جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "جهانی‏ شدن" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

The purpose of this research is the sociological study of women's shopping behavior in large stores in the coastal and tourist cities of Mazandaran. The views of Giddens, Veblen, Simmel, and Weber were chosen as the theoretical framework.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The research method is a survey and the unit of analysis is the respondent (women over 15 years old). The sampling method is a multi-stage cluster and the sample size is 384 according to Cochran's formula. The tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire.

The findings show that there is a positive and direct relationship between the variables of the use of mass communication tools, globalization, religiosity, consumption values, age, and the degree of relative deprivation with the degree of women's shopping behavior. There is a significant negative and inverse relationship between education and social class with the amount of purchasing behavior. Moreover, there is no significant relationship between the amount of education and change in the style of covering.

The results of the average comparison test show that there is a significant difference between the amount of shopping behavior of women according to the city of residence and marital status. The amount of shopping among young married women is more than single women. Regression analysis shows that 50.7% of the changes in women's shopping behavior are related to independent variables. The most explanation of the variance and changes of the dependent variable of women's shopping behavior respectively belonged to the variables of consumption values and social identity.

Originality/value: 

This research is the first study that investigates the shopping of women tourists in the tourist areas of Mazandaran province

Globalization is a broad and multi-process phenomenon that has affected globally and in all parts of the world, including the Persian Gulf region. In the Persian Gulf region, globalization has caused significant changes in economy, culture, politics and communication. One of the important effects of globalization in the Persian Gulf region is the increase in trade and economic growth. The opening of markets, the facilitation of traffic and the movement of investments have brought significant growth in the export, tourism, service and industry sectors. Also, globalization in the Persian Gulf region has led to the expansion of communication and cultural exchanges. Many communities in this region are being influenced by global cultures and are adopting new ways of thinking and living. Also, globalization in the Persian Gulf region has played an important role in the political changes of the region. Some countries in the region have tried to increase their power and capability by making political and economic changes in line with globalization. Therefore, it can be said that globalization in the Persian Gulf region has had important effects on economy, culture, politics and communication. However, these effects may vary among countries and communities in the region and include positive and negative effects.This research has tried to investigate different aspects of globalization in the Persian Gulf region and the impact of these aspects on this region by using research tools such as questionnaires and computational methods.The main question of the research: "Given the international developments and the effects of the globalization process on the Persian Gulf region in its various dimensions, what is the most important way to achieve economic development, scientific progress, social welfare, sustainable security and the withdrawal of extra-regional powers from this region?"

In this study, since the main purpose of this research was to influence globalization on the countries of the Persian Gulf region, descriptive and analytical methods of inferential and inductive type were used; in which the inductive role of various theories of globalization was investigated. Also, this research was specific and objective regarding its fundamental theoretical goal and the results had a fundamental aspect.Considering that the use of a research method (quantitative or qualitative) alone was not enough to achieve the goals of this research, a mixed research design was used.

The result of the quantitative and qualitative findings of the research, an analysis of globalization and its impact on the countries of the Persian Gulf region, has had a great impact in both positive and negative aspects. The process of globalization with all its complexities has also been implemented in this region and the results of this process in the last few decades are various consequences that have become more visible from political, economic and security points of view. Although these consequences are carried out with the orientations and plans of trans-regional powers to obtain the wealth and oil resources of the countries of this region, they continue to take full advantage of the negligence and ignorance of the heads of these governments, but the resulting economic consequences for all countries in the region and countries outside the region should not be ignored. Because of the commercial, commercial, service and industrial activities that have caused economic prosperity in this region, he ignored it. The efforts of the countries of the region to sell more oil, which is the legacy of their ancestors, to gain more windfall wealth, has created an oil-arms competition, and the necessary excuse is the lack of trust in the neighbours and the fear of trespassing on their country's borders. In this way, what the governments of this region have gained is the high costs of buying weapons and establishing military bases. However, in addition to these issues, the relative welfare of the people of the Persian Gulf countries has changed tremendously compared to the past, and the heads of these governments have taken such actions for more survival and to bring about the relative satisfaction of the society. Most of the wealth obtained from the sale of oil and gas condensates is deposited in European and American banks after spending the above expenses, which means that the money and wealth of these countries are not in their own hands, which is one of the new approaches to the concentration of wealth among the superpowers.

