جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اکوسیستم » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Organization and management of political space through administrative divisions play a crucial role in effectively managing natural territories and their interconnected ecosystems. Failure to align political-administrative boundaries with the natural characteristics of regions, particularly the borders and boundaries of basins, poses a significant threat to ecosystem connectivity. In this study, by employing a descriptive-analytical approach and drawing on library sources, we examined the impacts of political organization of space, specifically national divisions and their changes, on the ecosystem of the Bakhtegan Lake and Tashk Basin. As the second-largest lake in the country, this basin served as a critical case study. The research findings revealed that frequent and arbitrary changes in the country's administrative divisions, particularly the creation of new units and cities in the upstream areas of the basin, had resulted in an increase in political-administrative territories, predominance of a sectoral development approach at the basin level, proliferation of local actors, passage of water currents across multiple political-administrative territories, escalation of hydropolitical tensions, hindrance of integrated basin management, loss of natural homogeneity, and failure to align the basin's natural borders with political-administrative borders. Consequently, this trend had facilitated the unrestrained exploitation of water resources in the upstream territories, disregarding environmental and ecosystem linkages with the lake and ultimately leading to its depletion.

In recent years, augmentation of ecosystem services has emerged as a critical concern. However, there is a dearth of information regarding ecosystem services within the realm of planning. This study sought to address this gap by assessing the influence of landscape structure on ecosystem functionality. To achieve this, we utilized InVEST software to model ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, soil maintenance, and flood prevention. Additionally, we employed MSPA and Fragstate software to derive 4 key ecological indicators: biomass quantity, fragmentation, core area, and ratio of environmental area to forest core area. Subsequently, we examined the relationship between these ecological indicators and the selected ecosystem services. Our findings indicated a robust and positive correlation between the presence of forested and verdant areas, as well as larger and more interconnected cores within these areas, and the provision of desired services. Notably, in forest patches, a decrease in ecosystem service provision was observed with increased fragmentation and instability, underscoring the importance of preserving and expanding the Hyrcanian forests while also prioritizing integrity and reducing isolated patches for enhancing ecological productivity in the northern provinces of the country.

Today, climate change and its obvious negative effects on ecosystems have caused concern. This research seeks to test whether vegetation changes are sensitive to climate shocks and also how the ecosystem recovery process is through this index. In this regard, by using the GEE platform, Java coding, GIS and statistical analysis, vegetation and Palmer indices were calculated and based on time series climate data, vegetation and climate changes were presented. The results of Palmer's drought index show that during the statistical period (1985-2020) the study area is facing drought or is moving towards drought. Also, the results indicate the longest period of drought in the region from 2013 to 2020. Totaly from 420 evaluated months, the NDVI index is below the change threshold in 70 months. Among these, 31 months of the study period is below the acceptable threshold in green and non-reservoir seasons, which is ecologically worrying. The distribution of the vegetation index based on hexagons in 1985 and 2005 had a normal and almost normal distribution; But in 2020, the graph deviated from the normal state and skewed towards the vegetation cover index under stress or even thin covers. According to the analysis of the indicators, it is predicted that the Gorgan region is on the border of such ecological developments and the historical ecosystem of the region is moving towards new ecosystems or being in a new equilibrium state with climatic conditions and human disturbances

 The purpose of this research is to identify the components of the entrepreneurial ecosystem suitable for the growth of startups in the field of smart cities. The current research is applied in terms of the target or audience and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. To identify the key factors in the development process of startups in the field of smart city, the library method is used, that is, the review of scientific articles and texts. And the field study will be used to distribute the questionnaire in order to prioritize these factors using the best-worst method. And finally, a formula is used to calculate the inconsistency rate in order to check the validity of the relevant comparisons. The statistical population of this research is business experts and managers of knowledge-based academic companies across the country, and Cochran's limited formula was used to calculate the sample size. From the number of 215 specialists with the fuzzy Delphi method and then knowledge-based companies, which number is 138. In this study, operations research techniques were used to analyze the data. ANP and DEMATEL fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making models have been used to determine the priority of research criteria and indicators. In order to perform the calculations related to the DEMATEL technique, Excel software environment was used, and the ANP technique was also performed using the Super Decision software. The components of the current research have been examined from four aspects. The results of this research show that, in the first place (optimal portfolio composition), the second place (utilizing the opinions of experts), the third place (allocation and granting of loans), the fourth place (directing loans and facilities towards production), the fifth place (bank arrears), 6th rank (human resource management), 7th rank (startup entrepreneurial ecosystem capital market) and 8th rank (creating liquidity).

