فوتبال

Antioxidant supplements can mitigate muscle damage and oxidative stress induced by sports activities. So, in the present study the potential impact of tartaric acid on inflammatory indicators, muscle damage, and anaerobic capacity among young male soccer players was investigated.

Twenty-four young male soccer players (average age: 23.94±1.87 years; weight: 74.37±5.77 kg; maximum oxygen consumption: 48.01±6.80 ml/kg/min) were randomly allocated into two homogenous groups (matched for VO2max) receiving either tartaric acid (n=12) or a placebo (n=12) at a dosage of 20 mg per kilogram of body weight. Blood samples were collected 24 hours prior to and 10 minutes and 24 hours after a RAST test. Statistical analysis was conducted using a 2 x 3 repeated measurements analysis of variance at a significance level of 0.05 employing SPSS statistical software version 24.

The supplement group exhibited significantly higher average power performance and peak anaerobic power compared to the placebo group. Moreover, the group × time interaction showed significance in MDA and TAC indices (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in IL-6, lactate, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels (P<0.05).

The study suggests that tartaric acid consumption contributes to enhanced peak and average anaerobic power, increased total antioxidant capacity, and reduced inflammation and oxidative stress resulting from anaerobic power tests. These effects are likely attributed to the polyphenolic and antioxidant properties of tartaric acid.

The purpose of this study was to present a model for the development of moral literacy among professional football players in Iran. This was done by conducting a qualitative research of the grand theory type, the method of which is exploratory. In this research, through literature review and exploratory interviews, model presentation was analyzed from data-driven method and content analysis method (coding of analysis unit, categories and registration unit). In order to conduct the field interview, the statistical population of the research was experts and professors in the field of sports management who had the necessary experience and knowledge about the subject of the research (moral literacy and sports ethics); These individuals had published at least one study (research article, lecture, research project, author and translation of a book) in the field of moral literacy and sports ethics. After analyzing the literature and to complete and present the research model, 18 people from the statistical community were interviewed to complete the list of factors for the development of moral literacy among professional football players in Iran. Finally, the categories were identified in the form of 13 categories and 47 concept codes, and in the heart of the six dimensions of the paradigm model as causal causes (2 categories), the main category: the development of moral literacy among Iranian professional football players (3 categories) Strategies (2 categories), contextual conditions (2 categories), interventionist conditions (2 categories), and consequences (2 categories) were included.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of two intermittent and continuous small side game (SSG) on the aerobic and anaerobic performance of soccer players. The study method was semiexperimental, which was conducted as a pre-test-post-test design with two groups. The statistical population of the research included 16 soccer players with an average age of 19.5 ± 5 years, who were divided into two groups. First, a pre-test was taken, then two intermittent and continuous training programs were conducted for 8 weeks (along with heart rate sensors), and at the end, a post-test was taken. Statistical methods of covariance analysis, independent t-test, and dependent t-test were used to describe, collect and classify descriptive statistics and to check research hypotheses. The findings of the research showed that a significant difference was observed in the variable of anaerobic power between these two types of exercise, the anaerobic power in intermittent SSG was higher than continuous SSG (p<0.05). In the intermittent, a significant difference was observed in the variables of aerobic and anaerobic power in the pre-test, post-test evaluation (p>0.05). The difference in the percentage of changes in the aerobic power variable in the intermittent group compared to the continuous group in the post-test compared to the pre-test has increased by about 0.02%. On the other hand, a significant difference was observed in the variable of average heart rate and RPE in the continuous compared to the intermittent, so that in the said variables, the continuous was more than the intermittent, however, the maximum average heart rate variable in Intermittent was significantly more than continuous (p<0.05). According to the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that the use of SSG, especially of the intermittent type, is effective for improving the aerobic and anaerobic performance of players.

Football is one of the most popular team sports worldwide that requires the development of various skills including passing, stopping, and shooting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the body's biorhythm cycle on the development of passing and stopping skills in football. In this experimental study, 20 adolescent players of Esteghlal Nowshahr football team were randomly divided into two groups of 10. The experimental group trained according to a program tailored to their biorhythm cycle, while the control group trained without considering biorhythms. To determine the validity of the tests in this study, the face validity method was used and to determine the reliability of the tests, the retest method was used. In this study, statistical techniques (percentage, mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Pearson correlation coefficient, paired sample T-test, independent sample T-test) were used by IBM SPSS Statistics 26 software to analyze the data and evaluate the research hypotheses. The results showed that paying attention to the biorhythm cycle led to a significant improvement in passing and stopping skills in the experimental group. Therefore, it is recommended that football training programs be tailored according to the body's natural cycles.