In this research, it was tried to present a new approach to cooperation and communication between the countries of this region by expressing the different features of globalization on the one hand and the other hand by examining the geopolitical, geostrategic, geoeconomic and culture capacities of this region to achieve more success through this way. In all fields, reduce the possibility of the presence of foreign powers in this region. We have achieved the following results in reducing the influence of big powers in the region: Reducing the influence of big powers in the Persian Gulf region is one of the important challenges for the countries of this region.

The rapid and ongoing trend of metropolises transitioning into global cities and world cities is influenced by the increasing political, economic, cultural, and scientific dimensions of the urban political geography. Cities, as dynamic entities, evolve from new cities to mother cities, metropolises, global cities, and ultimately world cities. In this competitive environment, metropolises strive to enhance their level of competitiveness vis-à-vis their counterparts. In this study, the researcher compares the performance of Tehran and Istanbul, two metropolises in the Islamic world, based on the criteria and functions of world cities. The researcher employs an index developed by political geography scholars who specialize in studying world cities. The objective is to determine the ranking of these cities among world cities. To accomplish this, relevant maps have been prepared using ArcMap software, and numerical indicators and criteria have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner. The analysis reveals that Istanbul outperforms Tehran in most indicators and occupies a strong position in the network society and flow space of global cities. This can be attributed to factors such as geopolitical location, an open economic environment, and other indicators. The results of this comparative study can guide city administrators in designing a more suitable future landscape for these cities, ultimately leading to achieving global city status.

Globalization is the dominant force that changes the economy and rural communities at the beginning of the 21st century. It has been a pervasive influence in changing the shape of rural areas, which simultaneously brings challenges and opportunities for rural development. Rural places have undergone different changes due to globalization in the last few decades. Concerning rural areas, as can be seen, these areas in the world are different and have their characteristics and structures. Therefore, the capacity of these regions to shape their future in the context of globalization will also be different. Villages as places on a local scale with their own identity, culture, way of living, and living spaces are becoming increasingly global. These villages worldwide are subject to severe changes and highly dependent on social and economic processes. In relation to this topic, today, globalization as a comprehensive phenomenon has many effects on the lifestyle of rural areas, which can be investigated, analyzed, and diagnosed from different aspects. But one of the most tangible aspects of the effects of globalization is the change in the lifestyle of the villagers in various economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects of the villages.

Research in the quantitative part tries to investigate the effects of globalization on the changes in the cultural lifestyle of the residents of the rural areas of the Southern Lian District. To achieve this goal, he uses statistical methods and tests. On the other hand, from the point of view of research classification based on the purpose, it is of applied type; because it seeks to apply theories, laws, principles, and techniques formulated in basic research to solve practical and real problems. Also, in terms of the possibility of controlling the variables, the research is quasi-experimental because, due to the post-event nature of the research, it is impossible to control the variables completely. The information collected in the research was based on two library and field methods. In the library method, a review of the research background and literature was considered, and in the field method, the questionnaire created by the researcher was considered. According to the variables of the research and also the method of analysis, the questionnaire was prepared in the form of open and closed questions and also included spectrums in the form of a Likert scale in the nominal and rank measurement scale and in some aspects, an interval, and was given to the participants. In connection with the information gathering tool (questionnaire), to ensure the similarity of the questions taken from previous research with the research variables and to reveal the face validity of these indicators and their similarity with the villages of the study area, academic experts in the field of rural planning were investigated. After receiving their opinions, the required parts of the questionnaire were revised, and a number of unimportant questions were removed. Cronbach's alpha test was used to check the research questionnaire data's reliability. Therefore, a sample of 30 questionnaires was first distributed to the target population, and according to Cronbach's alpha value, the final revision of the questionnaire was made and distributed to the relevant sample. Finally, for the present study, the value of Cronbach's alpha for all research variables was 0.748, which has an acceptable level.

