مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 25، تابستان 1403)

Today, global warming, increasing the Land Surface Temperature, especially in big cities, is one of the environmental problems. The purpose of this article is to estimate the ability of Sebal, improved single-channel and Split window algorithms in estimating Land Surface Temperature on Landsat 8 image data in July 2019 and extracting Land Use maps in 7 classes for Tabriz County using an object-oriented classification method. Matching the temperature maps obtained by using these three mentioned algorithms with the Land Use map and comparing the algorithms with each other in terms of the proximity of their temperature to the Tabriz station is another goal of this article. To estimate the accuracy of the measured temperature, the data of the measured temperature of the Tabriz station at two centimeters above the land (as a representative of Tabriz County) has been used. The results of Sebal, improved single-channel, and Split window algorithms showed the highest temperature for dry pasture use and the lowest temperature for vegetation use, which indicates the importance of vegetation cover in the temperature changes of the studied area. A comparison of the studied algorithms with the temperature measured in the Tabriz station and their adaptation to different uses showed that the improved single-channel algorithm is more consistent with the actual temperature of the actual Land Surface Temperature in Tabriz County. The results of this study can help environmental planners concerned about the increase in air temperature in cities to make more appropriate decisions regarding the control of this phenomenon.

Handicrafts of Lorestan are the origin of beliefs and beliefs of people, who have started to create works of art with their symbolic and symbolic expression. Due to the geographical conditions of this region, the artists of Lorestan have attached special importance to the visualization of animals in their works of art, which shows the importance and special place of animals in human life. The art of Lorestan is the birthplace of thoughts and ideas, imaginations, myths and rituals that are manifested in the life of human societies in the bodies of man-made objects. The purpose of this article is to analyze the animal motifs on Lorestan handicrafts with an emphasis on the role of geography. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and referring to library studies, and it seeks to answer the question: How do you explain the analysis of animal motifs and their evolution on the handicrafts of Lorestan during different periods? be The present study analyzes four groups of Lorestan handicrafts, which include: bronze, stone carving, tombstone, and handwoven. From a visual point of view, these motifs are depicted in realistic and abstract ways. The people of this region depicted animal motifs on their handicrafts for two reasons; First, people were of the opinion that depicting a part of animals that can be dangerous for them, and also to deal with and dominate that animal, they depicted its role on their handiwork, in the next stage. They have depicted the image of animals that were important from the point of view of economy and ritual. The motifs of these animals include: goat, horse, cow, lion, ram, deer, dog, rooster and bird, which in all periods until today, in most important aspects of life, including; Geographical, economic, cultural, political, social and beliefs.

The development of tourism in Khuzestan province is facing challenges and problems, and proper planning for the development of tourism in this region is not possible without knowing this scientific region and the bottlenecks in the development of tourism in this region. For this purpose, the factors related to the development of horse tourism in Khuzestan province, which is one of the most important parts of the country for the growth and development of this type of tourism, due to the capabilities of many regions, have been investigated in the present research. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. Which has been identified from the opinions of 30 experts on this subject using the Delphi method. In order to analyze and analyze the information, 18 factors have been taken from ISM interpretive-structural modeling and then using Mic-Mac software. The research results showed that all the indicators are linked parts that have a high power of influence and dependence, and the indicators of the presence of medical clinics in the place of the competitions and the absence of a valid regional and neighboring market for the exchange of purebred horse breeds are of weak power, but dependence. It is weak and receives the least influence from key and connected factors.

One of the most important macroeconomic goals of countries is to create the necessary conditions to promote continuous and stable economic growth, and the increase in economic complexity can be considered as one of the most important discussions in order to achieve this goal. Complexity in the economy implies a country's ability to produce a diverse basket of products that are not ubiquitous in global trade. Therefore, the increase in economic complexity causes an increase in the production of productive goods and the creation of new job opportunities, and ultimately leads to economic growth and development. Economic fragility is one of the main variables affecting economic complexity; Therefore, reducing economic fragility can provide suitable platforms for acquiring new knowledge and technology and producing goods with superior technology and finally exporting them. To reduce economic fragility, its components, i.e. reduction of recession and poverty, prevention of brain drain and labor force, and balanced economic development should be examined. Therefore, the current study examines the effect of economic fragility on the economic complexity of selected OPEC countries during the 2006-2021, using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results show that the components of economic fragility (recession and poverty, prevention of brain drain and labor force, and balanced economic development) have a negative and significant impact on the economic complexity of the studied countries. Also, the results show that the control variables of State Legitimacy and Human Rights have a positive effect on economic complexity, and the variable effect of the Factionalized Elites is negative on the economic complexity of selected OPEC countries

Good governance means leading and managing society in a measured, correct and efficient manner and within the framework of the law, along with accountability and responsibility that depends on the interaction of citizens and political and social forces of civil society with the government. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of governance. It has been done well in the sustainability of the villages of the western Bedoustan of Herris County.