Today, due to its many attractions, football has spread significantly around the world, making it difficult to define limits for the sport, which has completely separated itself from others. This sport has become an effective platform for advertising by large companies. Advertisements appear in various forms, such as those inside stadiums, commercials broadcast during games, and printed advertisements on clothing and sports equipment (Kordalo, 2020). Among the types of advertising, the outdoor advertising industry is one of the oldest media sectors. With advancements in technology in recent years, we have witnessed a significant transformation in this industry; outdoor digital boards now offer new and exciting ways to communicate (Cho et al., 2022). Kumar and Tripathi (2022) argue that the role of advertising is evolving and is no longer limited to informing and persuading consumers. Companies are now seeking new functions, such as changing consumer behavior. Additionally, due to increased competition, companies believe they must capture consumer attention by employing effective tools in their advertisements (Pieters et al., 2010). Among the identified tools that influence the effectiveness of environmental advertisements are the visual aspects, which include brand, logo, typography, color, and slogan. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of visual dimensions on customer loyalty, with the mediating roles of brand awareness and preference in environmental advertising around the football satadiums. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive, survey, field, and correlational in terms of methodology. The statistical population for this research consisted of individuals who attended Azadi Stadium to watch football in 2024, with a sample size of 384 participants selected. The research tools included a brand awareness questionnaire by Boyle et al. (2013), a brand preference questionnaire by Ebrahim et al. (2016), a brand loyalty questionnaire by Shahin et al. (2011), and a researcher-developed section on visual dimensions. All questions in the questionnaire were designed according to a five-point Likert scale (1 = completely disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neutral, 4 = agree, 5 = completely agree). To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test was employed. The content validity was confirmed by several expert professors in the field, and the construct validity was verified using factor analysis (CFA). Structural equation modeling with PLS3 software was also utilized for data analysis. All participants in the research were men. Among them, 68.5% were single and 35.5% were married. In terms of age, 25.3% were under 20 years old, 46.6% were between 21 and 30 years old, 16.9% were between 31 and 40 years old, 10.2% were between 41 and 50 years old, and 1% were over 50 years old. Regarding education, 18.5% had below a diploma, 26.6% held a diploma, 15.6% had a post-diploma qualification, 25.5% had a Bachelor's degree, 6.9% held a Master's degree, and 4.2% had a Doctorate. The indices for Cronbach's alpha, RHO, composite reliability, and average variance demonstrated good validity for all research constructs. Additionally, an examination of the factor loading values and t-values of the questions in the questionnaire indicated that the questions were suitable representatives of their respective constructs. Furthermore, the analysis of the relationships between the variables, including their t-values and path coefficients, revealed that the relationship between visual dimensions and both brand awareness and brand preference is significant; however, there is no significant relationship with brand loyalty. Additionally, brand awareness did not demonstrate a significant relationship with brand loyalty, while brand preference acted as a mediating variable between visual dimensions and brand loyalty. Finally, the model fit indices, including Q² and R², were assessed for each variable. All R² and Q² values for the variables, except for brand preference, were within optimal ranges, indicating an acceptable level for brand preference. Therefore, considering that environmental advertisements are designed and implemented with the aim of attracting attention and having a positive impact on consumers, paying attention to the visual dimensions of these advertisements is of particular importance. Companies active in this field can increase the effectiveness of their advertisements by using appropriate tools. For this reason, we provided suggestions to companies regarding the applicability of the research. In relation to the brand name, it is suggested that companies comply with the necessary linguistic requirements and standards to create more effective environmental advertising. Additionally, the logo plays a significant role in the brand's appeal, so it is recommended that innovation and creativity in logo design be prioritized to attract consumers. Regarding the visual dimensions of typography, it is suggested that the principles of order and coherence in the selection of words and phrases used in advertisements should be observed in a suitable and correct manner to enhance brand preference and awareness among consumers. Concerning color, it can be confidently stated that it is one of the most important visual dimensions in all types of advertisements. Therefore, it is recommended to use attractive colors in the design of advertisements that align with the identity and personality of the brand. Another important point to consider is that, in football, there is a highly competitive environment between rival teams. Thus, care should be taken when choosing the color of advertisements, as a color choice similar to a team's shirt may be significant for the team's fans. Finally, regarding the slogan, it is suggested that companies keep their main message in the minds of consumers by choosing an attractive and understandable slogan. This will help create or increase awareness, preference, and ultimately loyalty to the brand.