In the research, 372 participants cooperated in answering the questionnaire questions. In order to select these samples, considering the issue's importance, we tried to evaluate the standards by all groups of rural society as much as possible while randomly selecting the samples; because the changes in the dimensions of the research will be different from the point of view of the studied community. Residents of rural areas feel significant changes in rural environments compared to the past, considering the dimensions of social lifestyle. In investigating these changes in the four dimensions of model- driven, language change, consumerism, and the sense of belonging to the village, and using the method of statistical tests, we try to investigate these changes. The selection of parametric and non-parametric statistical tests for analysis is different depending on the assumptions of each one. For this selection, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was exerted to check the normality of the data. Based on the standard coefficients, the relative importance of each of the independent variables in explaining and predicting the dependent variable has been revealed. According to the results, the components of model-driven, language change, consumerism, and sense of belonging play a prominent role in explaining and predicting lifestyle changes in the villages of the study area, respectively. In this, the model-driven variable is the most important because one change in this index's standard deviation causes the dependent variable's standard deviation (Lifestyle) to change by 0.740. At the same time, a unit change in the standard deviation of other dimensions will result in changes of 0.737, 0.529, 0.450, 0.439, and 0.350, respectively, in the dependent variable dimensions.

Now, the future of rural spaces is facing more complex issues than before, one of which is the phenomenon of globalization and changes in cultural lifestyles in these areas. The phenomenon of globalization has put different changes in the cultural lifestyle of the residents in rural areas, and it has focused and examined the aspects of globalization in four dimensions, model-driven, language change, consumerism, and sense of belonging. These dimensions were the totality of the research, whose interpretation was considered in the cultural lifestyle change. The studied rural areas, like other areas, are often engaged in agricultural activities due to natural conditions. These activities are also seen in the residential context of rural areas, and most rural spaces are dedicated to these activities. According to the research findings, the studied rural areas feel great changes in the rural environment from different aspects compared to the past, which is significantly related to the effects of globalization. The research results indicate that the most changes and effects of globalization have been on model-driven components and the change of the local language and dialect of the residents in the studied rural areas. In the indicators of language change, as it is known, residents have less tendency to use local dialects due to globalization, and most of the residents use non-local expressions and terms in their dialect. In general, the research results show that the changes in the cultural lifestyle among rural areas are in the transition from tradition to modernity. Therefore, the research shows the attention and preservation of rural values along with the changes in cultural lifestyle in the studied rural areas.

Globalization as common discourse in the international level, has affected the local and foreign policies of plenty of countries. Also, in Iran globalization has been effective on different identity factors of Islamic Republic of Iran. The question of this paper is that “which is the effect of globalization on revolutionary identity in Iran” and the research hypothesis is that the Iranian society in consideration of various indicators such as independence (sovereignty) and anti-arrogance and support of liberation movements, has a revolutionary and developmental approach, and yet upon increasing cultural transactions and exchanges to the other countries is willing for interaction to globalization. The findings of research indicates that the students of both groups, despite of binding to the revolutionary identity indicators, are willing for interaction to globalization for benefitting from cyberspace and Media to present their revolutionary values, so that 63% of Humanities students obtaining the grade over 48 in binominal test, and 47% of Technical and Engineering students obtaining the grade over 48 in binominal test, assume the revolutionary identity as a part of their political identity. This research has been applied according to two documentary and survey methods.

In the era of globalization, any model of development requires effective communication between different sub-national and transnational levels. This article highlights the role of communication in development in the age of globalization this includes providing relevant information, providing opportunities for discussion and sharing of information and ideas. The main question of the article is what role does communication play in the development process in the age of globalization? The method of doing this article is descriptive and analytical. The data required for the article are collected from library sources and reliable scientific research articles. The results of the article show that communication should be provided appropriately for different parts of the society. Dialogue and discussion and regular communication with the community leadership in the communities and equally there should be regular communication between different departments and social organizations. To create the possibility of collective action and participation of community members in development projects. Communication is essential to ensure the participation of everyone in the community. Communication creates the collective action of participants in development in the age of globalization. In the era of globalization, a development strategy that uses communicative approaches can incorporate people's basic attitudes and traditional wisdom, help people to adapt their views and acquire new knowledge and skills, and convey new social messages to convey to the audience.

