جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "توسعه‎ی پایدار شهری" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

The compact city as a tool to limit energy consumption and urban sprawl is a key element in the sustainable city debate. The purpose of this research is Identify and investigate the drivers to use the compact city in Ahvaz city. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population includes 10 city managers and researchers in Ahvaz. The ANP technique has been used as a tool to prioritize the drivers. The results show that the population growth driver has earned the highest rating and then respectively located low building density in the city, increased migration, long distances from services and commercial centers, need for housing, More spatial disintegration, internal deterioration, hot weather, the presence of vacant lands, decreased security due to vacant lands, reduced surveillance and increased crime in suburban areas, pollution due to improper location of heavy polluting industries in urban areas, pollution caused by private cars, inadequate water and sewage services in law-density neighborhoods and suburbs, Increased surface runoff due to expansion of impermeable areas, loss of palms and agricultural lands, cost of construction for the owner, inadequate service of the bus organization in the suburbs, increasing energy costs, high cost of facilities and infrastructure, increasing travel costs, increasing flood vulnerability due to construction along the river, youth population and desire for urban life, young households 'demand for housing, low-income households' desire to live in apartments, the tendency of owners and peddlers to increase the number of floors, inadequate service of taxi drivers in low-density neighborhoods and suburbs, suitable slope for construction, inadequate service of cultural centers in low-density neighborhoods and suburbs.

Religious tourism is a very important factor in the development of cities. Because it has a high potential for attracting tourists and it is one of the most important and prosperous types of tourism which has had significant effects on various aspects of society. Today, in the economy of many countries that are facing the export of single products such as oil, Religious tourism can generate a lot of revenue for tourist areas. Mehran is one of the most suitable transit-border cities for tourist-pilgrimage activities; Especially as the border crossing of the great Arbaeen congress and also the main traffic of the pilgrims of Atbat-E-Aliat, It is also one of the safest areas in the west of the country for economic activities; Therefore, its development needs to be in the context of proper planning and principled management in order for sustainable urban development to have a spatial appearance in it. The aim of the present study is to assess and evaluate the role of religious tourism in the sustainable development of Mehran. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical in which survey and documentary methods have been used. The statistical population of this study is 17435 people living in Mehran and 376 samples have been estimated using Cochran's formula..To select statistical samples, simple random sampling method has been exploited and to analyze the information the sample T-test and the Friedman test with SPSS software. Findings and research results indicate a positive and significant relationship between religious tourism and sustainable urban development of Mehran; As with a level of significance of 0.000 and 99% confidence; on average The most favorable effect on physical-spatial indicators (3.36), socio-cultural (3.27) and economic (3.25), respectively, But in the environmental dimension (3.30), considering that the items studied are negative indicators of the index, it has had a negative and adverse effect and challenging the city with environmental instability.

Parks “as physical elements” have dominant roles in context of realization of recreational function in urban spaces. Realization of this function depends on two basic factors:“optimum distribution” and “function diversity”. Aim of this research is assessment of distribution and quality of parks among citizen of Anbarabad city. In this study, field observation and review, referring to statistics and information in master plan of Anbarabad are methods for data gathering. For a suitable rating, and the factual affect of each index, the weighting method of paired comparisons(AHP)has been used. For the data analysis Vikor model technique was used. The findings showed: the per capita for the park in Anbarabad city (4.4 square) in comparison with national & international standards is very low, and the parks distributed is unsuitable. The findings of Vikor model showed the best of parks in Anbarabad city are: laleh, shahrake-e- emam, mokhtarabad, abasabad. Ziarat, hossinabad, and abassabad have unsuitable quality. Assessment of indexes showed that Laleh park has the best development indexes among others.