This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population studied was 4,828 heads of households in the villages of Ahmedabad, Sakhsalo, Shamlo, Jangour, Sheikh Rajab, Merkid, Sarai, villages of the western Badostan dehistan of Heris city. The sampling method was multi-stage, for this purpose, the villages of Badostan Gharbi were divided into three classes in terms of the number of households, and seven villages were randomly selected from each class, in proportion to the number of villages, and then the heads of the households were selected using the sampling method. They were selected and studied using a stratified method with proportional assignment. To determine the sample size, the Krejci Morgan table was used. The sample size of household heads was 357. The measurement tool was a questionnaire. Questionnaires were examined in terms of validity and reliability. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability.

The inferential findings of the research indicate that in examining the eight indicators of good governance; The index of collective agreement and efficiency and effectiveness with an average of 3.19 got the highest weight, and the village of Sheikh Rajab got the lowest weight in the index of participation and the village of Shamlou in the index of central justice with an average of 2.30.

The present study aims to evaluate the sustainability of water resources management among wheat farmers in the villages of Maragheh City in Iran. This study is applied research conducted using a survey method. The statistical population includes all irrigated wheat farmers in Maragheh City (N=240). According to Krejcie and Morgan's table, the statistical sample size is estimated to be 149. The samples are selected using the stratified sampling method. A correlation test and a multiple regression analysis are used to analyze the data and the Radar is used to assess the sustainability of agricultural water resources management. The results indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between the farmers' application of measures related to sustainable water resources management and their attitudes toward sustainable water resources management, agronomic, economic, educational-extensional, policy-making, and institutional factors, the area under cultivation, and income. Moreover, there is an inverse and significant relationship between the farmers' application of measures related to sustainable water resources management and membership in rural organizations. The results of multiple regression analysis, which is used to investigate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable (the application of measures related to sustainable water resources management in agriculture) show that five variables of economic, educational-extensional, social, and agronomic factors and farmers' attitudes toward sustainable water resources management explain about 63% of the variance of the dependent variable. From the perspective of irrigated wheat farmers in Maragheh City, the sustainability of agricultural water resources management is evaluated to be at a moderate level according to the total scores obtained for them.

One of the main characteristics of Iran's big cities is the existence of dilapidated urban tissues, which, with the view of the condition and high risk-taking of these tissues and the residence and livelihood of millions of people in them, the need to prepare to deal with natural crises, Therefore, reforming the urban structure in worn-out structures based on sustainable development and paying attention to issues related to crisis management is one of the necessities of the urban management system. Dilapidated structures, especially in metropolises, have become a huge threat and crisis, which requires investment and the effective presence of the private sector in order to rebuild and modernize it in order to deal with crises such as; Fires, earthquakes and other disasters make it very necessary to provide services in these areas. Based on this, the main goal of the current research is the need for urban planning in the security organization of the worn-out urban fabric from the perspective of sustainable development in the worn-out fabric neighborhoods of the 18th district of Tehran Municipality using descriptive-analytical methods and in the form of a survey. To achieve this goal, all urban residents of the study area and relevant experts have been considered as statistical population. From this community, 90 people were randomly selected based on Cochran's method. Statistical tests such as Student's t test, regression and path analysis were used to test the hypotheses and also prioritize the factors and objects that are under the influence of organizing worn out tissue. The results of the research show that the direct and indirect effects of environmental, social and economic components have an impact on sustainable urban development, and internal factors and forces in environmental, social and economic dimensions are effective in achieving sustainable development in the studied area.

 Khorramabad, as the capital of Lorestan province, has been facing unplanned development and population growth without considering the fundamental components of urban sustainability. It encounters various challenges in different dimensions of urban life (physical, economic, social, and environmental) that have led to dissatisfaction among some citizens. This research aims to assess the level of citizen satisfaction with the urban sustainability status in Khorramabad. The study investigates urban Livability in terms of economic, cultural, physical-environmental, health, transportation, educational, and service indicators from the perspective of citizens and their satisfaction levels. To evaluate the satisfaction of Khorramabad residents with Livability indicators, a single-sample t-test was employed. The research findings indicate that the average opinions of respondents regarding satisfaction with indicators (social, economic, cultural, physical-environmental, health, transportation, educational, and service) in Khorramabad are lower than the average level. Furthermore, based on the significance levels estimated, it is claimed that the satisfaction of Khorramabad residents with these indicators is below average.

Soil erosion is one of the most important geomorphological processes on the earth's surface, which has accelerated due to human intervention. This process causes many damages such as loss of fertile soils, destruction of infrastructure and filling of dams. In the assessment of soil erosion, several factors should be used in a combined and integrated manner. In this regard, in basins without data or with limited data, a set of geomorphological indicators can be used in combination with other indicators and the erosion potential can be evaluated. In the current research, the erosion potential of Firouzabadchay catchment area located in Ardabil province has been evaluated. In this regard, 13 indicators, mainly geomorphological, were used. In order to combine and overlapped the layers, fuzzy logic was used in the context of the geographic information system (GIS). The results show the high potential of soil erosion in the surface of the Firozabad catchment area. Several factors are effective in the erodibility of the basin's soils, which in this context can be the wide outcrop of Quaternary alluvial formations, gypsum marls, lahar and volcanic ash, weak vegetation, predominance of steep slopes, high drainage density, existence of numerous streams, high values of roughness number and long slopes. In zones of the study basin where several factors affecting erosion have favorable conditions, the rate of erosion has intensified. In this regard, we can mention the central sub-basins of the study basin, which are among the critical areas of the basin due to the presence of alluvial and marl formations, weak vegetation, high slope, high drainage density and several other factors.

