جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ايران" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

The purpose of this research is to analyze the beginning, end and length of the snow season in Iran. For this purpose, daily data from the MODIS, spanning from 20/03/2000 to 19/03/2020, was obtained from the NASA website at a spatial resolution of 500 meters. First, temporal and spatial filters were applied to eliminate the impact of cloudiness on the data. Furthermore, the first day when a cell was reported to have snow cover (based on the elapsed days since the start of Mehr) was determined for every water year. This process was conducted separately for each water year, ultimately yielding a matrix of dimensions 20 × 7541502, where each row represented the first day that the MODIS detected snow on a given cell, and each column represented a spatial cell. Similarly, the same procedure was employed to calculate the end and length of snow season. The findings indicate that, in general, the beginning of snow season is shifting towards the winter season in the western parts of the country. Conversely, in the northwestern regions, including the northern slopes of Alborz and certain areas of the southern Zagros, the beginning of snow season is transitioning towards the autumn season. Moreover, in many highland areas in the west and northwest, as well as on the Alborz mountain range, the end of the snow season is progressively occurring towards late winter and spring.

Spatial inequalities in developing countries such as Iran are more visible due to various factors, so many Scientists (Dadashpour & Shojaei, 2022-Mosayebzadeh et al, 2021- Fotres & Fatemi Zardan, 2020- Dadashpour & Alvandipour, 2018- GhaderHajat & Hafeznia, 2018) consider the most important feature of Iran's space organization to be spatial injustice, which is the manifestation of the country's center-periphery structure at micro-local and macro-national scales. In Iran, inequality and lack of balance in the optimal distribution of facilities as a result of unprincipled past policies in industrial-service locations, growth poles, and the trend of centralization in dominant regional cities, the spatial imbalance between national, regional, district, and local levels is one of the important issues, which has emerged under the influence of mechanisms governing economic, social and political structures, this anomaly and imbalance have increased with the increase of the government's role in the economy due to the nature of its concentration and departmentalism, and more planning has been provided to the government (Faraji et al, 2019). Finally, today, the issue of inequality in many countries is mentioned as a fundamental challenge in the path of development, So it is considered one of the main obstacles in the process of national development and disruption of regional balance, Therefore, the first step in development planning is to identify the position of each region in terms of development and inequalities (Amanpour and Mohammadi, 2021); Therefore, the main goal of this research is the spatial analysis of regional inequalities in Iran during the years 2011, 2016, and 2021.

The current type of research is applied and its research method is descriptive-analytical. The collection of data in this research is in the form of a library. The statistical population of this research is 31 provinces of the country based on the last administrative and political divisions of 2021. To evaluate the state of development, 47 indicators have been used in 3 main economic-infrastructural, educational-cultural, and health-treatment dimensions. The analysis of research data has been carried out quantitatively using GIS, EXCEL, and SPSS software. In this research, to rank the provinces from the VIKOR multi-indicator decision-making model, To weight the indices using the Shannon entropy method, For data clustering using the K-Means-Cluster method, To evaluate the changes of inter-provincial inequalities using the CV statistical method, To interpolate the development of the country using the Kriging method, To evaluate the spatial correlation and the type of clustering of the development of the provinces using the Spatial Autocorrelation method (Moran's I) and Geographically weighted regression method has been used to find the relationship between development as a dependent variable and population and area as an independent variable.

The results of this research show that in 2011 due to the strong concentration of administrative, political, economic, and industrial activities in Tehran, there was a sharp divergence between Tehran province and other provinces. The growth pole theory has entered the second stage and the degree of divergence has decreased and the degree of convergence between provinces has increased. According to the results of Moran's correlation, the clustering of the country is still multipolar and there is still regional inequality in the country, so the country's border and port provinces are in a worse situation than other provinces, despite their development potentials and capacities as border corridors. The geographic weighted regression model also shows that the influence of independent variables (area and population) is greater in the northwest of the country than in the southeast of the country, This issue is estimated at 76% in 2011, 35% in 2016 and 43% in 2021.

In general, the most important cause of Iran's regional inequality should be sought in the structure of the planning system and the pattern of regional spatial development of Iran. The formation of the planning system in Iran is based on neoclassical economic theories, the growth pole and the intense concentration of activities in the center of Iran, and this issue is very influential in creating regional inequalities, and on the one hand, due to top-down planning and lack of attention to environmental potential in the country's provinces, Actually, spatial injustice is spreading in the country and this issue can act as a dangerous factor in the direction of sustainable development of the country.