Iran has seasonal rivers because of dry climate, low rainfall and different topography. These river- valleys have main role in forming, genesis, and sustainability of human settlements and provide different ecological services. The main services include beauty, store of green spaces, water supply, reduce and create temperature differences, local air flow and natural ventilation which are part of the functions. Tehran is roughly the same area as 730 square kilometers and its population is 8.7 million people. It is located in51° and 17´ to 51° and 33´ east longitude and 35° and 36´ to 35° and 44´ north latitude. The height of this city is 900 to 1800 meters. The north and north east of this city are located in peculiarity range of the southern part of the middle Alborz. This city includes 7 river valleys to the names Darabad, Golabdareh, Darband, Velenjak, Darakeh, Farahzad and Kan. The ecological role of these river valleys is reduced because of non- ecological axis developmental interventions by urban management and citizens. These interventions have changed river valleys to high risk space of skirt movements and flood. Kan is the most important river valley because of the breadth of the basin and permanent water discharge rate. The part of this river valley has changed to park (Javanmardan) by municipality. The purpose of this research is that to provide factors and criteria of ecosystem based management to organize this river valley. ANP has been used in this research. To use this method for analyzing   factors and criteria of ecosystem based management to organize this river valley, firstly, these factors have been identified by library studies and scrolling. These factors include 4 criteria (natural: 15 sub criteria, social: 3, management:  6, economic: 2). the books, journals, reports, maps, aerial photos, satellite images and internet sites have been studied in library studies. In site studies, some information from library studies have been edited. After that, the findings of these two methods in form of questionnaire called factors and criteria of ecosystem based management to organize Kan River valley, was in charge academics and professionals. They were elected among pundits of urban management science, urban planning, geography and environment in Tehran. At first the number of them was 30 people came to agreement in two process about 4 factors and 18 criteria and determined importance and priority by Delphy method. Findings in Delphy method were analyzed through ANP and SUPER DECISIONS. In this process, firstly, a conceptual model and relation inter and intra clusters and nodes determined. These relations in this process are very important because paired comparison depends on this process. Assumption of equality of effects and similar relations in these factors is illogical because there are the grading of effects and relations in this research. Second, the factors have been compared to each other to create a super matrix based on paired comparison. Generally, in this process decision makers compare two different factors to each other and paired comparisons have grading of between1to9. In double- sided valuation, each factor is used to show initial inverse comparison. Inconsistent rate in paired comparison must be less than 0.1 like AHP. Third initial super matrix is created. It is the weights created from paired comparison and identified the importance of each factor in each cluster. Forth, the weighted super matrix was created. The weights of clusters was calculated in this process to identify the weight of final super matrix. Fifth, limited super matrix was created. The weighted super matrix reached for infinity band each row convergenced to a number and that number was the weight of factor. By this way limited super matrix was reached. Based on ANP and table 1, management: 46%, natural – ecological: 26% and economic and social factors: 14% are important respectively in ecosystem based management to organize Kan River valley. Based on reached results, inconsistent rate is 0.003 and it shows that the weight is valid and review is not necessary. Among sub criteria in management factor, organizational pattern: 32%, method of management: 23% and policies: 21% are the most important respectively in ecosystem based management to organize Kan River valley. Among sub criteria in natural- ecological factor, flood, domain movements and building and texture of soil are the most important respectively 23%, 18% and 11.5% also in social factor, participation, security and public trust have the importance respectively equal to 49% 31% 19%. In economic factor, environmental assets and stakeholder’s economic participation have the same importance. Based on this research, management factor (organizational pattern and the method of management) is the most important in ecosystem based management. But this approach, the management pattern and intervention to organize this river valley, need comprehensiveness and integrity of the subject (nature, society, management and economic), purpose (protection, resuscitation and use), factors (government, city council, municipality, private sector and people), duties (policy making, planning, designing and perform), method (collaborative), tools (knowledge, skill, rule, program, budget, machinery and materials) and management domain. Use of these factors and criteria need some infrastructure and reforms. The most important reform is reform of management structure, production of subject matter and topical program special to organize river valleys by ecological approach to release Kan of loading and contradictory grabbing.so this management can follow protection, resuscitation, sustainable use and continuity of ecological services.

