جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اجرا » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

The aim of study was investigate the effect of focus of attention instructions on muscle efficiency and motor performance of skilled Individuals. In this semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test research design, 30 skilled male golfers with an age range of 25 to 35 years were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into 3 groups of 10: external focus, internal and control group. In the pre-test, the participants performed 20 golf Putting trials; Also, EMG of deltoid, subscapular and Pronator teres muscles were also recorded. The intervention phase was carried out in 3 consecutive days, and on each day, the subjects performed 20 golf Putting, also, the EMG of the muscles was recorded simultaneously with the execution of the golf Putting. After the training sessions, the golf shot post-test was performed in 20 trials similar to the pre-test. Also, in the post-test phase, similar to the pre-test, the EMG of the deltoid, subscapular and Pronator teres muscles was also recorded. The data was analyzed by the Mix variance analysis method. The results of the behavioral section showed that there is a significant difference between the accuracy of the golf putting in the research groups; that these differences were in favor of the external focus group. Also, the results of this research in the neurophysiological section showed that among the research groups, the external focus group led to a significant decrease in the average activity of the muscles, which resulted in greater economy of movement and smoother movement.

Focus of attention instructions and verbal feedbacks that coaches provide to athletes during practice, and how these instructions and feedbacks affect athletes’ focus of attention during competition has rarely been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the abovementioned issue in the combat sport of judo using adolescents who were invited to national judo team camp. Twenty-five adolescents participated in this study. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about their coaches’ attentional instructions and verbal feedback during practice, and the judo players reported their focus of attention during competition. The questionnaire was adopted from the previous studies, and included multi-choice and open-ended questions. The majority of participants reported that during practice, their coaches provided equal internal and external focus of attention instructions, and equal knowledge of performance (KP) and knowledge of results (KR) feedback. Further, our results indicated that during most phases of competition the most prevalent theme that participants focused on was “winning and strategy.” However, in the execution phase of skill performance, the most prevalent theme was what was categorized as “clear mind” It seems that during the execution phase, adolescent national-level judo players do not adopt any focus or at least are unaware of their thoughts explicitly.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of skill level on the performance of dribbling skills in soccer choking under pressure conditions. For this purpose, 20 skilled players of the university football team and twenty beginner students in football (with age range 18-25) participated in the study. The Egilly soccer dribble skill test was performed in two stages: without pressure condition and combined pressure condition. In the present study, the combination of two types of pressure, competition between participants and camcorders were used to create pressure condition. In order to ensure that the pressure conditions were applied, the level of competitive anxiety was measured using the second version of the competitive state anxiety and the heart rate of the participants. To analyze the data, repeated measures analysis of variance was used for comparing the mean scores and independent t-test was used to compare the mean scores of two groups without pressure condition. The results showed that the performance of the skilled group, decrease under pressure conditions and the performance of the beginner group improved under pressure conditions. It is possible that the pressure conditions in the beginner group would increase the effort to perform better and thus improve performance. It can also be said that the motivational role of pressure conditions has improved performance in beginners. In skilled persons, they are also likely to engage in skill-centered mechanisms that give less skill to the source of attention which is empirically evident in verifying the explicit review theory.

Aim: This study aimed to determine effect of self-control of task difficulty on accurate and movement pattern golf putting.
Thirty novice undergraduate students (14 Female and 16 male; average age 21.1 ± 1.64 years) were quasi-randomly assigned to two groups. Before performing each trial during the acquisition phase, the self-control group was told they could choose any of the pre-set distances from the target: (25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and, 200 cm). Each self-control participant’s practice schedule was served as the predetermined practice schedule for each corresponding yoked participant. Participants practiced eight blocks of 10 trials. To analyze the radial error (in acquisition and tests phases) and the movement pattern score (in tests) mixed variance analysis with repeated measures on the last factor was used. The movement pattern score in acquisition phase was analyzed using t test.
Based on the results, radial errors across different groups in the acquisition phase did not vary, but the radial error of the self-control group in retention, single task transfer and dual-task transfer tests was lower compared to the yoked group (ps The efficacy of self-control of task difficulty is explained with reference to the challenge point framework.