 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported that climate change results in anomalies, fluctuations or trends in climatic elements, such as precipitation and temperature. In this study, we aim to investigate the decadal changes in the probability of different durations of precipitation in Iran over the past four decades (1977-2016). To achieve this goal, we used the third version of the Asfazari database. We defined a rainy day as a day when the precipitation is more than the average precipitation in a given place. The Markov chain method was employed to estimate the probability of precipitation duration from 1971 through 2016.

We adopted the daily data of 2188 stations under the supervision of Iran’s Meteorological Organization for the period 1971 through 2016. Accordingly, we estimated the probability of precipitation duration for 1-7 days for the entire period. We investigated the decadal changes in the probability of precipitation duration for the four study decades and compared them to the whole period under investigation. To understand the spatial features of these changes, we estimated the relationship between changes in the probability of precipitation duration for 1-7 days and spatial factors using multivariate regression models.

Our findings revealed that as the duration of rainy days increased, the area affected by precipitation decreased. Therefore, the spatial distribution of the probability of precipitation duration for more than 7 days indicated the smallest area that received precipitation. The probability duration of precipitation lasting 4 days or more throughout Iran was very small, which can be attributed to the effects of local features on precipitation formation. The probability of 1-day precipitation for most regions of Iran was higher than other durations; however, there was only a probability of 1-day precipitation in half of Iran. The highest probability of precipitation duration occurred in the Caspian region, the only region that experienced all durations of precipitation, indicating the presence of various precipitation mechanisms in this area. The greatest probability of decadal changes was observed in the 1-7 day duration in the northern part of Iran, including the northwest to the east of the Caspian Sea and in the south of Alborz Mountain range. Additionally, the most changes in the probability durations of 1-7 days of precipitation in the south have been seen in Sistan and Baluchistan. The lowest probability of decadal changes was shown in large areas of the regions from the east, southeast, and southwest. Therefore, the changes in precipitation durations in the southern half of the regions were generally low; however, in the northern half, the changes were relatively significant.In general, during the four study decades, the relationship between changes in the probability of 1-7 day precipitation durations and spatial factors, particularly latitude, was positive. Thus, decreasing latitudes resulted in an increasing probability of 1-7 day precipitation.

The most likely changes in precipitation duration were related to the western and eastern coast of the Caspian Sea and the northwestern region of Iran, as well as southern Alborz, where the probability of changes decreased. The least amount of possible changes was related to the south of Iran, where only two provinces, Sistan and Baluchistan, and Hormozgan, experienced the greatest change in the probability of one to seven days of precipitation. Thus, the possible changes in the spatial continuation of precipitation in the southern half of the country were primarily low. However, in the northern half, the possible changes in the duration of precipitation were more significant. changes in the duration of precipitation, along with changes in the intensity and frequency of precipitation, can have significant consequences in extreme events such as droughts and floods. Accurately depicting changes in precipitation duration can be helpful in addressing problems concerning precipitation.

In order to achieve the goal and correctly formulate the current and future conditions of Southwest Asia, written university texts including books, articles, internet, etc. will be used. The findings of recent studies show the gradual decline of the economic position of the United States and the European Union and the emergence of new economic powers in the world, especially China and Russia, in the 21st century. Because the supply of its transmission energy guarantees the position of the hegemon on the world stage. Controlling the energy resources of the Greater Near East is considered one of the basic strategies of the United States to ensure the flow of energy to the West, curbing China as the most important energy consumer in the world, and curbing Russia with its presence in Central Asia and the Caucasus. In such a situation, the adoption of active and intelligent diplomacy in the field of energy by Iran will be very decisive and have numerous geopolitical and geo-economic effects at the regional and global levels. Therefore, national interests require that by maintaining the principles of honor, wisdom and expediency, Iran plays an effective and active role in the field of regional and global cooperation in terms of increasing production and trade.