Wetlands play an important role in the prosperity of society in developing countries through the provision of goods and services that are used directly or indirectly, and therefore they are valuable. In this article, the value of carbon sequestration, oxygen production, water conservation and soil conservation were estimated to assess the economic losses caused by drought. the information needed to estimate the value of the production and regulation functions were obtained from Environmental protection organizations, The Forest Service, Rangeland and Watershed and previous studies, in the year of 2015. The production and regulation functions were estimated by using the market valuation method, alternative cost and shadow price.
The results show that the functions of regulating gas (carbon absorption and oxygen production) are 86920, Conserving soil and water conservation is 174004/31, 1629163/63 $. and the total value of the regulatory functions of Hamoon wetland is 165/071 billion. Estimated values for Hamoon wetland ecosystems have two major applications: first, in cost-benefit analysis, gaining economic support for the protection of Hamoon wetland and can be used to determine the number of damages and destruction of wetlands caused by drought. Second, the estimated value can be used in the production of the gross domestic product.

Sustainable Sustainability assessment using IUCN is a technical tool to understand and measure sustainable development. This technique allows comparing the existing conditions of the region with its ideal state, namely, full human development and a healthy and productive ecosystem. This approach simultaneously examines ecosystem sustainability and human sustainability. In this study, Dorook basin sustainability was assessed using IUCN method by 7 criteria and 17 indicators in the human section and 8 criteria and 18 indicators in the ecosystem section. In this study, Dorook basin was divided into two sub-basin called Aghcheshmeh and Ghaleghafeh. The measurements were done in each sub-basin separately. The results of analysis indicated that relation to sustainable human criterion and indicators, land use changes is the lowest score criterion. The criterion is moderate in education, skill and poverty in both sub-basins. By increasing youth employment, it can reduce dependency and improve the standard of poverty. The food security and nutrition standards are acceptable in both sub-basin. The criterion of justice and equality is poor and acceptable conditions in sub-basins of Aghcheshmeh and Ghaleghafeh, respectively. The final score of the Ghaleghafeh sub-basin is equal to 44 and the final score of the Aghcheshmeh sub-basin is 61. Generally the scores of both sub-basins indicate that sub-basins are in the medium range in terms of sustainability. The final score of the Dorook basin is 52, which is within the medium range. Investigating the indices showed that the area in terms of land use and erosion in comparison with other indicators is in a very bad situation and this index has the most negative effect in basin.
Extended Abstract
1- According to FAO studies, about twenty million hectares of forest have been planted from 1995 to 1980 in developed countries, while two hundred million hectares of forest has been reduced in developing countries during this period.
In contrast to other approaches, the IUCN method of Sustainability Assessment gives equal treatment to people and the ecosystem. It involves stakeholders in determining for themselves what sustainability means in their context. It uses, as its framework, a hierarchy of elements and objectives to translate the concept of sustainable development into concrete targets and measurable indicators. Thus making clear to all those involved what features everyone agrees contribute to measuring sustainability. The elements are designed to be tailored to local conditions and needs. The IUCN Sustainability Assessment Method is a user-focused process and thus can be used at international, regional, national, district or local scales. The IUCN Sustainability Assessment Method, in its full version, describes a process with seven stages. It is presented as a cycle because the assessment process is designed to allow updates that can show changes over time.
According to the IUCN method widely used in different countries, in this study a set of measurements was determined according to the IUCN sustainability assessment method and organized based on issues and concerns related to forests.
2- Dorook Catchment is the political section of Golestan province, Minoodasht city, and central section. There are 13 Villages in the basin. This catchment is the most important in Golestan province because of deforestation and loss of forest.
A full Sustainability Assessment follows all seven stages in the assessment cycle. The general purpose of such assessment is to engage in reflection about sustainability, collect data for indicators, combine indicators and undertake analysis based on the indicators and use the data and process to assess priorities for action.
Many indicator models use the Pressure-State-(Impact)-Response model to identify and organize indicators. Pressure three key types of indicators one covering the element's state, one showing pressures and one showing the way society is responding to the problem. Sustainability assessment primarily uses 'state' indicators, because in most cases, they are the most reliable measure of an element. Pressure indicators are useful in instances where measuring the pressure that one area is having on another is preferable – particularly cross border pollution, long-range transport of air or water pollutants and impacts on the global atmosphere. The use of response indicators is not encouraged in sustainability assessments, as it is often hard to link the state of an element with the responses society is undertaking to alleviate the problem.
Three main components of ecosystems have been used including forests; water environment and climate were a total of 18 indicators and eight criteria. 7 criteria and 17 indicators were measured in human wellbeing.
3- The results of analysis indicated that the relation to sustainable human criterion and indicators, land use changes is the lowest score criterion. The scores of Ghaleghafi and Aghcheshme are 30 and 0 respectively, indicating that the rate of land degradation is high. Changing of forest to agricultural land is the most important role in reducing stability in Dorook watershed.
Education and skills criterion is medium in two sub-basin. Poverty criterion is medium in both sub-basin. In order to improve the conditions situation in the farms provide area youth by increasing employment rates, reducing dependency ratio. Food supply and food safety is in acceptable condition in both sub-basin. Justice and equality Criteria is in poor condition and acceptable in Aqcheshme and Ghaleghafi respectively.
Score of soil conservation criteria in Aghcheshme sub-basin is 0 and in Ghaleghafi sub-basin is 28 that seems reasonable according to land use changes made in the following basins. Water status map shows that both sub-basin in good condition and is acceptable and In general, water ecosystem are in a much better situation than forest and human ecosystems.
Weather and climate criteria in Aghcheshme sub-basins is in acceptable condition and in Ghaleghafi sub-basins is in the middle.
4- Sustainable development indicators are expressing such interaction model between society and the environment. In general, Dorook basin ecosystems in Ghaleghafi sub-basins socio-economic performance and water criteria is in stable condition and in Aghcheshme sub-basins conservation and soil conservation are in unstable condition. The entire watershed is in the middle range and change conditions to improve sustainability need to promote appropriate policies.