This study aimed to reviewe effects of The 11 program on injury, injury prevention, performances and muscle activity in soccer player. A comprehensive review by one of the researchers was performed in Springer, Science Direct, Pubmed, in English and in SID and Magiran in persion language (2008-2016). Totally, there was a significantly lower risk of injuries within 30% to 70% acute and overuse injuries after performed the 11. The 11 enhanced knee strength, H/Q strength ratio, proprioception, balance, core stability in soccer players. About performance, 2 articles showed improvement and 1 no in sprint. It improved dribbling, kicking, jump height and agility. It can increase activity of core stability and hip abductor muscles. It can be suggested that the 11 could be incorporated into regular soccer practice as a warm-up program before starting technical and tactical drills instead of traditional warm-up program.

Body building sport is probably most dependent to balanced and scientific nutrition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design and evaluation of computerized diet programs on the performance and anthropometric parameters in body builders.
In a semi-experimental study, seven male bodybuilder students were selected. One week of their regular diet analyzed by nutritional evaluation and diet therapy software for energy and nutrients. Then, one week balanced diet was designed with the software according to body builders’ dietary and exercise requirements (Energy=3000 kcal, 55-65 percent by carbohydrates, 20-25 percent by fat, 18 -20 percent by protein). The effectiveness of the diet was evaluated before and after diet therapy by comparison of weight, body fat percent, circumferences (waist, hip, arm, thigh and wrist), muscular strength, muscle force, and 24 h urine urea and creatinine concentrations. Daily diet consumption analysis was done by the software. Subjects had their regular training exercise during both periods (three sessions of weight training per week). To evaluate the effectiveness of balanced diet, dependent t-test was implemented and Pearson's regression also was used to find any relation between parameters (p The results of this research showed significant increase in the chest, arm, andthigh circumferences as well as standing long jump, vertical jump, hand dynamometry, lift dynamometry, one repetition maximum leg press, curl up, and pull-up chest press and a significant decrease in the body fat percent and chest circumference has seen found (p With regard to the results of this research it may conclude that a designed balanced diet in term of energy and macronutrients when considered individual and sporting requirements as well as appropriate training needs is able to improve body composition, anthropometric parameters and athletic performance without necessary for supplementation.

The aim of present study was examine the effect of self-controlled feedback on learning of a throwing task in 10 years old children with Autism spectrum disorder in Hamadan city. The subjects of the study included 20 children (10 years old) who suffered with Autism spectrum disorder in Hamadan city that assigned to self-controlled and yoked groups randomly and practiced throwing of 100 (gr) bean bag with non-dominant hand and eyes closed، in order to prevent of knowledge of their results. During the acquisition phase، we gave to our self-controlled group verbal feedback، whenever they asked for it which included direction and amounts of their performance، in the same time the yoked group replicated the feedback schedules of their counterparts in self-controlled group without any choice، the only difference was the ability of control feedback. After 24 hours participants performed retention test which included performing of 10 trials without any feedback. The analysis of data with ANOVA، repeated measure and T test showed that، in acquisition phase، differences between self-controlled feedback and yoked groups was not significant but it was significant in retention test (p≤ 0. 05). These finding confirm that self-controlled feedback even in children with genetically disorder due to more active involvement in learning process and increase of motivation is more beneficial for learning.