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important factor in the study of global warming and climate change. Natural and man-made activities, especially land use and land cover changes, have a significant effect on land surface temperature. The purpose of this study is to estimate the surface temperature using Split window algorithm in Tabriz and determine its relationship with land use changes. For this purpose, OLI and TIRS images of Landsat 8 in 2013 and 2019 were used and after performing various pre-processing stages, vegetation index (NDVI), water extraction index (MNDWI), urban development index (NDBI) and land surface temperature were estimated using multispectral and thermal bands. Land use maps were prepared using object-oriented classification method in eCognition software and then accuracy assessment coefficients were extracted. The results of this study showed that the most land use changes are observed in rangeland use, which in the 7-year period, most of it has changed to road and urban land use. The results also show a negative correlation between NDVI and surface temperature and the highest temperature occurs in areas with poor vegetation. Therefore, considering the role of vegetation in modulating temperature conditions, the need for vegetation protection seems necessary.

The political organization of the space in the structure of electoral zoning plays an effective role in the process and functioning of electoral systems, the voting pattern, the victory of candidates and political factions, and ultimately the national. The growing trend of tensions in constituencies and between the political-administrative realms of the administrative divisions raises the issue of what foundations these tensions are based on and what mechanism they follow. In this regard, by using the descriptive-analytical method and by using the library resources, the constituencies of the Islamic Council in Fars province, as one of the largest and most populated provinces in the country, were investigated and analyzed. The results of the research showed that factors such as the disproportionate population distribution of the constituencies, the increase of political-administrative units within the constituencies, hometown-oriented and local competitions between the political-administrative territories based on the victory of the native candidate and the role played by the geography of power and support in the direction of change Political-administrative boundaries and the impact on election results have been one of the most important components of tension in the framework of constituencies.

This research performed for assessment of erosion condition of the Tajyar catchment located in NW of Iran with regard to the importance of soil erosion, especially in mountainous catchments. In this way, it was tried to estimate erosion and sediment yield rates using EPM and MPSIAC models based on ability of geographic information system (GIS). Data used involved maps, satellite photos, statistic of weather and water gage stations. Results indicated that it was considerable differences between the models with point of estimated erosion and sediment yield, so that estimated total sediment yield is equal to 99342/76 ton per year in MPSIAC model and 16089/37 ton per year in EPM model, it showed that studied catchment is placed in medium erosion class using MPSIAC model and in low erosion class using EPM model. Finally, it concluded that MPSIAC model has better efficiency than EPM model because involving more factors, joining influence of factors in hand and more accuracy of pointing tables and related equations in other hand. However calibration of MPSIAC model in order reduction of errors and more accurate prediction can give more good and trusty results

Sustainable rural development is a process that aims to improve the conditions of the village environment along with improving the life of the villagers while protecting the village environment. In sustainable rural development, addressing the position and role of rural management is one of the requirements of development. The aim of the current research is to analyze and rank the effective indicators of village selection in the direction of sustainable development. The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical, in the first step of library-documentary studies and then in the continuation of the work to achieve the research goals, field study has been done.The research collection tool is also a questionnaire (5-point Likert). The statistical population consists of 312 rural residents. 16spss software (Friedman test and one-sample T) was also used to analyze the questionnaire data. The findings show that from the point of view of households and residents, among the factors influencing the choice of rural assistant, the variables of educational field (6.20), high public relations (5.75) and age (5.70) are among the most important variables. It is more.

Land use change as a result of the rapid growth of urban areas causes an increase in the temperature of the ground surface in the central areas of the city and its suburbs. Therefore, checking the temperature of the earth's surface is vital in analyzing temperature fluctuations and minimizing its effects. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of land use change (LULC) on the LST index in Abbar region and Kohkan village using the combined techniques of remote sensing and GIS. The results of this research show that from 2013 to 2023, agricultural land has increased by 72.21%, while about 89.15% of barren land areas have decreased and turned into agricultural land use. Also, the temperature of the ground surface in the central areas of Abbar city and Kohkan village shows high values compared to the agricultural areas. LST values have an inverse relationship with NDVI and NDLI index and have a direct relationship with built-up areas or barren lands. In other words, there is a positive correlation between NDBI index and LST, and a negative correlation has been observed between LST and NDVI and NDLI. The highest correlation of 0.75 between LST index and NDBI was observed in 2013. The lowest correlation of -0.71 was observed between LST and NDVI in 2013. The lowest R2 values of 0.28 belonged to two LST and NDVI indices in 2023.

Cultural centers in cities are of special importance and due to the large number of visits by citizens; they should be given the attention of urban planners. The location of cultural centers and how they are scattered in cities affect the amount of citizens' use of these centers. In recent decades, geographic information system as a computer-based technology has attracted the attention of many specialists in various fields. This technology has even been able to play an effective role in locating urban services in different parts of the country and numerous researches have been conducted for this purpose. Khorramabad city in the center of Lorestan province does not have a proper distribution of cultural centers. The purpose of this research is to investigate the current state of cultural centers in Khorramabad city in terms of locating and identifying suitable places for building new cultural centers. The research method is that first the effective factors in locating cultural centers are identified. Then, these factors are prepared in the form of information layers and weighted. Finally, suitable places for the construction of cultural centers are determined by summing up the weights of the information layers.. All the above steps have been done using Arc GIS software. The research results show that the cultural centers in Khorram Abad city are not properly distributed. By using the capabilities of geographic information technology and considering the effective factors in the location of cultural centers, it is possible to determine suitable places for the construction of new cultural centers.