Urban landscape as one of the most important urban issues should always preserve its visual and aesthetic aspect. One of the most important issues that attracted the attention of urban designers is the objective of the city's objective aspect and visual disturbance. On the other hand, the geography of cities is full of high monuments and principles and criteria that have to be considered in urban planning. Therefore, the present study examines the aesthetics of aesthetics in terms of urban landscape and its impact on high - rise buildings. meanwhile, the call for highrise building measures from theorists, architecture experts and as well as residents and have been applied in order to analyze the data and data, qualitative and quantitative methods for analyzing data and data analysis, using spss statistical analysis to analyze qualitative data. The findings of this study show that in urban planning and urban planning in the geographical area of cities, it has to be applied to the design and construction of the high - rise buildings so as to help the media and the desired urban landscape. In this regard, it is recommended that the principles and rules of building a high - rise building are recommended by urban management and the ministry of planning and urbanization tailored to the features of each city. Finally, the priorities of aesthetics of urban landscape in urban geography have been mentioned.

Energy, as one of the most important factors of production and also as one of the most essential final products, has significant economic effects. Iran, with its huge energy potential, is the second largest producer of energy in the world, while Iran has faced many economic problems, especially in recent decades. Ilam province, which has the highest fossil energy reserves in the country, is always considered as a deprived province with no human development. In this regard, one of the ways out of Ilam province from economic crises and lack of development is the management and use of fossil fuels in the cities of the province. In this regard, the present study uses descriptive-analytical and applied methods to analyze the effectiveness of using fossil energy in the development of cities in Ilam province using the topsis model, to evaluate the effects of using fossil energy in the development of cities in Ilam province. The results showed that in this field Malekshahi city with 16.17%, Dehloran city with 12.74%, Sirvan city with 11.03% and Ilam and Ivan cities with 10.80% each are among the cities and the results of SWOT table showed that the strategy The position of fossil energy in the development of Ilam cities is in a slightly competitive situation.

The relations between China and Iran as two ancient and influential civilizations in the region are very old and important. After the Mongol attacks and the formation of the Mongol Empire, Iran and China became a part of their territory and with the establishment of the Mongol Ilkhani dynasties in Iran, and Yuan in China, extensive political, commercial and cultural relations between them began, among which the cultural relations of the government are much wider and more impressive. The expansion of cultural relations between Iran and China under the shadow of the support and open policies of the rulers, rulers and encouragement of the ministers on the one hand, the movement of people, the migration of industrialists, artists and the presence of Muslims in the territory of the Mongols on the other hand, had an impact in the Ilkhanid era. had These effects are very important in the decorative arts and its developments. This article is based on the historical research method which is based on two descriptive and analytical characteristics and by relying on library sources and also by posing this question; How did the cultural relations between Iran and China take shape during the Ilkhanate era? What changes were made in the role of the decorative arts of the Ilkhanate era? To examine the evolution of the decorative arts of the Ilkhanate era with the influence of the cultural relations between Iran and China in the form of artistic roles and styles.

Afghanistan has many commonalities with Iran in various fields. But despite these commonalities, there are various challenges and obstacles in the path of convergence of these two countries. In the early years of the Pahlavi regime, the governments of Iran and Afghanistan postponed their fundamental differences to another time due to their efforts to stabilize their position, and for this purpose they signed the Saad Abad Treaty (Non-Aggression Pact). But the relations between the two countries did not last because Türkiye was too close to Iran. During the second Pahlavi period in the economic field, the relations between the two countries grew significantly, but the relations between the two countries faced a new challenge with the dispute over the rights of Abe Hirmand. After the victory of the Islamic revolution in Iran, there were ups and downs in the relations between the two countries. In the early years of the revolution and also during the period of the emergence of the Taliban in Afghanistan, the relations between the two countries were cut off. After the formation of the elected government in Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, while supporting the government of this country, played an important role in the reconstruction of Afghanistan. However, despite the deep social relations between the two countries, efficient economic diplomacy has not dominated the relations between the two countries in any of the periods after and before the revolution. It seems that the lack of unity of opinion and coordination of the country's officials

Ukraine is Russia's strategic depth in Eastern Europe. The Ukraine crisis is the result of Russia's attitude towards Ukraine. The war between Russia and Ukraine is a war between powerful members of the international system and a power conflict between Russia, the United States, the European Union, NATO, and it has shown a new polarization in the international system. As a regional power and a strategic ally of Russia, Iran has been affected by the war between the West and Russia. This article, with the aim of clarifying the hidden and enigmatic dimension of the effect of this crisis, seeks to answer the question that; What are the consequences of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on the international system in the horizon of 2030? Also, what consequences does it have on the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran? The current research was carried out using descriptive and analytical method and using documentary and library sources. The research findings show that; The war between Russia and Ukraine has affected the political, economic, and military aspects of the international system. It has also affected Iran's political and economic interests as Russia's ally in the region and has caused a change in Iran's foreign policy and a shift towards the East, a halt in nuclear negotiations, and the formation of economic cooperation between Russia and Iran. It has also caused Iran to worry about NATO's presence in the Caucasus, affecting Israel-Russia relations and Iran's interests in Syria, as well as energy security.