A website is crucial for a professional sports club as it serves as the primary hub for engaging with fans, sponsors, and media. In today's digital age, the website of a sports club is much more than just a static page that lists match schedules or player information. It is a dynamic platform that plays a vital role in shaping the club’s identity, enhancing its visibility, and serving as a bridge between the club and its global audience. This direct link allows the club to share real-time updates, such as live scores, breaking news, player transfers, and match reports. Moreover, fans can access behind-the-scenes content, exclusive interviews, and multimedia content such as videos and photos, which not only keep them informed but also create a sense of closeness and involvement. One of the most important aspects of a well-maintained website is its role in fan engagement. A sports club's success is deeply intertwined with the loyalty of its fanbase, and a website can act as the central hub where fans come together. Through the website, fans can interact by sharing opinions, participating in polls, contests, and forums, and even engaging in live chats during games. Social media integration is also a key factor in this, as fans can share content across platforms, amplifying the club's reach. A strong digital presence not only helps maintain existing fan relationships but also cultivates new ones, especially as more sports fans follow their favorite teams online. Through consistent updates and an easy-to-navigate interface, a well-managed website fosters a sense of community among fans, regardless of geographical barriers.  Furthermore, a website is essential for revenue generation. The club can offer a wide range of products, from official merchandise to digital memorabilia, all available for purchase online. The online store makes it easy for fans to show their support by purchasing jerseys, caps, scarves, and other items associated with their favorite teams and players. Ticket sales for matches, both home and away, can also be facilitated through the website, allowing fans to book seats well in advance. Beyond traditional ticket sales, clubs can utilize their website for selling exclusive packages, such as VIP experiences, meet-and-greets, and access to premium lounges. This opens up additional streams of revenue and adds to the overall experience of following the team. A club’s website is also a strategic platform for promoting partnerships and sponsorships. Sponsors often look for clubs that provide broad and engaged audiences, and a website offers analytics on user engagement, which can be shared with sponsors to demonstrate their return on investment. Through banner ads, sponsored content, and exclusive partnerships, clubs can generate significant revenue, while also adding value for their partners by helping them reach new demographics. The website’s design and content can showcase sponsors in various ways, ensuring they get visibility and engagement. In addition to these commercial aspects, a website can also highlight the club’s social responsibility efforts. Many professional sports teams engage in charity work, community programs, and campaigns for important causes. This work can be showcased on the website, providing transparency and building goodwill among fans. Fans feel more connected to a club that reflects their own values and contributes positively to the community. Liverpool FC, for example, is known for its commitment to social causes and often highlights its community outreach programs, which resonate strongly with its global fanbase. By dedicating space on the website to these efforts, the club reinforces its brand as not only a competitive sports entity but also as a positive social force. In this research, Liverpool FC’s website was chosen as a case study because Liverpool is one of the most globally recognized and successful football clubs, with a strong emphasis on fan engagement. Founded in 1892, the club has a rich history that includes numerous domestic and international victories, and it boasts a passionate fan base that spans across continents. Their website is a key component of their digital strategy, designed to interact with a massive international fan base that includes millions of followers across social media platforms. Liverpool’s use of technology to engage with its supporters is cutting-edge, and analyzing such a well-established club's website provides valuable insights into effective fan engagement techniques, digital marketing strategies, and how to leverage a strong online presence to build loyalty and generate revenue. The aim of this study was to analyze Liverpool FC's official website through the perspective of fan management. The research paradigm was interpretive, and the researchers took a qualitative approach. Specifically, a qualitative content analysis was conducted through focus group discussions. The focus group consisted of four experts in the subject of sports fandom who were selected using a purposeful, judgmental approach. Three focus group sessions were held, during which the content from the website was coded and analyzed. This approach allowed the research team to develop patterns and identify key themes related to how Liverpool FC manages its online presence and interacts with its fans.The findings of the study revealed that there were six major structures within Liverpool FC’s website: news, data, fan engagement, social responsibility, revenue generation, and branding. Each section was found to play a critical role in building and maintaining the club’s online presence. In the news section, six programs were running across three different media platforms. This section was crucial for providing timely updates to fans, covering everything from match previews and post-match reports to player interviews and injury updates. By keeping fans informed and engaged, this section helps sustain interest in the club, even during the off-season. In the data section, ten programs were identified, all running across three platforms. This section primarily focused on providing fans with in-depth statistical analysis of games, player performance, and historical data. For fans who are interested in the analytical side of the sport, this section offers a treasure trove of information that enhances their viewing experience. The fan engagement section was the largest, with fourteen programs spread across six different media platforms. This included interactive features such as polls, fan forums, live chats, and social media integration, all of which help build a sense of community and encourage fan participation. In the social responsibility section, eleven programs were found running across four media platforms. This area of the website highlighted Liverpool FC's charitable efforts, community outreach programs, and partnerships with local organizations. By engaging in these activities, the club not only strengthens its relationship with the local community but also enhances its brand image on a global scale. In the revenue-making section, seven programs were identified across six platforms. This section covered merchandise sales, ticketing, and premium content offerings. By optimizing this section, the club can maximize its revenue streams and ensure sustainable growth. Finally, in the branding section, five programs were running across three platforms. This section focused on maintaining the club's image, promoting its identity, and reinforcing its core values. Branding is essential for differentiating the club from its competitors and ensuring long-term success. Professional sports club managers can use the analysis and categories developed in this study to improve their own fan engagement strategies. By understanding which features resonate with fans, they can tailor their online presence to enhance loyalty and satisfaction. Additionally, insights into Liverpool FC's methods for merchandise sales, ticketing, and media sharing could help managers optimize their own revenue streams and strengthen their club’s brand. The study provides a roadmap for how a well-structured website can be an indispensable tool in the modern sports industry.

