doctor, surgeon, butcher, judge, merchant, tailor, muezzin, Muslim clergyman, and grocer.

To investigate the policy, methods and development of tyul farming in Mazandaran during the Qajar period and its results.

It is written with a historical method and descriptive analytical method using archival documents and library sources.

Based on the requirements of the province's foreign and domestic policy, in the first half of the 13th century AH, the Qajar government considered the policy of halalization of the lands of Mazandaran in order to transfer the land to individuals in the form of tiwals, in addition to the provincial military force and the like. To achieve goals such as providing security in the northern borders of the country as well as in Mazandaran as a special region in the north of Iran, but in the second half of this century, due to the reduction of the government's ability to supervise the tyuls, the rural economy in Mazandaran was damaged. In order to solve its financial problems, the government had adopted the policy of restoring and selling pure land and handed it over to the owners of the property at the beginning of the work, which was very effective in expanding private ownership, but the deterioration of the land continued until the return of property. Which should often be recorded by the government when reciting the Khalsa of Mazandaran. This issue was related to the position of the Khalsa and the owners of the Tiul and the performance of the Ministry of Finance, which in Mazandaran faced consequences such as usurpation of the Khalsa lands with fake decrees and the delay and improper implementation of the law on the return of the Tiul. Therefore, the lack of supervision and security in this type of agricultural land exploitation policy caused a destructive effect on the growth of the rural economy. One of the most important results of this process was the expansion of private property and the change in the social conditions of farmers in Mazandaran in the 14th lunar century.

The purpose of the present study is to introduce some historical documents of the Qajar era, namely the decree and the issuance of the suspension, and to explain the importance of this type of court document in the recognition and cataloging of historical documents and researches of the Qajar era.

The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and based on data and by using documentary and library resources and existing documents such as rulings, the pension budget of all the enclosed countries has been extracted and these data in terms of structure, function and content They are used to describe, explain and analyze "verdict", "suspension" and "writings".

The results of this research show that in the Qajar era, the type of court letters and correspondences issued by the Qajar were referred to as rulings. This document was issued in the administrative-judicial framework and had a special function, and the chancellor's note, order and writing in the margin and margins of letters and court correspondence were called appendices, and the correspondence with the king was called writings. In terms of structure and external appearance, these documents included the top and the back, along with additions and margins. Ansanfa was also called the orders and writings of the chancellor, which appeared in the margins and margins of letters, petitions, and letters; The term "order" was the main name and official aspect of administrative correspondence and letters issued, and "suspension" was the chancellor's orders, which came without signs and in the margins of letters, petitions, etc. It was also clarified that the writings of the chancellor's daily work report to the king were written in the chancellor's own handwriting and were not bound to the register and were not explained by signs. It was also clarified that the chancellor's ruling is a judicial term in the classification of documents, and accordingly, it is included as a judicial document.

This article aims to depict the ups and downs of constructing the first national railway of Iran and determining its route at the time of Reza Shah, as well as the approach of foreigners, especially England.

Method and Research Design:

 Library resources, archival records, and press reports were studied, described and analyzed.

The investigations clarified that from the very beginning of the railway construction debates in Iran, some proposals considered Iran's railway as a connecting corridor with Europe and East Asia, whereas the others propose a national railway within the borders of Iran. Although there was never a practical and serious effort to build a national railway in Iran during the Qajar period, we cannot ignore the fact that many plans were presented and considerable theoretical discussions were raised. Some of those proposals, such as Sani al-Dawlahs’, were used to build the national railway at the time of Reza Shah. In addition, it seems that the first serious effort of the Iranian government to build a national railway started at the time of Prime Minister Watouq al-Dawlah. The British were unsuccessful in persuading the Iranian authorities to build a railway from Qasr-Shirin to Tehran, and the Iranian authorities’ insistence on building a north to south railway reveals their failure. Reza Shah’s persistence had a great impact on building the first national railway of Iran.

The purpose of this research is to define the effect of class affiliation (clerics and merchants) on the type of Sari endowment expenditures in the Qajar period.