 Today, tourist destinations need to make tourists more loyal to these destinations in order to market their attractions, services, and products better. In addition to creating a competitive advantage, marketing costs for loyal tourists are much lower than marketing to attract new tourists. The current research was conducted to analyze the behavior of loyalty to the destination and the factors affecting it using the Bayesian network, which is a graph-type network based on the Bayesian theory.

 The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method. The target population of the research was foreign tourists who traveled to Iran in the fall of 2022. A total of 384 questionnaires were distributed, out of which 376 correct questionnaires were collected and analyzed.

 The results of the analysis using the Bayesian method have shown that tourist satisfaction is 19%, the feeling of security from traveling to the destination is 11%, the mental image of the destination is 8%, the perceived quality is 7%, the perceived value, the sense of belonging to the destination is 6% each, and familiarity with the tourist destination is 7%. These factors contribute to the improvement of loyalty to the destination.

 By creating different scenarios, the tourism industry stakeholders can analyze loyalty behavior and the factors affecting it and use the results to create more loyalty and marketing based on making tourists loyal.Innovation: Although many studies have been done in tourism to identify the factors affecting loyalty to the tourist destination, not many studies have been conducted in the field of predicting the level of loyalty of tourists to the destination, as well as the predictive analysis of the most and the least influencing factors on Loyalty has not been done.

Hydrological models are an effective tool for managing water resources as well as water balance components among research works. Today, basin hydrological models have been developed, but choosing the right model to simulate a specific basin has always been a challenge. Therefore, it is necessary to choose a model that can simulate the hydrological processes with the simplicity of the structure and using minimal factors. Northwest Iran was simulated by AWBM and SWAT models. The AWBM model is an integrated model that simulates the runoff in catchment areas using two variables, rainfall and evaporation, and on the other hand, the SWAT model is a continuous and semi-distributed model that simulates hydrological processes using the physical characteristics of the basin (soil, land use, slope) as well as several water and meteorological information such as rainfall, temperature. The results of runoff simulation in the calibration and validation periods were evaluated using two Nash Sutcliffe statistical indices (NSE) and R2 coefficient of determination. By comparing the results of the statistical indicators used in the study, it was found that the SWAT model has better results in the simulation of monthly runoff in the validation and validation periods.

Uncontrolled urban developments threaten the livability of cities by creating numerous economic, and social problems. Urban divisions, which were called Mahalleh (traditional neighborhood) in Iran in the past, have lost their function. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to present a model of development according to the dimensions of the traditional neighborhood and modernized with the needs and desires of the residents of today's cities. Previous studies on Mahaleh and local planning issues were reviewed, and the innovation of the current research is that it focuses on different dimensions of development. Also, the characteristics of Mahaleh in the countries of Iran, Morocco, and Turkey were investigated, and after extracting the variables of traditional neighborhood with method of content analysis and modernizing it, a new model for the development of the contemporary city was presented. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The method used is the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method. The components extracted from Mahaleh in the countries of Iran, Turkey and Morocco were proposed in the form of a questionnaire consisting of 56 questions, and the opinion of professionals and urban specialists was asked, and non-probability sampling of the targeted model was used. Also, the proposed model was evaluated by PLS software. And finally, due to the meaningfulness of the relationships between the variables, the proposed model is confirmed simultaneous attention to environmental, physical, economic and social dimentions in planning urban division will advance to local development, and after comparing the results extracted from the current research, environmental and economic variables are more complete than other models presented in previous researches.