The present paper examines the ecological footprint of Kermanshah as the 9th largest city of Iran. It also tries to answer the following question: Dose the ecological environment of Kermanshah Support the basic needs of it's population? And are the Biological systems of Kermanshah able to answer all socio- economic questions related to different activities of residents. This study is completed based on a descriptive method in which the whole urban households of Kermanshah city are considered as the statistical sample. The statistics related to their consumption of Dvtryq authorities and researcher questionnaire consists of 14 items have been collected. The sample size of the present study was 322 households which were selected by cluster random method. The findings of this study show that the ecological footprint in Kermanshah city indifferent consumption groups of food, transportation, natural gas heating, drinking water, electricity and required land for waste disposal is 1.82 hectares. Although the mentioned list is not a complete inventory of city expenditures, But the comparison of these items with the occupied spaces by the city and even with the supporting spaces such as county and province. Indicates that to fulfill its biological needs and sustainability, the city depend on a geographic realm beyond the Kermanshah Province. A glance to the consumed item in Kermanshah city Confirms that the share of food with 1.22 hectares is the largest share among all other consumed item, other items used in this study has been calculated less than their share of food. The lowest rate belong to required land for garbage with approximately 0.000006 hectares or 0.06 m2.Since Iran's biological capacity is 0.8 hectares, 1.82- hectare ecological footprint in Kermanshah it means that the average bearable biological capacity of Kermanshah city is 2.275 times more than the average country. in other words, can be expressed With current consumption trends continue, Kermanshah city for food Energy and land needed to absorb carbon dioxide. the space is about 180 times the area of your current needs.

One of the main challenges facing urban planning in the late 20th century is the growth rate of traffic that influences access to sustainable urban development. One of the solutions proposed for traffic—as well as the economic, social, and environmental problems originating from it—in large cities has been the applying of traffic restrictions during certain times and in specific places in order to reduce travel demand and transportation by private vehicles, causing an increase in the use of public transportation by citizens. In this study, two questionnaires were developed and administered: the first to citizens and pilgrims (N= 150), and the second to experts and executive managers (N= 40). To analyze the data and test the hypotheses, the researchers applied Microsoft Office Excel and SPSS softwares. The results show that there is a relationship between applying the traffic restrictions for private vehicles and sustainable transportation in Mashhad. It was, moreover, revealed that by applying such traffic restrictions, use of public transportation would increase and, conversely, use of private vehicles would reduce by 14.6 percent. By the way, 70.7 percent of the common-people participants beleived that the traffic restrictions caused the increase in traffic flow in the center of the city, 70 percent maintaining it caused easy access to ficililities. Although 66 percent of tradesmen believed that the project would cause depression in their business, the necessity of applying such a project in the area on special days could not be denied. Furthermore, experts and managers’ solutions to achieve sustainable transportation were as follows: applying permanent traffic restrictions especially in the city center, developing public transportation, managing transportation demand and supply, developing more parking lots, and proper managing of urban units. As during traffic restrictions more people have to use the public transportation system, the executors of the plan should attempt to improve it and increase transportation facilities. Finally, as the public transportation system has a key role in the zone, if it is not promoted properly, the project may not succeed.