In recent decades, the populist wave has been spreading in western democracies and has put challenges in front of them. On the other hand, the phenomenon of globalization in the last decades of the 20th century showed its presence and spread its deep influence on various fields of economy, politics and culture, and as a threat to the sovereignty and single-handedness of nation-states, it caused crises. identity and cultural, economic, political and security. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of globalization in the growth of populism in Western countries. Therefore, the main research question is, what role has globalization played in the strengthening and growth of nationalist populism in the West? The claim of the present article is that the consequences of globalization, including (the growth of xenophobia in the form of anti-immigration policies, identity crisis, migration crisis, political-economic and social crisis, the failure and non-implementation of the goals of the globalization phenomenon and the obvious lack of political and economic options, culture in western countries to deal with or contain these conditions at the national level, which has fueled the rise of citizens' dissatisfaction, has caused the growth of populism and an opportunity for the rise of nationalist populism currents in the west. Qualitative research method, of the type of causal explanation and data collection method, Library as well as the use of resources, while rereading the theoretical concepts of globalization and populism,.

The process of globalization has affected all aspects of human life. Urban spaces are also affected in both environmental and behavioral dimensions. This study examines the relationship between environment and behavior with a probabilistic approach. The main purpose is to analyze the impact of the globalization process on the behavioral patterns of citizens in public spaces and to provide a comprehensive theory about it. The main question of the research is how the patterns of citizens' behavior in the central context of Rasht have changed due to globalization? To answer this question, the method of grounded theory is used. The interviewees were identified purposefully using the snowball technique. Finally, using line-by-line analysis of conversations in the open coding stage, 537 codes were extracted from 15 detailed interviews with experts in the field of research and finally 18 categories were identified. In the axial coding stage, a paradigm model was used to organize the connections between categories. Also, in the selective coding stage, the proposed design was refined. Findings show that the impact of globalization exists in all three aspects of human activities in urban spaces (optional, social, necessary) and occurs in the form of physical, environmental, socio-cultural and political components. According to the analysis, the central public space of Rasht has been updated both physically and in terms of globalization. More invitations to the public space of Rasht city center, more stops and pauses in it, new behaviors, peer hangouts, group games with strangers, sitting and talking and socializing, and walking and wandering calmly are the most important categories studied in this research. 

Cultural and physical changes are one of the forms of modernization and globalization processes in developed countries, and today the consequences of these processes have increased in the cities of developing countries. These consequences can be examined in several urban scales, including urban neighbourhoods. The following article examines the impact of modernization and globalization in the two neighbourhoods of Amiriyeh and Zafaranieh in Tehran and the reason for their differences in physical structure and cultural identity. The research method is quantitative and its strategy is causal. The research data collection tool is based on library studies, field methods and questionnaire techniques. The sampling method is based on the corrected model of Cochran, in which 60 questionnaires are distributed in each neighbourhood and questions about cultural identity are asked from the residents of the neighbourhood, the municipal officials and the housekeepers of the neighbourhoods, and the examination of the physical structure is based on field observations. Data analysis and comparison are made using Friedman and T statistical tests. The results of this research show that due to the different cultural, social and economic texture and structure of the two neighbourhoods, and since globalization and modernization focus on areas with higher information capabilities and potentials, the Zafaranieh neighbourhood in comparison With the Amirieh neighbourhood, it has been more affected by the processes of modernization and globalization, and their consequences are very evident in the production of the space of this neighbourhood from the point of view of the physical structure and cultural identity

, the scale of urban activity shifted from the local to the global level under the influence of contemporary globalization. One of the fields of urban activity and planning within the globalization system is the city diplomacy. In addition, the implementation of urban activities requires the formulation of formal laws in its specific area. Thus, entry the cities into the process of globalization requires an emphasis on city diplomacy and its principles in laws and urban policies by local governments as well as in the foreign policies of national governments. The methodology of this research is based on the interpretation paradigm, which will be done with a qualitative approach, and its strategy is meta-synthesis. The data are in qualitative format, in descriptive form and include library texts and documents. The required information has been collected through library research, tracking the latest information about urban laws and city diplomacy in Iran. In general, the study and review of the collection of urban laws and regulations of Iran shows that, with the exception of a few examples of laws in the specialized technical and civil field of the municipality, as well as instructions on how to set up a sister city agreement between the cities of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the cities of other countries, there are no specific regulations and low in the field of city diplomacy, and so the main purpose of this article is applying the topic of city diplomacy in the urban management and its laws.