Information and communication technology as a new technology developed rapidly and by overcoming time and space limitations, it is mentioned as the axis and key of development. What may cause the ineffectiveness of this technology is its unequal distribution at the regional level, which researchers refer to as the "digital divide". The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating and ranking the cities of Kerman province in terms of access to information and communication technology index.The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied. The statistical population of the research is 23 cities of Kerman province in 2020 and the indicators used are 19 indicators of the information and communication technology sector. Shannon's entropy method has been used in order to weight indices and VIKOR, TOPSIS, SAW, MORRIS methods have been used in order to rank the cities of Kerman province in terms of information and communication technology indicators. Data analysis was done using spss software. The findings of the research show that information and communication technology indicators in Kerman province are not distributed in a balanced way and there is an obvious difference between the cities of this province in terms of access to these indicators. The result of the final ranking using the average ranking method shows that in terms of access to information and communication technology indicators, Kerman city ranks first with a score of (0.616) and Orzoia ranks first with a score of (0.023). They are placed last. Also, the findings of the research show that information and communication technology indicators are not distributed according to the population in the province. Finally, for the balanced distribution of information and communication technology indicators, a prioritization among the cities of the province has been presented for planning and budget allocation.

In the world of contemporary architecture and urban planning, the interaction of architecture with culture, identity, and history of a region is an important subject of study. Kish Island, as one of the prominent tourist destinations in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East, possesses a remarkable and diverse culture that has gained attention in recent decades. Through the interplay of economic growth, environmental conservation, and nature preservation, the island can highlight the issues of culture and identity in the Persian Gulf region. This research focuses on examining the cultural and identity components in indigenous architecture on Kish Island and the relationship between indigenous architecture, culture, and the natural environment.

The research methodology is descriptive-analytical, where the descriptive part is based on library studies, and the analytical part is conducted field-wise on Kish Island, relying on the outputs of theoretical foundations.

The research findings indicate that the indigenous architecture of Kish Island is significantly influenced by the climatic, social, and cultural conditions of the region. The use of local materials, specific designs for natural ventilation, and the incorporation of traditional forms are among the prominent features of Kish's indigenous architecture. Additionally, cultural elements such as decorative motifs, natural colors, and traditional patterns can be observed in the buildings.

Recognizing and preserving the cultural and identity components in Kish's indigenous architecture can contribute to sustainable development and the preservation of the region's cultural identity. Incorporating these components into contemporary designs not only enhances the beauty and functionality of the buildings but also strengthens the sense of belonging and indigenous identity among the residents. This research can serve as a model for other regions with distinctive indigenous architecture

Landscapes and urban green spaces, especially urban parks, are considered to be one of the most important urban spaces, so it is important to investigate the issues related to these places. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to investigate the factors influencing citizens' visit to urban parks. To obtain the required information and data, library sources, questionnaires and interviews were used, 385 people participated in the questionnaire section and 12 people participated in the interview section. Atlas.ti software was used. The results showed that resting and spending free time are considered to be the most important reasons for citizens to visit city parks, and being in the community was the least important reason for visiting these places. In general, it can be said that citizens refer to urban parks to get rid of the daily routines in urban life and to get comfort, and urban designers and planners should consider these things in their designs and plans.

Iran is a long standing land in political geography, long standing has created an ancient age for Iran which is called civilization. The land/sea civilization of Iran has been the geography of the connection of tribes, traders, politics, nomadic life and space, which has always drawn the space towards happiness and innovation until today, when Iran becomes developmentalist and technician-oriented. . The question of the article is, does the existence of such an ancient maritime land civilization indicate the way of development in this way, and the creation of such a touristic and music-oriented atmosphere can connect current Iran to the region and relatively to the world/west? So, according to the claim of this article, the touristic and music-loving marine civilization can establish the peaceful Iranian civilization. The text has a qualitative nature of analysis that follows the presentation of the geographic peace strategy. The strategy of marine civilization based on tourism and music, or rather "marine civilization of tourism and music" in this article, which is a strategy, is based on a concept called body geography, and other ideas, concepts, and necessary categories are given that have been found. are riding on it. After the theoretical foundations, the conclusions of the article are stated until the article is concluded.

The present study, using descriptive-survey methodology, seeks to answer the basic question that based on the dimensions and effective indicators in the sustainable development of rural tourism, the level of economic stability of the target villages of West Azerbaijan province? In order to collect the required data, two methods were used: documentary and field (questionnaire). In this study, using a field questionnaire and consulting local people (heads of households) to assess and measure progress towards economic sustainability of tourism in the target villages of West Azerbaijan province (including 4 villages Saholan in Mahabad, Nusratabad in the city Takab, Baghche Jogh in Mako city and Hasanlu in Naghadeh city) were covered by barometer and stability radar. The number of heads of households in the four tourist target villages of West Azerbaijan province is 1160 people. Krejcie Morgan table was used to determine the sample size. The sample size of 290 household heads was obtained. In order to select the statistical sample, the proportional stratified sampling method was used. The results showed that the status of the studied indicators is not the same among different villages, so that the index of justice and economic welfare has the highest average rate from 3.50 in Baghcheh Jogh village to 3.15 in Nosratabad village and in terms of index Economic stability of the highest average varies from 3.16 in Saholan village to 2.99 in Hasanlu village.