Quality and quantity of phytoplankton depend on the load nutritious in part on water. Therefore, the use of phytoplankton in different ecosystems, water is used to measure quality or pollution of water. The Bijar river is at Guilan province as the main rivers in Iran. In addition, as the main source of drinking water The Bijar river uses in agriculture and economy area. In this study, the impact physicochemical factors on the composition and frequency of phytoplankton in different seasons were analyzed .The results of the study of biological River Bijar, indicates the presence of 5 branches and 57 Genus the region. The frequencies of Bascillariophyta branches on other branches were dominant in all seasons. Data collected for all the parameters are normally distributed and determined by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The correlation between phytoplankton and physicochemical parameters shows the number of phytoplankton significant correlation with the parameters of temperature and PH and nitrogen. In this work, it also uses GIS software and take advantage of various colors, color zoning qualitative phytoplankton were prepared.

Introduction With the rise of population, the preserved areas have been destroyed by humans. Bakhtegan Lake and the National park and preserved area around it as part of Neyriz Pond are no exceptions and are facing a host of hazards. The presence of humans and their activities is the most significant type of invasion and hazard in preserved areas since their presence simultaneously with urbanization has led to invasion of preserved areas. Urbanization is a dynamic and complex process with many entities involved each of which has different behavioral patterns that include the physical, social and economic factors. Given the complexity and haphazard fast-paced development in cities, using models in city planning is considered inevitable. This necessitates assessment of ecologic potencies of the territory prior to land intervention, to be used as a basis together with economic and social needs to determine appropriate expansion method.
Methodology According to research purposes, data and information layers slope,distance from the city, distance from the village, elevation, distance from the river,geology, soil, distance from the road and land use were assigned as effective parameters to physical development. After providing information’s mentioned above and determining kind of their relation with the physical development membership function for each of the parameters. After applying membership function to layers in Arc GIS software, all layers have values between zeros to one, then layers entered to fuzzy model. To perform fuzzy technique, it is necessary to use operators as ::::::union::::::, Subscription, Gama, algebraic multiplication and sum. In this research Gama, algebraic multiplication and sum is used.
Discussion Neyriz City is located south of Bakhtegan preserved area, it is an area significant for environmental and biological aspects. But today, with the rise of economic and agricultural activities together with the growth in population we have witnessed drying of ponds and turning them into agricultural and residential areas while the ecosystem is becoming similar to that of a desert. First algebraic sum and multiplication operators applied to the layers which amount of membership is determined, then to find the final map of physical development and to adjust prepared maps according to algebraic sum and multiplication are used Gama 0.9, Gama0.8 and Gama 0.7 operators. Gama 0.9 Map has had the highest correlation with the primary info layers, therefore Gama 0.9 Map chose as the final map of physical development which is classified in to five levels according to natural break method.
Conclusion Most area of the region is related to the zones with very low Proportion of the physical development which has 765685 square kilometers area and smallest area is related to zones with very high Proportion of the physical development which has 107697.5 square kilometers. According to the importance of environmental resources in maintaining natural ecosystems, retaining these resources is essential. Thus in light of the fact that fuzzy logic is a scientific instrument for the dynamic simulation of a system without the need for lengthy mathematical descriptions by quantitative and qualitative data, this study uses fuzzy logic of appropriate and inappropriate aspects regarding environmental and natural factors to prevent an environmental catastrophe in future.