From the beginning of human civilization until now, cities have been the main settlements and centers of vast economic, social and political activities, which today have an undeniable impact on various aspects of life around the world. The political aspect of cities is one of the topics that has attracted the attention of political geographers and in recent years, a lot of research has been done in this field, among which, the discussion of riots and urban struggles has a special place. Citizens engage in a variety of activities related to their social life in the form of peaceful demonstrations, marches, strikes, and even guerrilla warfare, which can vary from time to time. The present study intends to answer the question with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on library resources, which geopolitical variables have played a role in the evolution of urban struggles after the twentieth century? After examining the political struggles in urban environments during the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, the study concluded that urban struggles during this period were influenced by the bipolar atmosphere of the Cold War and the spread of Marxist ideas. In this type of struggle. Also, the significant acceleration of the process of globalization and the emergence of new social and environmental issues in the formation of urban activities in a peaceful framework has led to profound changes in this field. In addition, the anti-geopolitical approach that was introduced during the Cold War continued, and social movements, environmental associations, human rights groups, indigenous popular movements, etc. were defined in the thematic realm of this geopolitical approach.

The formation of successful examples of urban unions, such as the Union of Mediterranean, Baltic cities, etc., by benefiting from the tool of city diplomacy, has led to the development of cities and has a special effect on the international activities of cities, this research has been carried out with the aim of explaining the conceptual understanding of city diplomacy and presenting the general pattern of urban networks in the world by using the descriptive-analytical method. In this regard, by using reliable sources and articles and examining successful experiences in this field, various types of city diplomacy, the levels, and cooperation system of city diplomacy, along with the extraction of its most important dimensions and indicators, have been examined and finally the General model of city diplomacy is presented. The findings of the research show that city diplomacy has been carried out in two ways, bilateral and multilateral, on both regional and global scales, and many actors are involved in realizing its goals. Among the 32 indicators extracted from various research studies and experiences, the most important indicators are the membership index in international organizations and forums, followed by the two indicators of the memorandum of understanding of sustainable development and the exchange of knowledge and services, which can be used for case studies in different regions of the world, and with the help of these indicators, it is possible to examine the capacities of forming urban unions and joining them in a region.

The experiences of the age of globalization show that the lack of participation of people in the decision-making and decision-making process harms society, for this reason, societies have moved towards greater use of popular participation. One of the ways to achieve this partnership is to create and expand the activities of local organizations. Factors such as the experiences of the age of globalization, the increasing complexity of society, the reduction of the costs of the people and the government, the regionalization of affairs and their acceleration have caused Islamic councils to play a more prominent role in today's society. In the meantime, this article examines the role of councils by emphasizing the constitution. According to the law, this institution, by performing various functions, objectifies the role of the people in the management and implementation of affairs, which, of course, faces many internal and external challenges. In general, the legislator's attention to the councils shows that, firstly, this institution is of great importance in terms of function, and secondly, it has potential capacities that, if realized, can lead to regional and local development. And ultimately lead to national development. This paper seeks to examine the theoretical dimensions, characteristics, legal aspects and functions of this institution and, finally, its challenges and disadvantages.

Introduction:

 in today's evolving world due to powerful phenomena such as globalization and the development of information-communication (virtual-real), given the value and importance of cities in the local and global economy, considering the development of capacities of urban political interactions with value. In fact, cities, like local territories, can overcome their problems and provide the ground for their social, economic and environmental development through the capacities that they acquire through communication and political interactions in the international arena. Thus, it can be argued that urban diplomacy is a new form of diplomacy in which the world's cities participate, using the potential of the world's metropolises to develop international intercity policies rather than intergovernmental policies. The framework of urban policy is based on the potential of citizenship.