Clouds, as one of the most complex and influential climate variables of climate system, are effective in temporal and spatial distribution of many climatic variables. On the other hand, since clouds have many spatiotemporal changes, therefore, investigating their behavior is very important. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to investigate and analyze the annual cloudiness cycles in Iran and reveal the obvious and hidden behaviors of its time series. For this purpose, daily cloudiness data obtained from the National Meteorological Organization during a period of 31 years for 30 stations were used. Then, the trend of the data studied by Sen Slope Estimator's nonparametric test at the 95% confidence level. The results of data trend analysis and their significance value indicate significant downward changes in 16 stations and significant upward changes in 3 stations and no significant trend was observed in other stations. In order to analyze the harmonics and extracting significant cycles, Spectral Analysis Method was used and the diagrams of periodogram at the 95% confidence level were drawn. The results show that stations including a significant cycle have the highest frequency and are mostly in the south, center, east and northeast of Iran and multi-cycle stations with less frequency are in the north, northwest and southwest regions of the country. Also, by calculating the variance contribution of each cycle, the largest variance contribution for the 14th harmonic and the highest return periods for cycles of 2-5 years with a probability of occurrence of 32% and cycles of more than 10 years with a probability of occurrence of 6% were obtained.

Among the ten threatening factors that threaten humanity in the 21st century, the phenomenon of climate change ranks first. The main issue in the emergence of this phenomenon is its consequences for nature and human life. The purpose of this research is to identify the most important risks caused by climate change and prioritize them with multi-criteria decision making methods. In order to familiarize with climatic effects and test hypotheses, a questionnaire has been prepared for prioritizing climatic effects. In the meantime, useful information was obtained from group discussions to analyze and investigate the issue. The opinions of 25 experts and experts were used to design the questionnaire. The responses of the respondents were evaluated in the form of prioritizing climatic effects based on the fuzzy AHP method and ranking the climatic regions based on the Waspas method. The results show that the coefficient of t in all indicators is greater than zero and the average limit, thus a significant relationship is observed between all indicators and the risk of climate change. The highest coefficient belongs to environmental hazards with a coefficient of 35.9. Pearson's correlation results showed that the average of all indicators is greater than four and the relationship between all indicators is positive, which indicates the influence of each of these indicators on each other. The highest final weight of the six indicators in the AHP FUZZY method belongs to environmental hazards with a weight of 0.201, followed by water resources with a weight of 0.193, and economy with a weight of 0.170. The ranking of climatic regions using the Waspas method showed that in terms of climate change risk in six indicators, semi-arid, dry, Mediterranean, semi-humid, ultra-arid, wet and cold and mountainous regions are ranked 1-7 respectively. Among the ten threatening factors that threaten humanity in the 21st century, the phenomenon of climate change ranks first. The main issue in the emergence of this phenomenon is its consequences for nature and human life. The purpose of this research is to identify the most important risks caused by climate change and prioritize them with multi-criteria decision making methods. In order to familiarize with climatic effects and test hypotheses, a questionnaire has been prepared for prioritizing climatic effects. In the meantime, useful information was obtained from group discussions to analyze and investigate the issue. The opinions of 25 experts and experts were used to design the questionnaire. The responses of the respondents were evaluated in the form of prioritizing climatic effects based on the fuzzy AHP method and ranking the climatic regions based on the Waspas method. The results show that the coefficient of t in all indicators is greater than zero and the average limit, thus a significant relationship is observed between all indicators and the risk of climate change. The highest coefficient belongs to environmental hazards with a coefficient of 35.9. Pearson's correlation results showed that the average of all indicators is greater than four and the relationship between all indicators is positive, which indicates the influence of each of these indicators on each other. The highest final weight of the six indicators in the AHP FUZZY method belongs to environmental hazards with a weight of 0.201, followed by water resources with a weight of 0.193, and economy with a weight of 0.170. The ranking of climatic regions using the Waspas method showed that in terms of climate change risk in six indicators, semi-arid, dry, Mediterranean, semi-humid, ultra-arid, wet and cold and mountainous regions are ranked 1-7 respectively. Among the ten threatening factors that threaten humanity in the 21st century, the phenomenon of climate change ranks first. The main issue in the emergence of this phenomenon is its consequences for nature and human life. The purpose of this research is to identify the most important risks caused by climate change and prioritize them with multi-criteria decision making methods. In order to familiarize with climatic effects and test hypotheses, a questionnaire has been prepared for prioritizing climatic effects. In the meantime, useful information was obtained from group discussions to analyze and investigate the issue. The opinions of 25 experts and experts were used to design the questionnaire. The responses of the respondents were evaluated in the form of prioritizing climatic effects based on the fuzzy AHP method and ranking the climatic regions based on the Waspas method. The results show that the coefficient of t in all indicators is greater than zero and the average limit, thus a significant relationship is observed between all indicators and the risk of climate change. The highest coefficient belongs to environmental hazards with a coefficient of 35.9. Pearson's correlation results showed that the average of all indicators is greater than four and the relationship between all indicators is positive, which indicates the influence of each of these indicators on each other. The highest final weight of the six indicators in the AHP FUZZY method belongs to environmental hazards with a weight of 0.201, followed by water resources with a weight of 0.193, and economy with a weight of 0.170. The ranking of climatic regions using the Waspas method showed that in terms of climate change risk in six indicators, semi-arid, dry, Mediterranean, semi-humid, ultra-arid, wet and cold and mountainous regions are ranked 1-7 respectively.