Following the increase in the population of cities and the development of urban life, cities have always faced all kinds of physical, social, economic, and environmental problems. In today's era, solving these problems has become the most important challenge for urban planners. In this regard, planning with the approach of urban livability can create the necessary capacities to deal with these problems. Meanwhile, informal settlements can be considered forgotten and unplanned parts compared to other urban areas, which are very fragile in terms of livability. Therefore, the aim of this research is to measure the informal settlements of Ardabil city based on urban livability indicators and to prioritize them for future planning. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The required data have been collected through field methods. The statistical population of the research corresponds to the 15 informal settlements of Ardabil city. In order to measure the level of livability in the removal areas, the relevant indicators were used using the weighting entropy method, and the target areas were ranked using decision-making techniques, and the Cape Land integration technique was used to achieve the final prioritization. Based on the components used in the present research and the results of the implementation of various decision-making techniques, Salman Abad neighborhood ranked first and Iran Abad neighborhood ranked last in terms of livability with the lowest score. Therefore, it is necessary to plan to improve livability indicators according to the strengths and weaknesses and priorities of each neighborhood.

 the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between land use changes and ground surface temperature in Parsabad city in Ardabil province using Google Earth Engine system. In this regard, the land use map of Parsabad city was prepared by calling the data of Sentinel 2 and Sentinel 1 satellites in the Google Earth Engine programming environment, and in the next step, its correctness and overall accuracy were validated using the Kappa coefficient. In the next step, the data of Sentinel 5 satellite was used to investigate the aerosols of the studied city, and its daily trend was calculated using the regression and skewness method during the period of 2023-2018. In the next step, the pollution density map of the studied city was drawn and by calling MODIS satellite data, temperature anomaly map and average temperature during the time period of (2018-2023) were prepared, and the night LST trend and the night LST thermal island profile chart in the mentioned time period In the summer months (July) with an average of 297 Kelvin, and minimum values are observed in the winter months (January) with an average of 270 Kelvin. Finally, by extracting the data of city aerosol density maps with average temperature in ArcMAP software environment, the correlation between these two phenomena was analyzed by simple linear regression method. The results showed that there was an inverse relationship between these two phenomena. Also, the amount of daily aerosols has been increasing since the middle of 2021 and its negative skewness has shown the increase of pollution in the inner city areas in recent years.

Considering the importance of the challenge of climate change and the wide range of damages caused by it, a detailed and scrutinizing study of climate change education models for the institutionalization of education as one of the most effective ways to deal with this crisis is very important. It is important. In the last decade, various models of such education have been examined, and considering the diversity of the components of these models, the classification of these components is considered necessary to reduce dispersion and also to establish relative systemic thinking. It arrives Therefore, based on the results of this article and citing library and internet sources and based on the theoretical literature of the subject, it can be said that in all models, the two components of knowledge and behavior play a key role with various examples. The knowledge component is present as the driving force of most models with examples such as content knowledge, information, cognitive factors, understanding of conditions and awareness. On the other hand, the behavior component as the output and final goal of most models is referred to as behavior and action. In the range of investigated models, from the threshold of knowledge to the threshold of behavior, intermediate components are present in dimensions such as individual dimension, social dimension, and political dimension, which cause effective connection and continuity between the components and ultimately synergize the effect of the educational wave. they become For the components of the individual dimension, examples such as hope, worry, thinking skills, motivation, personal styles and behaviors, and identity can be mentioned. On the other hand, in most models, the social dimension is known with components such as involvement, social norms, values, participation and society. The political dimension also has examples such as political orientations, worldview, future orientation and justice.

As a production management system, organic farming leads to sustainable development in agriculture and ensures healthy and harmless food production. In other words, organic farming is a scientific and modern approach to traditional agriculture that human ancestors practiced. Farmers’ positive attitude towards organic farming is essential in protecting the environment, improving the quality of products, and reaching profitable markets. This attitude can inspire more use of organic methods and constructive changes in agriculture, ultimately leading to continuous agricultural improvement and sustainable development. The present study aims to investigate the factors affecting farmers’ attitudes towards organic farming in the South Seydun Rural District. The applied study employed a descriptive-analytical research method. The results showed that the items “support of organizations” (with a mean of 4.2) and “support of the government” (with a mean of 4.3) in the supportive-educational dimension, and items “effective management” (with a mean of 4.4) in the managerial element have significant effects on the farmers attitudes. Also, economic challenges such as “products’ high prices” (with a mean of 3.5), and “no demand for products” (with a mean of 4.1) have the most significant effect on the farmers’ attitudes towards organic farming. The results can help develop policies to support this type of agriculture and achieve the region’s environmental and economic objectives.