Methodology:

this research was applied-developmental in terms of purpose and descriptiveanalytical in terms of method. In order to collect the information and data required for the research, it has been used as a documentary-library with filing and survey-field tools with interviews and questionnaires. The statistical population of the study included officials in the field of urban management of Tehran metropolitan municipality and the university community and urban elites whose sample size was 100 people (minimum descriptive analysis quorum) and were randomly selected. In order to analyze the data, exploratory factor analysis and multivariate regression test in SPSS software environment were used to model the structural equations of the data in Amos software environment.

Results and discussion:

 the results indicated that the development of urban diplomacy with regard to cultural and popular capacities in the globalization of Tehran with a variance of 18.73% has the highest percentage of the variance of the development of urban diplomacy with regard to globalization capacities. Also, according to the six factors extracted, the development of urban diplomacy has 0.834% of the variance of the globalization of Tehran in the context of national and international cooperation, networking, cultural and economic, and the study of urban diplomacy development according to globalization capacities. It also showed that urban diplomacy has a 53.7% effect on cooperation and networking of Tehran's globalization, 53.7% on the cultural context of Tehran's globalization and 45.6% on the national economic and international dimension of Tehran's globalization. Globalization will create the connection and solidarity of countries, societies and citizens from all over the world. Also, in the era of globalization, political interactions are one of the most important tools for promoting national power. In this regard, political interactions and globalization have effects and approaches. Positive and negative are based on various dimensions that can be studied in the context of global cities. In other words, the cities that have benefited the most from the flow of goods, capital, services, and immigrants, called global cities, have brought the highest levels of economic, social, and infrastructural benefits to their citizens. On the other hand, the way to enter the world cities was competitive, it was possible and cities by considering the principles of development in the fields of economy, research and development, cultural interaction, livability, environment and accessibility (the ability of the city to compete in these areas with other cities Global) will be able to become an influential global city.

Conclusion:

all in all, founding of Southwest Asia Cities Network by Tehran Metropolis, creating a union and network of cities inside Iran to exchange knowledge, facilities and trade of domestic municipalities with each other as a basis for preparing domestic municipalities with their foreign counterparts, creating a memorandum of understanding for student exchange and scientific cooperation and international conferences focusing on the cities of neighboring countries, strengthening humanitarian institutions centered on the cities of neighboring countries, Attracting foreign investors from cities in neighboring countries, creating and expanding information communication infrastructure to introduce natural-historical attractions, services to the international audience to become the city of Tehran as a brand and destination for tourism and investment, launching multilingual websites and social networks with the focus on introducing the attractions, potentials and capacities of Tehran city development as well as investment opportunities in this city as one of the main advertising and marketing tools in the era of globalization and so on could be raised In order to develop the political interactions of Tehran, considering the capacities of globalization in the context of cooperation and networking, national and international cultural and economic issues.

Nowadays globalization is a very important and undeniable issue that has different economic, social, and political dimensions. Globalization has occurred due to economic, political, scientific developments, and the expansion of communications In the recent decade, and countries must align themselves with it. On the other hand, the economic growth and development of countries are very much Has been affected by which relationship, and globalization affects through various ways. One of the indicators that have recently been used to measure the economic growth and development of countries is the Economic Complexity Index. That is a reflection of the country's productive capabilities and plays an important role in economic growth. This study aims to examine the effect of globalization in three economic, social, and political dimensions on the economic complexity of countries. statistics on globalization in three economic, social, and political dimensions are extracted from the website of the Swiss Economic Institute KOF. The Human Capital Accumulation Index, and Good Governance Indicators, have also been used as control variables in this study. For this purpose, 110 countries over 15 years were studied from 2002 to 2016 using the data panel method. The research findings indicate that the globalization index in all three dimensions has a positive and significant effect on the Economic Complexity Index. The coefficients in all three dimensions are measured respectively Economic dimension (0.01), Social dimension (0.07), and Political dimension (0.03). This shows that the index of globalization in the social dimension has the greatest impact. The all three dimensions of globalization could reinforce the economic complexity.