From 1970s onward, the concept and meaning of development was revised that the result of this change was the concept of human development. An important dimension of human development is sustainable development which emphasizes on changing human based view to production based view.Accordingly, physical capital is not the only investment in a country but also human and social capitals gain more importance and can be an essential tool with high capability and performance in clarifying and solving the issues and problems human society faced with, which provide the situation for achieving sustainable development. Hence, the concept of sustainable development, sees the environment health and tendency to sustainable development through the partnership of local organizations. This partnership will lead to social capital. This social capital must be with more per capita for the next generations comparing with today's generation. Social capital like the concept of physical capital and human capital refers to the characteristics of social organization such as networks,norms and trust which facilitates the coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit. Social capital increases the benefit of investment in the field of physical and human capital. Nowadays, many of designers and planners know social capital as an important tool for sustainable development in the environment, social, cultural and economical field and have special attention on this issue and in practice consider social capital and sustainable development as supplement and related from different aspects. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the social capital theory and its relationship to sustainable development in the cities of West Azarbaijan province in Iran. Accordingly, first the various dimensions of social capital in the cities of West Azarbaijan province have been evaluated and then sustainability of the cities have been leveled and finally, the relationship between social capital and sustainable development in the cities of West Azarbaijan province is discussed. Geography and Development, 10nd Year, No.27,Summer 2012 2Research This is an applied research type and its study methods is descriptive – analytical and correlation. Statistical society is 36 cities of West Azarbaijan province for sustainable development based on administrative- political divisions of year 2006. The indices of urban sustainable development includes 8 features of population, social, economical, health-medical, cultural, urban infrastructure facilities and equipment, transport and communication and physical indices. The sample volume has been selected 384 people based on Cochran’s formula for the component of social capital. Component of social capital indices include 5 components of social participation, high interest to society, social trust, cooperation and assistance, family relations and friends. Sampling method to measure social capital is sampling with optimal allocation based on population of each city. Tool for gathering sustainable development data which includes 53 indices, are public census of population of housing, statistical yearbooks and relevant organizations and institutions. Tool for gathering social capital data is questionnaire. the questionnaire has been measured through Likert and a five-choice scale. The models of Tapsis, Entropy Coefficient and cluster analysis are used for analysis of sustainable urban development. Also for the relationship between the variables, the inferential statistical tests such as correlation, regression and path analysis were used.Discussions and Research findings show that from the view point of urban sustainable development, out of 36 cities of the province, Urmia city is placed at very high-level development and Mahabad, Khoy and Bukan at high-level development and 6 cities at medium-level and other cities are placed at low and very lowlevel of development, that shows a gap between the cities in sustainable urban development. From the view point of social capital, cities of Mahabad, Bukan, Urmia, Khoy are placed at very high-level, 7 cities at high-level, 12 cities at medium-level and 13 cities at low and very low-level. Findings obtained from field studies show that social capital in the cities of West Azarbaijan province is 2.96 that is 59.28 %, which its most part belongs to Mahabad city with about 76.6% and its lowest belongs to Firuragh city of about 48.4%. Also, Findings show that the relations of family and friends with 3.39 namely 67.8% has the highest and social participation with 2.66 namely 53.2 % has the lowest level of social capital. In terms of physical development, Findings indicate the development of large cities and lack of development of small towns, and in terms of social capital, larger cities likewise have higher social capital than smaller cities. In general, the results indicate that among the five dimensions of social capital, social participation, high interest to society, cooperation and assistance, family relations and friends have a significant relationship with urban sustainable development and social trust due to its weak relation with urban sustainable development is meaningless.The results show that the rate of urban inequality for sustainable development indices is 1.33 in the cities of West Azarbaijan province, that shows the gap between the components of urban sustainable development. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the development level shows development is very low in most cities. Also, in terms of overall development, the pattern of regional space in West Azarbaijan province is Core-Periphery. That is how much become closer to the big cities in terms of demographic, economic, administrative, the cities are more developed because most cities in the 3 province are small towns. Therefore, these cities are located at the surrounding areas of the province.Also, the top-down planning in the structure plan of the state and regions has increased the proscription of small towns. In total based on the results, we can say that component of the high interest to society with 0.395 has had the highest impact on sustainable development in cities of West Azarbaijan province. Finally, based on the existing facts, we can say that there is a relation between sustainable development and social capital to the amount of 0.67 with % 99 of confidence level.