Ecosystem services are benefits that people obtain from ecosystems. Soil retention is one of the most important ecosystem services. The capacity of ecosystem to maintain soil can be estimated by quantifying this services. In this study, version 3.0.0 of the InVEST software was used to map this ecosystem service in the eastern part of Gorgan-Rud watershed. The InVEST model employs the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) for estimation of the soil loss in which R is the rainfall erosivity, K is the soil erodibility factor, LS is the slope length-gradient factor, C is the land use/cover and crop management factor and P is the support practice factor. Soil retention was estimated through the RKLS-USLE equation. Findings revealed the total soil loss potential varied between 0 and66.3 (t/ha). The sum of soil retention in sub watershed varied between 0.5 to 4530.2 (t/ha). Forest cover provided the main supply of this service in the study area. In comparison with other hydrological models, this model requires minimal input data, but at the same time produces useful outputs.

The Persian Gulf consists of 8 coastal countries and a water body of 240000 km. Coastal countries do not have the same access to this body of water which has caused some problems with dangerous environmental consequences. Persian Gulf (formerly known as Persian Sea) has specific natural and environmental situations and is thus very different from other seas and water bodies. Because of these differences, United Nation environment office ratified Kuwait convention, so that coastal countries act more sensitively in preserving Persian Gulf environment. In recent decades, Persian Gulf environment has faced many losses and damages due to inappropriate human activities. Because of these devastating activities, the unique ecosystem of this sea is being destroyed. The destructions are quite widespread and includes different activities. Some countries have transformed their sea coasts and thus increased environmental devastation of the sea. The present article has endeavor to investigate Persian Gulf’s natural and environmental situation, while reviewing its position in the United Nation convention on Law of the Sea (1982) analytically and scientifically. It also mentions the coastal countries responsibilities in maintaining this sea.

The main features of river ecosystem are that they are dynamic, consistent, organized from the river source to the estuary. This integrated system changes river into a varied, complex and unique system. Critical river ecosystems create a dynamic balance between variables like material, energy, space, time and variability in accordance with their environment.
Extracting too much alluvial materials (more than what can be renewed) results in destruction and collapse of river systems. It destroy their ecological unity in different ways and ultimately transfer its negative effects to the surrounding ecosystems.
Golpaygan River has been the most important resource providing sand for its surroundings for about half a century. Because of many different reasons such as limited flood current, small basin, construction of a dam, the river cannot restore even a small portion of its despoiled resources of sand and gravel.
Therefore, the river is facing irrecoverable morphologic, hydrologic and geomorphologic changes in a vast part of its central basin. This can have negative influence on groundwater resources, vegetation, soil resources, erosion and other environmental elements.
The present article endeavors to study and investigate the effects of mismanagement in the area, hoping that perhaps this results in paying more attention to the environment. To do so, it applies field study, hydrological and geomorphodynamic studies and calculates the volume of erosional sources in the rive

Across the earth, many different ecosystems exist in water and land. Six ecosystems are visible just in land, desert ecosystem is one of which.
Nowadays, desert is one of the most sensitive ecosystems of the world. Since it has the required situation of life and living creatures, so that human beings could adapt themselves with the situations and continue their life.
Since this ecosystem covers a vast expanse of our country, it is necessary to consider and investigate it. Every year, many animals and plants die and the residents of this ecosystem emigrate due to human negligence.
In this regard, the present article introduces and investigates desert ecosystem in Iran to clarify its status in the country. It also focuses on the importance of this ecosystem in Iranian natural environment and encourage the authorities to prevent the destruction of this ecosystem.