Method and Research Design: 

 352 Endowment Records of merchants and clerics were described, analyzed and compared.

The endowments of merchants and clerics were mainly land, houses, shops and caravanserai. Clerics mostly endowed land whereas merchants endowed shops. These endowments were used for Imam Hussein’s ceremonies - the third Shiite Imam - like feeding the mourners, feeding fasting people in Ramazan, repairing and maintaining mosques and schools, alms and donations to the poor and Ibn al-Sabeel. The political and social developments of the period did not change the type of endowment expenditures. Most of the endowments belong to the time of Nasser al-Din Shah (1848 –1896). Also, most of the endowments were recorded in the lunar months of Rajab and Muharram. The endowments were entrusted to the person who endowed, his children or the clerics of the region. This indicates a kind of family system and the scholarly system in the management of endowments.

This paper introduces two types of historical documents of the Qajarid period, namely "figure" and "composition of number" and explains the value of bothfor the study of the era.

Findings arebased on the examination of archival records supported by consulting library source.

Ragham[decree] was an official document issued in provinces only by the ruling prince to be exercised in his territory. Malfoofeh-Ragham[enfolded decree] was an unofficial Raghamissued by a prince or governor expressing their reproach or making recommendations, suggestions, or sending gifts. Raghams are sourcesof valuable information about administrative structure as well as politics ofQajarid era.

Ancient Iranian civilization has provided the world with unique artefacts. With the advent of western explorers, in the 19th century these artifacts were systematically discovered and reached Europrsn markets.  At the same time, illicit explorations and making counterfeit items became common. A number of Jewish Iranians became engaged in the business of discovery and sale of antiquities. Their involvement had both positive and negative consequences. Such consequences are reported in the present study.

Archivial records as well as library resources were studied to collect data.Findings and

Plenty of archeological intems were taken to abroad. European dealers employed locals to buy antiques kept in people’s homes. The lucrative business attracted many Iranians including Jews illegal excavation and sale of items.

Budget monitoring and control as one of the important pillars in budgeting was very important in the Qajar period. The Accounts Office is one of the most accessible financial offices from the Qajar period, the knowledge of which can shed light on the dark and unknown corners of Iran's finances, especially budgeting issues. The present study seeks to answer the question of how the structure, components, and content of the accounting office were organized and written in the Qajar era and what changes these components have had. Method and Research Design / Approach: Data are collected and analyzed based on 46 documents in five archival centers. Findings and The structure of accounting is composed of four parts, mofrade, men-zalek, al-baqi-al-fazel, and ezafat. Mofrade in the sense means income and thus menzalek expenses.  If the amount of deductible is less than the mofrade, it is written "al-baqi", and if the amount of deductible is more than the mofrade, it is written "al-fazael", which means budget deficit; but if it is less in criticism and more in sex or vice versa, then "al-baqi bemafih- al-ziyade". Mofrade, in terms of form, consists of the first two letters, the second letter, and four »dafe«.  The harfe one is for this year's incomes and the harfe two is for previous years' incomes. The first harf is divided into two parts: principal and additional tax, which means continuous and non-continuous tax, respectively. Ezafat is also divided into continuous and non-continuous parts in the form of financial bills. The additions to the document also had a regular and coherent structure, but in the Mozaffari period, it changed in form compared to the Nasiri period; In this way, the royal seal and symbol were removed at the top of the first page of the booklet; Connections, which are somehow the title of each page, were not common in the accounts of the Qajar period.

This paper reports petitions silkworm farmers of Gilan sent to the National Assembly (The Parliament) between the years 1927- 1930 addressing difficulties they faced and asking for help.

Data for this study was obtained from archival documents held at the Islamic Consultative Assembly and other archival centers. Findings and

Political developments following the 1906 Constitutional Revolution and the policy of modernization increased the number of demands people forwarded to the central government. Silkworm farmers’ petitions sent from the province of Gilan to the Parliament complaining about the cruelty and injustice committed by landlords and tribal chiefs, accusing them of delivering rotten silkworm eggs to farmers and increasing tax tariffs. The petitions inform the parliament members of harsh economic difficulties that had pushed the farmers to the verge of extreme poverty. Farmers asked for establishing an agriculture school to educate future generations.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the process of formation of the Sanandaj Alliance School, how its administrators interfered in the affairs of the Jewish community of the city, and the responses they received from the Jewish congregation and local authorities.