Extended Abstract Introduction Sustainable development and urban sustainable development has converted to a new and dominant paradigm in scientific and theoretical literature that is prevalent about urban development and planning. However, this paradigm has various perceptions and interpretations, but totally emphasize in the stability and continuity of development for public and for future generations, during the time, and a comprehensive view in economic, social and environmental complicated dimensions and the development process in a country and a city (Rahnamee et al. 2005, 178). Sustainable urbanity or urbanization is a kind of urbanization that it provides a possibility of life, based on human dignity, in present and future, and for subsequent generations and on the other hand, it is compatible with environmental considerations and is environment friendly too. Thus, sustainable urbanization and urbanity advance the urban social- economic development in the way that it leads to protecting the environment and earth resources and it prevent from destructing natural environment. I the other words, sustainable urbanization and urbanity form and develop, based on coordination with the capacity of ecosystem or natural system (Piran, 2008: 201). Environmental problems are one of the most basic issues of today's city and it is the result of their conflict and contrast with natural environment. Whereas, urban development necessarily is comparison with the dominance if buildings, transport industries and economic activities in the natural spaces, and during the time, this dominance, has changed to the dominance of the city on nature and cause to the widespread urban pollutions. The result of this process will be the unbalance between human and nature and also id disorder in the relations of ecosystem. By developing the cities appearances and values of natural environment has exposed in the more destruction and erosion and citizens have excluded from natural attractions, and psychological and social problems have appeared. The focus of population in cities and urban areas of cities and mismatch between developing services and urban infrastructures, especially in developing countries, converted urban areas to the unsanitary and polluted areas and faced them with the problems of the waste and garbage disposal, providing hygienic water and so on. (Zebardast, 2004: 153-156). Methodology Generally, dominant approach of this research is quantitative and qualitative, and the kind of research is "applied research" and the method id descriptive- analytic and data collecting were conducted via accurate library studies and using evidences and documents and field observations and perceptions for data registering, and during it, the environmental structure of Karaj city has studied and then SWOT technique has used, in order to analyze findings. In order to this, internal and external environments of Karaj city studied and then, for completing obtained information, a questionnaire used with statistical population of 25 persons of former and current urban managers, urban researchers and experts, in order to weighting and giving points to the current situation for all of internal factors(threats and opportunities). And finally QSPM matrix used to prioritizing the strategies and also GIS software used for map production. Results and Discussion In contemporary capitalism, the city as an appropriate location and urbanization as a way favorable to the environment is considered. Penetrate and influence the culture of capitalism in the Third World, including Iran Heterogeneous urban concentration caused rapid urban population growth and massive migration of rural - urban. In fact, a process that causes population transfer to the cities is largely poor. Clear example of such confrontation can be in the old tissues and rural contexts in towns like the city of Karaj being seen today. Karaj one hand, according to the specific location of their placement means of communication route Highway West Country and the vicinity of Tehran and environmental talents and having factories and industrial areas And the other hand, due to rapid urbanization process in the country, changing consumption patterns and develop community exogenous country, the massive influx of refugees from surrounding towns and villages were The tangible outcome of this influx of urban crises created And Following the physical development of cities and the destruction and loss of agricultural land and gardens around the city.Today the city of Karaj, with numerous environmental issues including, for the existence and activities inconsistent and annoying in the city, over industrial development in Karaj, a city sewage disposal system was not, despite the massive landfill in the south of the city center, etc. has been met. Conclusion In this paper, Environmental structure the city Karaj of using SWOT techniques have been evaluated. And according to research findings, strengths and opportunities of properly obtained in order to overcome weaknesses and threats are not used. The strengths weaknesses and Threats on the opportunities are dominant. And type of strategy, (contingency) diversity strategies will show. And in the end priorities QSPM matrix based on strategies and is suggested.