The purpose skill of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-controlled feedback on the learning of moving linear positioning skill of 20 years old adults with Autism disorder spectrum in Hamadan city. The subjects of the study were 20 adults with Autism disorder spectrum of Hamadan city that assigned randomly to self-controlled and yoked groups and practiced moving linear positioning task with closed eyes. During acquisition phase, we gave qualitative verbal feedback to our self- controlled group. At the same time, the yoked group replicated the feedback schedules of their counterparts in self-controlled group without any choice. After 24 hours the participants performed retention test which included performing 10 trials without receiving any feedback. The data analized with ANOVA, repeated measure and T test showed that, in acquisition phase, the difference between self-controlled feedback and yoked groups was not significant but it was significant in retention test (p≤ 0.05). These finding confirm that selfcontrolled feedback even in adults with genetically disorder due to more active involvement in learning process and increase of motivation is more beneficial for learning.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of attentional focus and somato-sensory manipulation on older people postural control. For this purpose 34 older man (mean of age = 70. 7) were selected and divided in external and internal group randomly. The task consists of performing balance task on Biodex system in three condition of normal، on foam and on inflatable cushions. Subjects in external group instructed to focus on a picture located 6 meters from them. Subjects in internal group instructed to focus on their ankle muscles. For measuring subjects` balance we used the Biodex Postural Stability System. Overall، medio-lateral and anterior-posterior indexes were recorded for each subject. Results showed that the internal attention focus had no significant effect on all postural indexes in three conditions (p>. 05). External focus of attention had significant effect in conditions of standing on foam and standing on inflatable cushions (p<. 01). Also external focus of attention was more effective in challenging condition (p<. 01). In total، this study showed that external focus of attention can reduce postural sway and improve balance. These results are in line with Constrained Action Hypothesis. This hypothesis suggested that external focus of attention causes more automatic movements and fast unconscious and reflective processes were allowed to control movement and improve performance and learning.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sex, skill level and age on functions of observational learning in Taekwondo athletes. 200 Taekwondo athletes (Elite=103, Non-elite=97) with age in the range of 13-38 years old (21.69±4.4) volunteered to answer the Functions of Observational Learning Questionnaire (FOLQ). FOLQ was used to assess 3 functions of observational learning (skill, performance and strategy) in athletes. Factorial analysis results showed no significant difference between male and female athletes, but it was found that elite taekwondo athletes significantly used functions of observational learning more than non-elite athletes (p<0.05). Also, taekwondo athletes firstly used observational learning to improve the skills, followed by strategy and performance, respectively. Furthermore, the results of Pearson correlation demonstrated that there were converse relations between age and using functions of observational learning and the relation between age and performance was significant (p<0.05). It seems that observational learning has different functions in different sport fields and coaches should consider this matter when teaching the athletes. Also the effect of skill level is more than sex variable which coaches may attend this factor. Observational learning should also be used more for athletes that are in lower ages and skill levels.

The purpose of this study assess management's commitment factors affecting its implementation strategies is the sports organization. Methods of survey research are descriptive and the statistical community Project Managers and heads of physical education Cup as the number of 59 persons and 31 professors was considered statistical sample. Questionnaire in two sections of individual structures and the main questions with 17 questions that management commitment dimensions (knowledge, experience, motivation, participation, belief and changes management) examined the use is. Valid questionnaires using Cronbach Alpha 0.92 respectively. Descriptive statistics of variables in the and test KS, Friedman and significant level was p≤./05. the test was observed from the viewpoint of managers change management component (p=0/001), participation (p=0/009), belief (p=0/014), experience (p=0/005), knowledge (p=0/010) and professors from the viewpoint of component change management (p=0/003), partnership (p=0/036), belief (p=0/002), experience (p=0/008), motivation (p=0/008), caused a significant commitment of managers is the implementation of organizational strategies. Also, the binomial distribution test component in the commitment of managers impact sports organization in the implementation strategy that observed from the viewpoint of managers (p=0/001) and also from the viewpoint of university professors (p=0/001) management commitment in implementing strategy sports organization is significantly effective. Finally, the Friedman test commitment to prioritize component managers in implementing strategy sports organization, from the viewpoint of managers; respectively Serial changes in management, participation of managers in the formulation stage of the plan, the experience of managers, knowledge managers, belief and motivation the highest to lowest factors were categorized. The perspective view of professors as managers of sport organizations, managerial changes affecting the first component of management commitment in implementing the strategy was known as the sports organization and then sequentially components believed to program content, management experience, motivation, participation and knowledge managers were.

The aim of this investigation was to study of effects of three different training schedules (blocked, serial and random) on performance and learning of basketball free throw from three different distances from the ring in experience subjects. 30 physical education male students that have been passed basketball course without experience in team training or competitions volunteered and divided into three groups randomly after performing pretest(fifteen free throws from 3 meters distance). All of them participated in 5 practice session in 5 continuously days(each session contain of 13 throws from 1.5 meters distance, 15 throws from 3 meters distance and 15 throws from 4.5 meters distance), and transfer test (15 throws from 3.5 meters distance and right side of ring side with 45 degrees angle). In acquisition stage, a 3(group)x5(session)ANOVA with repeated measurements on session factor revealed a significant main effect of session factor but the main effect of group and group x session interaction were not significant. The performance of 1 session was significantly lower than later sessions and the performance of the 5 session was significantly higher than other sessions. The result supported Magill and hall (1991) hypothesis that variability in parameter cannot show contextual interference effect.