Archival and library resources were examined for collecting and analysis. Findings and

The school was founded upon repeated request of the Jewish community of Sanandaj the Universal Jewish Alliance (Alliance of Israel) as the community found traditional Jewish education weak in contion with the Christian community of the city. The school administrators, however, were keen, apart from education, to interfere in the political affairs of the Jewish community.

To investigate the situation and its trade development and its exportation in 19th century.

Archival documents and library resources were consulted to collect data for analysis.

Until the mid-19th-century carpet weaving was mainly a rural occupation and was traded within the domestic market. However, following an increase in demand from western countries and considerable investment by Iranian and foreign companies, the Persian carpet industry flourished and turned into a global business. In the second half of the century, Persian carpets were exported via neighboring countries or directly to Europe and US.

Integration into the world economy since the beginning the 20th century provided plenty of opportunities for Iranian merchants to set up their own companies. This paper reports the history of activies as well as chngeges faced by of one such companies, namely Ettehadiyeh.

This research is based on private archival documents held by etehadiyyeh family.

After the 1906 Constitutional Revolution, Ettehadiyeh company diversified and expanded its activities. The company in early steps operated as the agents of foreigh enterprises.  However, later when it grew in size and capital, the company entered in completion with foreing partenrs.

Iinvestigates the importance of exchange of State Orders during the two visits by Mozzafar al-Din Shah (r. 1896 -1907) to Europe.

Data is collected from archival materials held at the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Archives of Iran, as well as library resources.

Official correspondence between Iran and the European countries visited shows that the importance the exchange of such Orders was consid-ered singnificane and could have influence on mutual relationship. However, failing to observe diplomatic protocols caused irregularities with negative implictions for Iran in some cases.

To review the efforts of the German government in the construction of the Iranian railway in the Qajarid era. Also, the role of German companies in the construction of Iran cross country railway and supplying the equipment during the time of Reza Shah is investigated.

Data was gathered from records held at in the Iranian archival centers, as well as Persian, English, German, and Danish library materials.

Despite the increasing presence of the Germans in the political sphere of Iran in the second half of the Qajarid period, Russian and the British opposed the involvement of the Germans in construction of railway in Iran during WWI. In the first stage of the construction of the nation’s cross country railway during Reza Shah time, Germans left a successful record behind. However, as their American partners in the syndicate did not perform well in the southern part of the project, German companies stopped their operations. In the second and final stage, however, because of political turmoil in Germany and competition with the Compax consortium, only a small role was given to Germans. Germany had an outstanding role in the supply of equipment of the project. Eventually, the occupation of Iran by the Allied Forces in mid 1941put an end to their role.

This paper investigates the different tchniqueses employed by the Russians to implement their policy of annexing Iranian territory on the southeast of the Caspian Sea following in the late 19th Century until the October Revolution of 1917. Method and Research Design: This study is based on archival and published documents.   Findings and  The Russian emperialism long dreaming to extend its territory southward to outreach to the open sea in rivalary to the British influence in southern Asia, trried ways to expand its presence in the southeast Caspian Sea Iranian territory by calining ownership of bitas a pieces of lands. This took place by, for example, changing the borders, launchimg territorial clains after capturing Turkmen region, provoking Turkmen tribes to call for Russian citizenship, capturing farms, as well as buying real estates.

Bandar Gaz a small town at the southeast end of the Caspian Sea turned to trade center with Russia when Russian merchnts established their business there in mid-nineteenth century. However, after the construction of the Trans-Caspian Railway the focus of Russians moved to Khorasan. Then prominent Iranian merchants, Amin al-Zarb brothers and and Thumanian brothers, established their offices in the city. This paper reports the development of the city from Mid 19th-to Mid 20th century. 

Method and Research Design:

 Data is gathered from archival records and library materials.

Commerdial importance and geograchical advangtages led to the construction of port facilities. As the result, Russian as well as Iranian merchants were attacted to the area. Later development of the port, however, was due to the Iranian merchnts who remained active after Russians left the area.