For this purpose, the data of 13 climatic variables in 14 synoptic stations in a period of 44 years (from 1977 to 2020) used and a 13x14 matrix (rows; climatic elements and columns; number of stations) was created. In order to generalize the station data to the area, a grid with 15x15 km pixel was formed in central Iran and a matrix with dimensions of 446x15 (rows; digital pixel and columns; number of stations) It was found that the basis of the calculations will be factor analysis with varimax rotation and cluster analysis with Ward integration. The results of measuring the relationship between altitude and climatic variables indicate that in Central Iran, there is a direct and significant relationship between these two factors. However, due to the influence of local and macro-scale climatic factors, this relationship is not the same throughout the area and sometimes creates climatic nesting. In addition, the results showed that the 4 main and effective factors that make the climate of central Iran are: precipitation, temperature, humidity and dust storm. These factors explain 86.2 percent of the climatic behavior of this area. So that the rainfall with 35 percent is the most important climatic element in this area, which often dominates in cold mountainous regions and high altitudes. The temperature is 27.3 percent in the central deserts and the sides of Lut desert in Kashan, Khourbiabanak, Lar and Bam. Humidity is effective with 15.3 percent in parts of hot and humid southern areas in Baft, Abadeh and even cold and humid northern areas in Daran, Isfahan. Dust storms with 8.8 percent are the least effective factor in the climate of central Iran, which are scattered in Khourbiabanak, Bafaq, Yazd, and Kashan

Life is a gift that people enjoy throughout their lifetime. The current century has seen significant changes in the way people view life. In this century, it is not only desirable to preserve life in the usual way, but to improve the quality of life in many fields is considered the effort of societies. Having a good quality of life has always been and is a human desire. Today, the quality of life is among the most important factors that exist as a barrier to the growth and development of societies and organizations. Therefore, by knowing the existing quality of life and its roots and causes, necessary decisions should be made to improve it; In this regard, the aim of the present research is to examine the objective dimension and physical criteria of the quality of life and lifestyle of the citizens in Qom city and to rank the city's regions with two criteria: "per capita of the seven uses that support residence" and " the access distance to these users. This research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in nature. The community under investigation in this research is the eight regions of Qom city, where data processing facilities in ArcGIS software environment, AHP hierarchical analysis process and obtaining expert opinions in binary comparison process were used for data analysis. The findings show that regions 1, 7, and 4 have ranks 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and the lowest rank belongs to region 8. According to the results of the research, creating more services, especially suitable locations for users in order to facilitate residents' access to residential support services, including medical, educational, religious, cultural, commercial, sports, parks and green spaces, can reduce the problems of citizens, increase level of satisfaction and improvement of their quality of life.

Natural factors play the main role in the formation and determining the development directions of residential areas. The cities of Khuzestan province have also been affected by natural factors. In fact, the location of the cities of Khuzestan has been directly affected by natural factors. In this research, the most important natural factors affecting the physical development of cities in Khuzestan province have been explained. In this research, a descriptive-analytical method has been used, and research data has been obtained through library studies and satellite images. According to the obtained results, the rivers of Khuzestan province have caused various cities to form along them and to develop in that stretch. The southern coastline of Khuzestan province has caused important cities to be established next to it. The wetlands of Khuzestan province have played a direct role in the establishment and development of the western and eastern cities of the province. The ridges of Khuzestan province have prevented the advancement of residential areas towards those areas as a limiting obstacle. Also, the morphology of the Khuzestan plain has been effective as the most important factor in the establishment and development of the cities of Khuzestan province. According to the mentioned cases, it can be concluded that the main factor in the induction, development and development directions of the cities of Khuzestan were natural factors.

Ardabil and East Azarbaijan provinces are among the provinces where a significant part of their population and economy are mixed with villages and villagers, and from this point of view, there are many similarities between their historical, socio-cultural, economic and environmental aspects. The rural areas of these provinces, despite their very high natural, economic, social and cultural capabilities, face widespread deprivation, cultural poverty and rural emigration. Meanwhile, the tourism sector has the necessary potential capacities for rural revitalization in the investigated provinces. It is worth pondering that the planning system governing tourism activities in these provinces lacks a specific approach. For this reason, the main problem of the upcoming research is to identify the place of rural tourism in the target villages of tourism in Ardabil and East Azarbaijan provinces in the life cycle of tourism and develop a suitable methodology for planning their development. The present research has been conducted as a comparative study and in a descriptive-analytical method. The area studied in this research includes the villages of Zenuzagh, Kandavan and Ashtabin in East Azarbaijan province and the villages of Gazaj, Alvars and Oonar in Ardabil province. To determine the sample size, Cochran was used first and the size of the sample population is estimated to be 175 households. The method of selecting data from the local community is systematic random and from tourists randomly.According to the results obtained from this model, the studied villages are in different stages of sustainability. The available information shows that the villages of the study area are at the average sustainability level from the point of view of tourism, and the ecosystem welfare index and the human welfare index are also at an average level.