The housing crisis in Iran has many hidden and unexplored social aspects. Due to political discontinuity, the measures and measures of the governments have systematically increased social inequalities and multi-dimensional urban poverty rather than being aimed at providing comprehensive and inclusive and justice-oriented housing and reducing social inequalities. Is. In this regard, this research aims to model the barriers of housing social policy in Iran with emphasis on the tenants' strata and designing the relationships of these factors. This research is applied in terms of targeting and descriptive-analytical in terms of the method. In order to identify factors, content analysis method was used. In the interpretative structural modeling section, the opinions of academic experts in the field of housing have been used through the Delphi method. The data collection tool is a double-ended questionnaire, and face validity was used to measure and evaluate the validity of the questionnaire. The relationships between the factors have been determined and analyzed in an integrated manner using a new analytical methodology called Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and finally by using the MICMAC analysis of the type of variables with regard to their impact on other factors. The variables were identified and clustered. The findings of the research showed that the challenge of weakness in the implementation of the rent control law with the influence of 10 is the greatest impact and the lack of definition and explanation of the examples of harassment of tenants by landlords in the field of residential disturbances and the lack of criminalization of harassment of tenants by landlords in the field of The compulsion to move with the level of penetration power of 2 has the least impact among the barriers of housing social policies in Iran for low-income groups.

Hydropolitics is the study of the role of water in the relations of countries in four scales: local, national, regional and global. With 26 border rivers and the dependence of about 30% of the country's population on the water of the common watersheds, Iran is among the countries that are heavily influenced by the hydropolitical developments and changes of the border rivers. In the meantime, the security of the border areas is more affected due to being located in the peripheral areas as well as the strong dependence on the water of the border rivers. This research with qualitative method and descriptive-analytical approach and by applying Delphi methods and using ArcGis software in order to draw maps to investigate the hydropolitics of border rivers of the country, indicators and components affecting it and Also, risk and strategic indicators have been discussed.The findings of the research show that the most important security-regular consequences of the hydropolitics of border rivers on border areas are in environmental, economic, political, social and cultural dimensions and include ethnic tensions on both sides of the border, smuggling, joining gangs. Terrorism and ethnic and political divergence, migration, reduction of agriculture, growth of poverty in border areas and as a result increase in crime, increase in the cost of security, conflict over water, increase in marginalization, air pollution, drying up of wetlands, respiratory problems and environmental destruction. It is in the border areas.

Climate change is a key factor in most weather-related disasters worldwide. Regarding its distinctive geographical location and diverse climate, Iran has the most variable climate in the world. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the MPI-ESM-LR model from the CMIP5 model series in predicting the monthly temperature of Iran under representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCPs) with the CORDEX-WAS project. In this research, for the historical period of 1980-2005, the daily air temperature data of 49 synoptic stations of the country and the MPI-ESM-LR model under the CORDEX project were used. Likewise, for the future period, from the predicted temperature data of RCP 8.5, RCP 4.5, and RCP 2.6 scenarios of the mentioned model in three periods of the near-future (2021-2050), mid-future (2051-2075) and far-future (2076-2100) was used. Validation of the model was done with three statistical indices: r, RMSE, and MBE. The results revealed that the model has a good performance. The slope of the temperature trend in station data and model data has been increasing in the historical period and the future period in RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 in all months, the temperature trend slope has been observed in every decade. In all months, the maximum anomaly of temperature under the scenarios studied in all three future periods can be seen in the northwest and western highlands. The eastern and southeastern regions of Iran have indicated minimum temperature anomalies, except in RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5, respectively, the southern coasts and the northeastern heights of the country also show minimum temperature anomalies. In the cold half of the year, the minimum area of temperature anomaly has been extended to the north-western heights and low-altitude interior regions of the country.