Football as a popular sport is becoming a professional industry that must be considered in its various dimensions, talent search is the most important element of this exciting sport. Identifying and developing talent in football is a complex and multifaceted process, of which financial support and sociological indicators are of particular importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the role of sociological and economic factors in the development of football talent in Iran. The research method is descriptive and survey in terms of purpose. The statistical population included football coaches with Asian A and B coaching degrees who were 3786 people and 348 people were selected according to Cochran's formula. Data analysis was performed by confirmatory factor analysis using Amos software. According to the research results, among the sociological sub-indicators, "team spirit" in the amount of (0.486) and among the economic sub-indicators of "financial and material facilities" in the amount of (0.528) had the most impact on football talent identification. اند. In general, the sociological index of 0.44 and the economic index of 0.51 have an effect on football talent identification. The value of the explanation coefficient is estimated to be 0.315. In general, the development of football talent in Iran requires a multidimensional approach that is consistent with the culture and social structure, ie the need for team participation, respect and orderliness, which is one of the main characteristics of society, and on the other hand no development is possible without economic investment. is not.
 

The purpose of this study was to develop effective strategies for the development of fan culture in the Iranian Football Premier League. The research method was qualitative. In this study, the data reached theoretical saturation after 11 interviews with experts (professors of sports management, sports sociology and executives who were experts in this field). Based on thematic analysis, data were coded and analyzed. In a thematic analysis, the data from the interviews with the experts were coded into the research topic. Then, in two stages, the initial concepts were developed. In the first stage, 32 concepts were extracted from the interviews with the experts. These concepts were coded in the second stage for greater coherence and for better analysis and interpretation in the form of 22 more abstract concepts. In the next step, the concepts generated in the secondary coding process in the form of 8 main categories or themes (5 concepts for strategies including comprehensive cognition, application of indigenous patterns of culture, skills and learning, support and support and 3 concepts for effective outcomes called social, Cultural and behavioral consequences) were classified. These major categories (themes) in terms of being abstract are at a higher level than the concepts of the preceding stage. Based on the research results of club managers, the Football Federation, League Organization and Support Centers can consider the strategies resulting from the development of fan culture and the application of strategies as important factors affected by the development of fan culture, in improving the quality and dynamism of the league. They can take the first step in Iranian football and enjoy its benefits.