The purpose of this study is Compretive assessing of urban vitality status in neighborhoods of region 2 Ahvaz metropolis. This research in terms of purpose is Applied-developmental and in terms of review method is Descriptive-analytical research and in terms of data collection methods is retail survey research. Statistical community of this study Composed All citizen’s resident in the four districts of the region 4 in Ahvaz city, their number is 107274 people. Sample size was determined Using the Cochran's formula is 382 people, which selected by stratified random sampling method. Data analysis done in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics Using one-sample t-test and one-way Anova and by SPSS software. The results of one-sample t-test show that: Average social index of urban vitality has been 3.37 and Average economic and physical-spatial indicators respectively equal to 2.88 and 2.82. As a result, we can say that region 2 of Ahvaz city In terms of social indicator has been in relatively favorable condition and In terms of economic and physical-spatial indicators in relatively unfavorable condition. In the following the results of one-way Anova test show that: Between four areas in region 2 of Ahvaz city there is a significant difference In terms of having urban vitality indicators. Comparison Averages obtained showed, In terms of all urban vitality indicators, have earned District 1 (Including Kianabad and Western streets of Kianpars) and District 2 (Amaniyeh neighborhood), First and second ranks and District 4 (Including Kianshahr and Zardosht) and District 3 (Eastern streets of Kianpars and Seyed Khalf neighborhood), respectively Third and fourth ranks.

In this research, in order to reveal possible climate changes, the time series of annual average temperature of Urmia synoptic station during the statistical period of 1951-2017 was studied. Box-Jenkins prediction model (integrated auto-regressive and moving average model) was used to find the change model and predict the behavior of the time series. After fitting different models, R2, Akaike information criterion (AIC), regression standard error (SEE) and the Schwartz-Bayesin criterion (BIC) were measured to select the optimal model. The results showed that the time series model ARIMA (2,2) (1,0) has better results compared to other models and the trend of time series changes of this model has less error. After choosing the best model, the average annual temperature values for the next 13 years were predicted using it. The temperature prediction was done using this model with a good fit and the correlation between the actual and fitted values was around 82%. After ensuring the correctness of the forecast, the time series until 2030 was estimated. The forecast of the model indicates a mild temperature increase in the coming years with an upward linear trend. The study of the general circulation of the atmosphere of the region by drawing and analyzing the difference maps for the parameters of geopotential height of 500 hpa, relative rotation of 500 hpa, vertical velocity of the atmosphere (Omega) and air temperature on the surface of the earth indicates the strengthening of the stability of the atmosphere as well as the increase in temperature. The air of Urmia city is 0.4 degrees Celsius compared to the past, which confirms the results of the Box-Jenkins model.

Environmental changes The environmental environment of any environment can be changed. In case of achieving this goal, first the average daily statistics (2021-2009) were received from the General Meteorological Organization for Nair city. The maximum limit is determined by using 99% of Frein's threshold limit, then for Frein's days, the sea level pressure value was extracted from the Nova site, and on this model, patterning was done with Ward's hierarchical clustering method based on Euclidean distance. As a result, two major patterns were identified and one representative day of each pattern was included in the synoptic analysis. For this, NCEP-NCAR data were used to draw synoptic maps in the software environment. The results showed that the thermal low pressure systems that entered Iran from the south-east and south-west sides covered the entire geographical area of Iran and especially the studied area and brought an unstable atmosphere. At this time, the warm air from the southern latitudes that flowed through the Naveh channel in the west of Iran towards the northwest of Iran was blocked by the blocking barrier located in the western half of Iran. The anomalous state of air temperature showed that on the investigated day, temperature changes increased by 4 degrees Celsius compared to the length of the week. Geodetic maps of temperature and temperature advection at the level of 500 hectopascals also show that the origin of heat movement is from the north-east of Africa and has been drawn towards the study area, and heat convergence has occurred in the study area and has added to the temperature.

Soil erosion is inevitable phenomenon that seriously threatens soil and water resources; and is a function of several factors, which are based on certain conditions of each region; one or more agents may be effective in its intensifications. So the study of soil erosion, assessment of variables, and affective parameters is essential.In the method study of a library-based research studies, the field, and the use of quantitative models to estimate erosion and sediment, ARC GIS software is used. Considering that in soil erosion, several parameters systematically are effective and recognizing them as affecting factors on the rate of erosion and sediment is very important. So among the various methods of estimating erosion and sediment, EPM method is used as a selected techniques and Environmental Parameters in its model due to conforming weather condition in Iran.The result suggests that the study basin of severity of erosion is in class four –the low erosion-. The rate of total erosion and sediment of basin is respectively estimated by 239997.68 and 206396.3 cubic meters per year.