Despite extensive efforts to determine criteria for identifying and distinguishing these cities, so far no single theoretical and empirical basis for identifying global cities has been provided. One of the basic and important ways to understand the characteristics of global cities and the extent to which cities are moving towards development and globalization are the descriptions and characteristics provided by various researchers. This basic research is a descriptive-analytical method of expressing and examining the theories presented by the eminent researcher John Friedman, about the characteristics of global cities and how to reach a global city. Friedman believes that the three world cities of London, New York and Tokyo, with their large economies in hand, have taken over the role of commander and the top of the urban hierarchy. The importance of this research lies in the fact that by emphasizing the ideas of John Friedman, it shows the ways to achieve development and progress, and according to the outstanding criteria of the world city, it paves the way to the world city.Based on the research results, it can be said that the city should show its dynamic characteristics. Any metropolis that can be influential at the international or global level in one of the fields of economics, culture and politics, and as a center and a superior pole, can assume functions such as international command, domination and control in its geopolitical space, can Have the status of a world city.

Globalization has been mainly based on the initiatives and new demands of hegemonic capitalism system and its general outcome has been a transition from 20th century industrial society to 21st century information society and building relative integrity in the system of traditional relations between countries, cities and creation of network world. The result of globalization in the cities of third world countries and the cities in transition from collective values and culture to the acceptance of capitalism interests is three-dimensional tangible damages in urban space and urban life. These three dimensions include economic, social and cultural fields at an international level and a political major field at the national level. This is more tangible and critical in the cities with a historic-cultural background and religious cities that play the role of culture building centers and culture promotion. Therefore, recognition of context related to the globalization components of these kinds of cities take priority and must be studies and analyzed properly. Metropolis of Mashhad as Iran’s religious capital plays a major and undeniable role in cultural promotion and deepening at the national and international level. The appearance of globalization traits and characteristics in this city can cause various negative consequences. The dominant powers in the process of globalization have defined a social and cultural role, in addition to economic and political ones, as one of the main components of globalization in format of cultural assimilation and destruction of societies through comprehensive expansion of cyberspace as one of the components and fundamentals of “globalization” that is referred to as “soft warfare”. In this perspective, the recent study has pursued the evaluation and analysis of globalization in the metropolis of Mashhad in two aspects: recognition and prioritizing the observed effects and recognition of communicative structure of the selective components in the globalization of Mashhad.

The structure and spatial organization of cities are constantly evolving under the influence of political, economic, and social issues. In other words, the role of power and economy in the spatial transformation of cities is undeniable; globalization as a specific reading of the political economy of the space is based on the marketing policy of neoliberalism and the domination of a large part of the world by removing border and state restrictions. In addition to these political-economic changes, urban spaces also change, so that what remains of neoliberalism in the urban space is the existence of unequal relations and the division of the city into the two poles of the poor and the rich. which is even more acute in the urban spaces of the southern countries (as raw material suppliers). Now, given the fact that Iran based on the oil economy has been closely linked to the global capitalist system, the aim of this study is to investigate the spatial separation rate in Tehran metropolis. This issue has been addressed through the distribution of occupational groups in the Tehran metropolis.In rentier government, due to the huge revenues generated by purely rent-seeking activities and without productivity, efficiency and economic dynamics decreases. Therefore, as a source of economic and political power, the government, by utilizing its legislative power, restricts the functioning of market and provides rent-seeking opportunities to his supporters and it influences the fate of the social classes, which ultimately leads to the formation of a social class of oil. Therefore, abuse of oil revenues leads to an unequal growth in the purchasing power of urban society and fundamental changes in the economy. Thus, in an oil-based economy, wealth is concentrated among the groups that are in contact with the state and corruption is high.Therefore, given the characteristics of the raw material supplying countries in general and the oil producing countries (government and rent economy) and Iran in particular, there are certain economic and political conditions that lead to the socio-economic gap so the question is how did the distribution of socio-occupational groups occur during the neoliberal restructuring of space at the Tehran metropolitan? It is assumed that the distribution of upper and lower occupational-social classes at the Tehran metropolis has been polarized.In this regard, it is necessary to understand the concept of space and the process of the impact of power and rentier state on spatial organization. Since the main concern in this research is the structure of economic relations, the process of capital accumulation in the form of fixed capital and the spatial consequence of these relations at the Tehran metropolis, the political economy of space will be the research lens of this study.The political economy of space focuses on the emergence of settlements and tries to engage with the root of the problem. In the perspective of the political economy of space, the idea is that the perspective of the space is closely related to the mode of production and the social relations. In this theory, the historical development of the urban form is due to the need to create the necessary conditions for the production and reproduction of the capitalist system. The conditions required for these needs place urban policies in the interests of the capitalist class. The tendencies of political economy of space are divided into four categories: constructivism theory, praxis theory, dependency theory, world system theory and urbanization. The emphasis of this research will be the world system approach.In the process of globalization, some countries produce according to their conditions, and some countries are consumers or it can be said that some countries export raw materials and some produce. Since the selected space for globalization in cities is limited and its promotion is limited to a small corpus, Therefore, class divisions are intensifying in the southern economy, and poverty and unemployment grow with high-paying jobs. Finally, these factors lead to the formation of conflict and class divisions, which can be described as a space gap with the urban alphabet.