Due to the importance of ethics in football spectators, the purpose of this study is to present a "model of ethical culture among Iranian Football Premier League spectators. This qualitative research has been done by Delphi method. The researcher has collected information by studying the texts and interviewing 43 football sports experts. Analysis of face-to-face and electronic interviews has enabled the researcher to understand concepts whose integration with each other has enabled a deeper understanding of why and how the ethical culture-oriented culture model among Iranian Premier League football spectators. Using Delphi analysis method, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, finally after theoretical saturation, with extraction, classification, and researcher initiative with the help of supervisors and consultants, in the Delphi research and survey section, finally 124 component in 10 dimension social, economic, personal and psychological causes, media and television, legal factors and cultural policy, facilities, management factors, education, demographics and well -known sports people in order to improve the ethics-oriented culture were identified among the spectators of the Iranian football pro league. The most attention has been paid to the components in the dimensions of management, legislation and cultural policy making, education and facilities .it is necessary that sports experts and decision-makers, especially in the field of football, managers of sports organizations, club owners, as well as coaches, referees and football players, pay more attention to these dimensions.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of fatigue on balance, proprioception and jump-landing performance in teenage soccer players with dynamic knee valgus defect. In order to carry out this study, 30 male soccer players were selected and divided into two control groups (Age: 15.46 ± 0.51 years, Height: 1.70 ± 0.05 m, Weight: 63.20 ± 4.84 kg, Body Mass Index: 21.79 ± 0.91 kg/m2, sports history: 6.00 ± 1.41 years) and experimental (Age: 15.26 ± 0.45 years, Height: 1.71 ± 0.04) m, Weight: 65.33 ± 4.71 kg, Body Mass Index: 22.22 ± 1.63 kg/m2, sports history: 6.66 ± 2.52 years). In this study, after selecting the subjects with valgus defect, knee dynamics were evaluated with the tuck jump test. Then, Stork and Y tests were used to evaluate static balance and dynamic balance, respectively. After evaluating the variables, the subjects were divided into two control and experimental groups, and the special soccer fatigue protocol (SOFT90) was applied to the experimental group. After applying fatigue, the groups were re-evaluated. The results of this study showed that fatigue has a significant effect on reducing static balance (P=0.001), different directions of dynamic balance and its total score (P≤0.01). Also, the results related to the comparison between groups showed that fatigue led to the difference in the investigated variable between the two groups (P≤0.01). The results of this study showed that fatigue was an important factor in reducing balance. Therefore, it seems that reducing knee dynamic valgus defect, improving motor performance pattern and improving fit in muscle strength and balance can lead to reducing the risk of injury in fatigue conditions.

The purpose of this study is to investigating the role of human resources in the Iran national under-23 football team’s failure to qualify for the Olympic Games. This research is qualitative-quantitative and it is an applied study that has been done in the field. The statistical population in the qualitative part were football and sport management experts. The statistical population in the quantitative section were formed by 150 current coaches, supervisors and managers of national football teams, and Iranian premier league teams in the adult and under-23 categories, as well as former coaches and supervisors of national teams in the adult and under-23 categories. The sampling method in the qualitative part was in the form of snowball until theoretical saturation was achieved. In the quantitative part, Convenience sampling method was used. The number of statistical samples was determined 108 people based on Morgan table. Semi-structured interviews and a researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect research information. In order to analyze data, descriptive statistics methods and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO), exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and Friedman test were used. The results indicate that 23 cases in the form of 3 components including managers, coaches and staff, and players are involved in the failure of the Iran national under-23 football team to qualify for the Olympic games. It is recommended that the responsible organizations make the necessary efforts to remove the existing obstacles.

Iran-Japan Competition in Asian Nations Cup 2019. This match was selected for analysis due to the large number of television viewers, being in a particular time, the repeated failures in previous periods and the acceptable performance in the matches of this era. But the match ended with a 3-0 defeat for Iran.  The question was what strategies broadcasters used to report this event? And how did these strategies change after changing the outcome of the game?

This qualitative research was done with discourse analysis method. Analyzes were performed by using Van Dijk’s theoretical model (2004) in the framework of critical discourse analysis considering macro and micro levels

Analysis according to macro level of Van Dijk square represented that Emphasizing on the positive point about “self”. (representing Us positively (has the highest frequency among other properties. The frequency of macro and micro levels strategies also changes with the outcome of the game. Reporter also used micro strategies of “lexicalization”, “victimization” and “dramatization” and “consensus” in order to manage the minds of the audience.  

The ambition of the national TV has been to keep motivation and to overcome feeling failure and hopelessness and after an undesirable outcome, tries to modify and justify the situation.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of football training using the Game Sense approach on heart rate, cardiovascular fitness, maximal oxygen consumption and perceived motor competence in inactive female students.