The expansion of urbanization and urban development, along with the acceleration of the population growth and the development of industrial activities that consume fossil fuels, has greatly increased the air pollution, with its consequences primarily as a variety of respiratory, cardiovascular, pulmonary, Skin and ... diseases threatening the inhabitants of the cities.
On the other hand, climatic parameters such as humidity, sunshine clock, temperature, air pressure and radiation levels of the sun increase the amount of pollutants in the atmosphere and increase their impact on humans and natural ecosystems. Therefore, by altering the composition of effective gases in the life of the earth's organisms and disturbing their balance, human beings have harmed themselves and the environment, causing extensive changes in the climatic patterns and, on the other hand, have exposed their lives and health to risk. In this paper, the relationship between climatic elements such as temperature, pressure, humidity and atmospheric pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrous oxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM10) with the prevalence of various diseases in Isfahan province have been investigated. For this purpose, after the data collection, statistical calculations were performed and the results were presented as tables and charts and the relationship between each variable and patients suffering diseases was investigated.
The results show that there is a significant correlation between climatic elements such as temperature, pressure and humidity with the prevalence of cardiovascular, pulmonary, ocular and skin cancer.

Over the larger part of the planet, the landscape that is now exposed is mainly an artifact of human thought and creation. The impact of man in the natural environment has day-by-day and evidently changed the geographical spheres. The cumulative effect of human population over time, especially through the use of technology over the final decades of the twentieth century, has made these changes very rapid. The relationship between man and the natural environment has been the subject of long discussions in the field of geography in the last century, and distinct environmentalist schools have developed. At the beginning of the 21st century, one of the missions of geography is to reveal and highlight the problems caused by these changes.
Like other living beings, human is a part of the environment and needs air, water, soil and other creatures. Due to the interdependence of the components of the planet, any change in each of the components will endanger the entire system. Environmental problems are now widespread.
This article is based on the hypothesis that human beings have artificially transformed the natural system through interference and imposing changes on the natural environment. This research deals with the analysis of environmental changes that has occurred in Iran through human interference in recent decades using descriptive and inferential methods as well as secondary methods. Changes in forests and rangelands, desertification and the spread of deserts and changes in valuable plant species, along with the penetration of some non-indigenous species have caused the degradation of sensitive ecosystems.
The importance of education and promotion of appropriate social responses to environmental changes, and the role that people can play in preserving, revitalizing, developing and exploiting natural resources, are the courses of action that are discussed in this paper.

In this paper, the concept of Thermal Island has been discussed in general. First of all, the definition of the city’s thermal island and its history have been presented using illustrations and diagrams. Next, the climate variables affecting thermal islands have been considered. The purpose of the research is to introduce the city’s thermal island or the point of maximum of heat in the city, which mostly includes the city center. The term “thermal island” refers to the fact that city is warmer than its suburbs and surrounding area, which in some cases can show in a difference in temperature of 5-8 ° C. The research method in the paper is documentary, secondary and with the help of utilization of electronic sources and various websites. In addition, the hypothetical factors that create the cap layer covering the city’s thermal island are mentioned, and the radiation level in the urban area, its comparison with the suburbs and the effects it has on human health and the environment have been studied. Finally, strategies for dealing with Thermal Island through improving public behavior in relation to protecting the environment, developing green space, etc. have been examined and proposed.

Climate change in Iran and the world is considered by most scientists to be due to the emergence of “greenhouse” state that will have adverse effects on the Planet from different viewpoints. Due to human interference in climate change, undeniable climate change has been asserted in various world reports and the latest statements by the International Community, but scientific doubts also exist on reasoning behind climate change reported by “CHANGEINTERGOVERNMENTALPANELONCLIMATE”. As BRYSON (1977) states, surge from one pattern to another might change the climate of some of the mid-range-latitude areas drastically, and it is very likely to create a “drought-or-flood” pattern. The increase in temperature in some of Iran's meteorological stations indicates a tendency towards arid climate, and probably the period of climate change has begun in the country of Iran. The country, according to the research, has a pattern of a number of years of droughts alternated by a number of rainy years. Environmental problems such as global warming, frequent occurrence of droughts, expansion of deserts and the increasing trend of desertification, increasing number of forbidden areas for the extraction of water and occurrence of destructive floods have caused ecological instability in the country and have increased the vulnerability of the country's natural resources.