For this purpose, a quantitative methodology and descriptive-explanatory analysis have been used. Socio-spatial separation factors have been used to study the concept of spatial segregation; Thus, the distribution of occupational groups has been used to investigate the segregation at the in Tehran metropolis. Spatial analysis of job clusters formed at Tehran metropolis will lead to a judgment on the spatial gap of Tehran metropolis.

Calculation of different segregation factors for Tehran metropolis showed that the separation of various social groups in this metropolis cannot be ignored. While the south of Tehran metropolis is more in disposal of low-class, high-class employees are highly inclined to reside in the north of the city. Although middle and lower class employees are also located in northern Tehran but in contrast, the proportion of occupancy of high-class employees in the southern regions is significantly low.Another point is the lower number of middle social group jobs compared to the upper and lower groups. This means that most employees of Tehran metropolis belong to the upper or lower social group. The continuation of these conditions reflects an increase in the class gap in Tehran metropolis.

Due to speculative tendencies in the production of urban spaces and on the other hand, due to the concentration of capital provided to particular groups and capitalists, a large part of the rents generated by urban activities are absorbed by the capitalist classes and because of high profits in more valuable areas of the city, these groups tend to invest more in these areas and the concentration of wealth and capital in the domination of the rich capitalists of the society leads to a social and class divide. Space reflects this gap as a mirror of social relations and the social gap emerges as a spatial segregation.

Today, due to global competition increase, cities are looking for the ways to increase their competitive position among other cities Tourism is a factor in urban competitiveness. Tourism, as the factor that improves urban competitiveness through tourism in national and international markets, caused to facilitate planning for the development of cities. This is an applied which is based on the exploratory factor analysis (Q) method as a mixed or combined method and 50 experts were selected by purposive sampling on the subject of research.  In the qualitative stage and based on the summary of the discourse space from 50 propositions, finally 36 propositions were selected for the Q sample. In the qualitative stage after collecting the information obtained from the Q-sorting, the Q-factor analysis method was used; it is the main method to analyze the Q-data matrix. They were analyzed by varimax rotation method. SPSS software was used to discover the existing mental patterns identifying the influential variables by calculating factor scores. Using research indicators, 5 different mental models or factors with a total variance of 82.27% were calculated including political-institutional, economic, socio-cultural, physical and environmental factors. The variables were categorized in order of priority; in political-institutional factors, the variable of macro-government policies regarding the region, in economic factors, the appropriateness of the price of tourism services, in socio-cultural factors, increasing the culture of tourism, in physical factors, development of tourism facilities and services and in the environmental factor, climate change had the highest scores in each factor, respectively. Generally, the physical factor has a more specific value than other factors and is more important.