The statistical population of the study was physically inactive female students, 40 of whom had no experience of playing football and were physically healthy, with a mean age of (22.06±3). They were randomly divided into the desired groups (each group consisted of 20 people). The perceived motor competence questionnaire, the 540-metre running test, the McQueen's step test and the Polar heart rate monitor were used to collect information. The way the exercises were presented in the groups included technical exercises in the traditional group and changes in the playing field, the size of the playing field and the number of players in the game sense group. Multiple covariance analysis was used to analyze data.

The results of the tests showed that the exercises were effective and the subjects showed changes in cardiovascular fitness, maximal oxygen consumption, heart rate and perceived motor competence after the intervention compared to before. The effects of football training with traditional methods and game sense were also different and showed the confirmation of the positive role of teaching game sense at the level of p< 0.05 among the research indicators.

Coaches can design activities that help young female students to achieve an active lifestyle and positive changes in physiological health indicators by using the game sense approach.

It is important to understand the effects of fatigue on decision-making and how it impacts movement control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mental and physical fatigue on brain activity during creative decision-making in skilled football players. The study utilized an intra-group design in the form of a time series. The research method was semi-experimental and applied in nature. Eighteen football players from Tehran City in the Tehran Premier League (mean age 18-30) participated in this research. Mental fatigue was induced through Stroop exercises, and physical fatigue was induced using the Bruce protocol. Electroencephalography was recorded while participants watched clips of real football scenes and made creative decisions in blocked situations. Data analysis was conducted using variance analysis with repeated measures at a significance level of P≤0.05. Creative decision-making during mental and physical fatigue was found to be lower compared to decision-making without fatigue. The alpha wave power decreased during mental fatigue and increased during physical fatigue when compared to decision-making without fatigue. Coaches and sports researchers should monitor and pay attention to the perception of mental and physical fatigue levels, as well as their effects on decision-making and brain activity in football players.

themselves through superior psychological characteristics. This research examines the personality traits and mental skills of bodybuilding, weightlifting, and football athletes through a descriptive, comparative, and cross-sectional study.

The study included 86 male football players, 79 weightlifters, and 74 male athletes competing in national bodybuilding championships, ranging in age from 18 to 37 years. Personality traits were assessed using the five-factor NEO questionnaire, and psychological skills were evaluated using the EMS-3 questionnaire.

One-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in mental skills (F=19.868) and personality traits (F=14.488) among athletes in the three disciplines. There was a significant correlation between personality traits and mental skills in soccer players, weightlifters, and bodybuilding athletes (P<0.05). Additionally, the model used indicated that personality traits effectively explain athletes' mental skills (F=98.18).

Personality traits and mental skills are closely linked, and specific personality traits can predict levels of mental skills. Understanding this relationship through the model employed in this study can assist sports psychologists in providing better services.

Football players and their coaches are constantly thinking about improving the performance and quality of football for their fans. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the use and role of training tools and specialized exercises in enhancing the performance of football players and to review the results, analyses, and suggestions from various studies in the field of football biomechanics and performance enhancement.

Articles were searched through electronic sources in Persian specialized databases: Google Scholar, Magiran, Civilica, Irandoc, SID, ISC and in English databases: Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. The keywords for the search included biomechanics, football, performance enhancement, and their synonyms, which were searched in both Persian and English.

After reviewing the entire text of the articles, a total of 87 articles were evaluated and studied in three areas, including the use of different training tools and exercises to improve performance, as well as the analysis and suggestions resulting from research in football biomechanics and performance improvement.

The findings showed that performance improvement in soccer players is achieved through the use of training tools and specific exercises. Plyometric exercises and theraband stretches improve proprioception and the strength of the ankle joint muscles in soccer players. An increase in technical skills is observed in small-sided games, leading to higher ball possession rates. The FIFA +11 program has a significant impact on the speed, dribbling speed, shot accuracy, agility, and vertical jump of soccer players.

Background& The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Cognitive and Motivational Imagery on the learning of soccer shooting and pass skills. Subjects of this study consist of 48 masculine students of Shahid Beheshti University with age ranged 19-30 years who did not participate in organized soccer trainings. Participants were randomly assigned in 6 groups (cognitive imagery, motivational imagery and control in shoot as motor skill and pass as cognitive skill). Research protocol included pre-test; 15 acquisition sessions (3 days a week); acquisition test immediately after the last acquisition session; and retention and transfer tests, 72 hours after the acquisition test. For data analyzing, with regard to the effect of pretest scores on posttest scores, it was used one-way analysis of covariance Bonferroni post hoc test in acquisition, retention and transfer. Results indicated that in instep shooting skill, there was no significant difference between cognitive and motivational imagery, but in pass skill motivational imagery group was significantly better performance than other groups. Regarding these results, coaches and athletes are advised to use motivational or cognitive imagery in motor skills and motivational imagery in cognitive skills.