Introduction «The sustainable development model is a challenge to the conventional form of development. Conventional approaches see development as simply modernization of the globe along Western lines.» Pressing constraints on development and entrenched negative trends were the result of modernization in the world. These include: economic disparity and poverty، the impact of diseases، over-consumption of resources in industrialized countries contributing to climate change، and environmental deterioration and pollution of many kinds: including the impacts of intensive farming، depletion of natural resources and loss of forests، other habitats and biodiversity. «The 1960s and the 1970s were marked by an intensification of concern about pollution and awareness that environmental problems arise within the context of a complex interrelationship between humankind، the global resource base and the social and physical environments. As a consequence، questions about the acceptability of conventional growth objectives، strategies and policies were brought to the forefront of public debate.» Sustainable development has been the central concept in the United Nations World Conservation Strategy and in the report of the World Commission on Environment and Development، also known as the Brundtland Report. The Brundtland Report defines sustainable development as «development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Urban development is especially important within the broader context of sustainability The reality of» accelerated urbanization growth in the south countries (like Iran) overrides its damaging influence in local and global scales; «e. g. environmental، social، economical and political problems such as an increase in resource demands، waste production، air pollution، poverty، inequity، housing shortages، crimes، narcotic use… caused concerns about urban sustainable development. Tehran is one of 10 under developed metropolises among the 124 metropolises in the world، and as such is obliged to contend with a variety of problems; e. g. air، noise and water pollution، traffic jams، housing shortages، biodiversity reduction، vulnerability to probable earthquakes، lack of urban services، facilities، infrastructure، overcrowding، poverty and social vulgarities. This research takes the 17th municipal region، as a study area، for measuring the sustainability we collected data in the neighborhood scale. MethodologyAn» indicator of sustainable development must assess human development and sustainability «They can help incorporate information from physical and social sci ences in decision-making، and they can help measure and calibrate progress toward sustainable development goals. They can provide an early warn ing to prevent economic، social and environmental setbacks. They are also useful tools to communicate ideas، thoughts and values. In order to attain a superior spatial comparison of the urban area، all of neighbor hoods were selected as the area of study; in order to measure sustainability 20 indicators were used the sustainable development indicators were selected based on availability and fact and the indicator’s data was collected. Main data sources utilized are Tehran Municipal Reports، The Statistics Center of Iran and The Iranian Survey Organization. Using urban sustainable development indicators will help to understand the situation of the city in the sustainable development context. This article is trying to use Fuzzy Logic and GIS as a sustainable development measuring tool. For measuring the sustainability، this research used 20، economical، social، environmental indicators. Due to a broad range of varying scales، subsequent to the original data collection the scales were refined to a standard scale for use in further analysis. Fuzzy logic is an extension of classical formal models of reasoning into models that incorporate fuzziness. The fundamental difference between classical logic and fuzzy logic is in the range of their certainty-values. In fuzzy logic، the certainty or fallacy of any given fuzzy proposition is completely subjective. Assuming that certainty and fallacy are expressed by values 1 and 0 respectively، the degree of certainty for each fuzzy proposition is expressed by a number in the unit interval of [0، 1]. Foremost a fuzzy membership function was defined for the normalized value: in this stage a triangular fuzzy membership function was defined with three linguistic values of Weak، Moderate and Strong; after which the fuzzy membership grade for the total data was calculated. Mamdani Fuzzy Inference was used for measuring sustainability. Early inference has five linguistic values of Very Bad، Bad، Average، Good and Very Good. Final inference which indicates the sustainability status in a special indicator has 9 linguistic values. Results and Discussion After all، they returned to non fuzzy value and the results were plotted in GIS. The result of study shows، intermediate sustainability in Fallah neighborhood، which has the best position among the neighborhoods، also Bolursazi neighborhood has the worse condition among the neighbor hoods. Using fuzzy logic as a measurement tool for Tehran’s 17 region sustainability، demonstrates the fact that non-existent sustainability among the various city districts is a very serious problem impeding national development strategies. By reviewing the history of urbanization in Iran، the problem consuming today''s cities has risen from problems existing in peripheral regions، a result of inconsistencies in the country''s governmental policies. ConclusionPressing constraints on development and entrenched negative trends were the result of modernization in the world. The Brundtland Report defines sustainable development as» development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Urban development is especially important within the broader context of sustainability. Tehran is one of 10 under developed metropolises among the 124 metropolises in the world، and as such is obliged to contend with a variety of problems. This research takes the 17th municipal region، as a study area، for measuring the sustainability we collected data in the neighborhood scale. In order to measure sustainability 20 indicators were used the sustainable development indicators were selected based on availability and fact and the indicator’s data was collected. Foremost a fuzzy membership function was defined for the normalized value. The result of study shows، intermediate sustainability in Fallah neighborhood، which has the best position among the neighborhoods، also Bolursazi neighborhood has the worse condition among the neighbor hoods.