Improving regional-territorial competitiveness has become a critical issue in regional planning due to the increase in the spatial movements of financial resources and human capital in the contemporary networked society. Considering the increasing importance of the issue, the present article using different spatial statistics methods such as differential Moran I method I, k-medoids cluster analysis, and geographically weighted regression, focused on analyzing the spatial-temporal change in inter-regional competitiveness and its influence on inter-regional migration in Iran from 2011 to 2016. The results showed that the pattern of spatio-temporal change in the inter-regional competitiveness index for each region during 2001-2016 has a weak correlation with that in its neighboring regions. In other words, regions showed weak similarities according to their competitiveness scores. The same pattern can be seen for the pattern of inter-regional migration. Regions exhibited negative but weak spatio-temporal correlation with each other in terms of the total number of immigrants in the years 2006 and 2011. The role of inter-regional competitiveness in explaining inter-regional migration increased in 2016 compared with 2006, implying the increasing significance of inter-regional competitiveness in determining the spatio-temporal pattern of inter-regional migration in Iran. As a result, those regions that do not take strategies to improve their regional competitiveness should expect to encounter an increase in the number of emigrants. In this way, inter-regional competitiveness can reinforce uneven regional development in the future.

Rural development is mainly focused on poverty alleviation, better livelihood opportunities, provision of basic amenities and infrastructure facilities through innovative self-employment programs. A smart village provides long-term social, economic, welfare, and environmental activities for the village community, which enables widespread participation in local governance processes and promotes entrepreneurship. It can also improve health and well-being and strengthen the interactions of village residents. Therefore, the current research aims to identify and analyze the factors affecting the formation of the smart village approach in Iran. 

 The required information was collected in a documentary-library way. The data was analyzed using expert judgment, the field survey method (observation and questionnaire), the network analysis process model (ANP), and DEMATEL. 

 The research results show that among the factors related to the formation of the smart village approach, the ten components of the smart village include smart education, smart connection, smart economy, smart energy, smart health, smart environment, smart governance, smart infrastructure and mobility, smart agriculture, and smart tourism in this research have been identified. According to the opinion of the respondents, smart education, with 7.26%, ranked first, and smart connection component, with 4.20%, ranked second. 

Therefore, in order to achieve all-around development in connection with the smart village, effective attention must be paid to education and connection because they have the most influence in the formation of the smart village.

Innovation:

 For the first time in Iran, the components of the formation of the smart village approach based on its native capacities have been examined, which can open the way for further research in this field.

Extreme rainfall fluctuations are one of Iran's environmental challenges. The heavy rains of 2019 and the relative drought of 2018 and 2021 show the unevenness of rainfall.

This study utilized the daily rainfall data from 360 weather stations spanning the years 1990 to 2021, along with the synoptic indices of the winter seasons of 2019 and 2021. The geographical range of the data, spanning from latitude N 10-90 to longitude E º 10-90, was chosen to provide a comprehensive view of the Iranian climate.

The probability of drought is 42%, drought is 35.5%, and normal conditions are 22.5%. Markov chain indicated the highest probability of normal drought to drought at 57% and consecutive drought at 46.2%. ANOVA showed a significant difference between the climatic variables of wet and dry years. Observational conditions showed that in the wet year (2019) sample year, the Siberian high-pressure center operator had more pressure (1054 megabytes) in 2019 and 1032 mb in 2021. In the wet year, the frequency of cyclones and the temperature difference at the level of 500-1000 are higher, but the omega values are lower. These conditions are for the drought (2021), the amount of pressure in Siberia, the temperature difference between 500 and 1000 is less, and Omega is more (stable air).

The amount of rainfall in Iran fluctuates from year to year, and low rainfall years occur more often than high rainfall years.

Innovation: 

Planners should increase the risk of water supply and development and plan based on the minimum amount of precipitation. The physical capacity of the country's ecology should be reviewed, and population concentration in limited areas should be avoided to reduce the vulnerability of the country's geographical environment.