Interactive marketing in the age of the Internet has taken a different form and users can do business in the form of an advertisement or through electronic mail or interactive applications. Today, the role of e-commerce is considered as one of the main components of the digital economy in the economic development of countries, and its impact on the world economy is undeniable. During the recent years in our country, the use of information technology and electronic commerce in the markets has increased significantly. Therefore, the present research was carried out with the aim of feasibility and analysis of the desire of members of knowledge-based companies of Science and Technology Park of Sistan and Baluchistan province towards electronic commerce. The sample studied in this research was 162 members of knowledge-based companies in Sistan and Baluchistan province, who were selected using survey technique and stratified random sampling method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose face validity was confirmed by the professors of Shiraz University. In order to ensure the reliability of the questionnaire, a guide study was conducted in a sample of 30 people outside of the main sample, members of knowledge-based companies in Fars Science and Technology Park. The results showed that members of knowledge-based companies have a positive desire and attitude towards electronic commerce. On the other hand, on the other hand, people's literacy towards computers and the Internet is in a good state. Therefore, based on the findings of the research, it is suggested that practical courses be held in order to raise the level of awareness of business owners about the developed laws related to e-commerce. Also, with increased security and privacy, entrepreneurs with ideas will be more inclined to start e-businesses.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the viability and livelihood resilience of villagers against natural hazards with an emphasis on drought in the rural areas of Poldakhter city.This research is an applied research in terms of its purpose,which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way.,which according to the general census of population and housing in 2015 was equal to 7358 households.In order to determine the number of samples, Cochran's formula was used,according to which 365 households were selected as samples.In order to analyze the research findings,sample t-test and multivariate regression analysis were used.In order to check the status of livability indicators against drought in the villages of Poldakhter city,a sample T-Tech test has been used.The results showed that economic index with an average of 2.779 and physical index with an average of 2.937 are in unfavorable condition,environmental index with an average of 3.103 and social index with an average of 3.103 are in favorable condition.In order to check the status of resilience indicators against drought in the villages of Poldakhter city,a sample t-tech test has been used.The results showed that job security index with an average of 2.885, economic dynamism and diversity index with an average of 2.913,economic welfare index with an average of 2.901 and insurance index with an average of 2.894 are in an unfavorable situation.Multivariate regression analysis has been used in order to investigate the effects of the livability of rural settlements on the livelihood resilience of villagers against drought.The obtained results showed that the social dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.365,the economic dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.312, the physical dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.276 and the environmental dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.210 on the The livelihoods of villagers against drought have the greatest impact respectively.

Agriculture has a fundamental and decisive role in the fate of the rural society of Iran, and it cannot be expected to achieve rural development without having a stable and logical solution for agriculture. The statistical population of this research is all the people of Gomand village in Haris city, there are 891 people, equivalent to 251 households. The results showed that among the strengths, boom of livestock activities and production of dairy products due to having rich pastures around the village with a weight equal to 4.40 and relatively suitable topography and easy access to the main roads and Tabriz-Ahar road with a weight equal to 4.36 are the most important strengths, and among the weaknesses, weakness of people's participation With a weight of 4.74, and the low income level of the villagers With a weight equal to 4.52 are the most important weaknesses point for sustainable rural development in Gomand village was recognized from the farmers' point of view. Also, among the opportunities, non-agricultural employment opportunities in the village with a weight of 4.54, and The existence of a committed and efficient villager and Islamic council in the village with a weight of 4.48 are the most important opportunities, and among the threats, the lack of job opportunities in the village and the migration of young people from the village to obtain more income. With a weight of 4.70, and Instability of laws and policies of the country with a weight of 4.62 are the most important threats to sustainable rural development in Gomand village was recognized from the farmers' point of view. The results of the evaluation matrices of internal and external factors showed that according to the overall final score obtained for internal and external factors, the sustainable development strategies of Gomand village are revision strategies.

Inside Iran, there are spaces that are full of energy places. There is no place in the space of a country without capabilities and potential, and the surface of the earth, like its interior, and the entire globe, are resources and sources of energy. Shiraz and the wide expanse of Fars have always been considered as a reminder of tourism and memorization, that's why in this article, a place from this vast field is mentioned, which is considered the geography of energy. Geography studies and examines energy sources and the process of evolution of geographical spaces. The study of the spectrum from space to the development of space is the responsibility of geographical sciences. Therefore, the observations show that Noorabad Fars, where the sun does not set in its vast land, has various geographical energy sources that can be a formula for wealth if properly managed in times of water scarcity, overcrowding, etc. The cultivation of human beings living in this space and the development of the social environment. The local governments of Noorabad, Fars, were not experts and professionals, and did not process energy and resources and protect the environment. However, the opportunity to rebuild is enough to preserve the capacities for future generations. The results of the research show that tourism attractions have made Noorabad, Fars, a geography of energy, among which 32 tourist places in the form of infrastructure and tourism reforms by the owners (rulers, brokers and people), the amount of tourists and investors. It attracts more foreigners on a provincial, national and even international scale, which provides economic growth and development and better living conditions for citizens.

The population growth and physical development in Iranian cities, especially Ahvaz, has an increasing trend. The pattern of urban expansion in Ahvaz city has also moved in a new direction due to the rapid urbanization in Iran in the past several years under the influence of the urbanization process, population expansion and increase in immigration, so that the master plan has not been able to provide a suitable model for the expansion of this city to give. Therefore, one of the most important issues facing the development of this city is the location of its future development, and in this regard, natural parameters are considered to be the main factors that determine the directions of the physical development of Ahvaz city. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the natural criteria for zoning areas prone to physical development in Ahvaz city. The findings of the research showed that among the main criteria of the research, based on the fuzzy hierarchical analysis model, from the perspective of the research experts, the geomorphological criterion and then the natural hazards criterion are ranked first and second, and the research experts "Geomorphological" and "natural hazards" have been chosen as two of the main effective natural criteria in the future physical development of Ahvaz city. According to experts, hydrological, ecological and accessibility criteria are the third to fifth priority respectively