Considering that football, as a popular sport, is based on the supporter's axis, the importance of supporter's cultural competence has become an important issue despite the presence of multicultural environments. In order to understand it, the present study aims to analyze the lived experience of fans in football.Fan cultural competencies have become an important issue due to the fan-centric nature of football as a popular sport on the one hand and the importance of competencies in multicultural environments. To understand it, the present study intends to analyze the lived experience of fans in the sport of football. Accordingly, the purpose of phenomenological research is the lived experience of fans in football in the field of understanding the cultural competencies of fans.

The phenomenological research method is descriptive and based on the collage model. The research community was members of the Sepahan Isfahan Sports Fans Association and the club's cultural directors of these, 20 research samples were saturated. The purposive sampling method was standard dependent and inconsistent. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. The validity of the data was verified through external auditors, in-depth descriptions, return to interviewees, and two coders.

After implementing information and coding the data, the research findings were classified into three categories including cognitive, emotional and behavioral competencies. Cognitive competencies include advocacy literacy development, awareness gap control, avoidance of social and cultural bias, strengthening positive cultural memory and attitudes, and behavioral competencies including cultural self-efficacy, cultural monitoring, role modeling and social and cultural responsibility, and emotional competencies including emotional capital development, strengthens self-will, reproduces the culture of youth and strengthens women's culture.

The cultural competences of the fans will be one of the main prerequisites of sports with the breadth and cultural diversity resulting from multicultural environments. The growing trend of cultural and sports clubs' fan centers trying to turn ordinary people into professional fans increases the need to pay attention to these skills.There is a capacity of sports enthusiasts to accept the fan club as a value-added feature for the sports club. Paying attention to cultural competencies creates a competitive advantage for the clubs that develop the fan base.

In professional sports, predicting factors of success is very vital and important and is always in question. The failure of teams in the leagues has been a constant issue and progress and gaining status has been a challenge for all clubs; Therefore, the purpose of this study was predicting the success of football clubs in the Asian Champions League.

The present study is descriptive-correlational. Seven Asian countries that won the AFC Champions League between 2014 and 2019 were analyzed. At the level of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and at the level of inferential statistics, because the response variable (success) was a qualitative variable, the logistic regression model was used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software.

Findings showed that 80% of the success of clubs in the AFC Champions League is correctly identified using the research model and foreign players, the average value of each player, the total value of the club and the number of players in a team have a positive impact on the success of football clubs in the AFC Champions League. And the age of the players has a negative effect, in other words, the lower average age can contribute to the success of football clubs in the AFC Champions League.

Therefore, these factors are considered as a comparative advantage for the success of clubs and managers and stakeholders are suggested to put the necessary planning and investment on their agenda to achieve these things.

Sports teams are of special economic importance to cities and countries because of the production and supply of private goods and provision of benefits offered by the characteristics of public goods.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to quantify the monetary value of some of the benefits provided by the national football team as a professional sports team in Iran. These values, which include consumption and non-consumption values, are estimated using the conditional valuation method (CVM). The present research is a descriptive-analytical method, which is applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this study was residents of Iran and the statistical sample size was measured by Mitchell and Carson table. Accordingly, a questionnaire was designed and by which the Iranian citizens’ willingness to pay for goods and benefits produced by the national football team was addressed and the factors affecting their willingness to pay for the national football team were identified. Spss and Excel software were also used for data analysis.

According to the research results, the Iranian citizens’ willingness to pay annually for the presence of the Iranian national football team in the Asian Cup was 18005 Tomans, 19418 Tomans for the national team to win the AFC Asian Cup, 21859 for participation in the World Cup qualifiers and 25050 Tomans for championship in the World Cup. Moreover, the average willingness to pay to buy tickets to watch matches in the stadium is 13338 Tomans and the average willingness to pay to watch them on TV is 5838 Tomans.

Iranian citizens’ willingness to pay shows that the presence of the Iranian national football team in the highest competitive levels of the country's sports has a positive effect on their desirability and well-being so that people are even willing to support their favorite team financially.