جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "طایفه گرایی" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

A subfield of political geography is election geography, which investigates issues of election geography, including the spatial layout of elections, the diversity of spatial voting patterns, and the impact of spatial and geographical factors on electors' decisions. The neighborhood voting pattern is one of the diverse voting patterns that voters typically use to express their preferences for various candidates in accordance with their needs, convictions, and way of life. In accordance with this model, voters from a community who inhabit in a particular geographic location, such as a neighborhood, village, city, or province, identify with candidates who were born or now reside there and believe that the candidate from that particular area of their hometown, more aware of their challenges and issues then they support him more. This study aims to examine how neighborhood and tribe tendencies varied in the 11th Islamic Consultative Assembly term in the Boyer Ahmad Dana and Margun constituencies. GIS and EXCEL software were employed in the descriptive and analytical study method to better represent the problem. The research's conclusions lead to the neighborhood variable, hometown tendencies, and tribal tendencies are the most significant influencing factors on the voting pattern of the electoral candidates of the aforementioned constituency. On the other hand, it was discovered that the impact of the neighborhood is greater in some cities and districts (Boyrahmad and Dana) and less in some locations and spaces by examining the quantity and intensity of neighborhoods among clans and ethnic groups residing in the cities of the said constituency (Margun). These differences are brought about by how many people live in the cities indicated.

Election geography is a branch of political geography that examines the spatial dimensions of elections. One of the geographical dimensions of elections is the pattern of environmental and birth votes. Mamasani constituency, because it has a tribal and nomadic context, the voting pattern in this geographical area is influenced by ethnic and tribal groups, and therefore the main vote of candidates in geographical areas is attributed to their tribe and descent. Hence, the forthcoming research intends to examine and analyze the voting base of the candidates in the 11th round of the Islamic Consultative Assembly elections in Mamasani constituency? In examining the spatial distribution of votes, it seems that the votes were not uniformly distributed in all places and geographical spaces of Mamasani constituency, but the weight and concentration of votes in the spaces attributed to the districts and tribes that are the most populous population and the number of voters. Research method The present research has a descriptive and analytical nature and the method of collecting documentary and field information (observation). The results of the studies showed; The voting pattern in Mamasani constituency is influenced by local-spatial identities and tribalism, and this issue has caused the spatial distribution of votes is not homogeneous and the votes of electoral actors in the birthplace and territory of their tribe more than other places and settlements. Candidates whose place of birth does not have a sufficient population should not reach

Elections as a political act reflect a degree of political participation that every society and everyone in the society participates on the basis of their political understanding of the geographic environment to support, reform and change. Citizens' criteria for choosing are effective in the election results. Meanwhile, geographically effective factors in elections, such as place and neighborhood characteristics, are largely overlooked. Some researchers believe that one of the most important predictive factors in the election, especially in tribal cities, is the place and neighborhood characteristics; because these place features, over time, have strengthened segregation and selective behaviors in elections. Thus, urban geography can represent a new interpretation of the social and spatial divisions of the election; for this reason, in this study, the spatial factors that affect the electoral behaviors of citizens are evaluated and analyzed comprehensively, because this method can more clearly reflect the nature of spatial inequality of election participation. The city of Khorramabad faces the issue of the impact of tribal relations in the elections, which has brought about a kind of segregation in the city, dominated by "tribal neighborhoods". This spatial separation has influenced many of the political, economic, social and cultural affairs of the city. The effect of electing based on the emotions and traditions of the society, and tribalism in different periods, on urban management, decisions concerning development and future of Khorramabad is a matter of concern. In this research, we have compared two groups of neighborhoods through taking into account factors such as the effect of tribal neighborhoods and segregation, speciality and education level, campaign and eventually political party in Khorramabad. For this reason, two neighborhoods with tribal interests and tangible segregation were selected and compared with two neighborhoods lacking such a characteristic; to investigate whether the problem of ecological segregation (in the form of tribal neighborhoods) has strengthened the tribalism behavior in Khorramabad council elections? Another question is how the ecological segregation can affect the election issue (especially the election of the Khorramabad city council)?

The present study is an applied and descriptive-analytical research. Two methods of library and field studies have been used to collect data. Data collection tools include: questionnaire, general population and housing census results, related journals and articles. In this regard, after studying theoretical literature, the spatial and non-spatial indices affecting election behavior were extracted and a questionnaire was prepared for the residents of the above_mentioned neighborhoods; the statistical population of the study included all households in Khorramabad. The sample size via Cochran model was determined 383, and the questionnaires, in order to better compare the results, were distributed in at least four samples. Of these four samples, two samples came with stronger tribalism affiliations while two others had less stronger affiliations. In this research, the sampling unit is family. The sample was selected in a multi-stage cluster method. Meanwhile, division method (relative to population) was used in the sampling method. In order to analyze the data by using SPSS software, methods such as multivariate regression, one way ANOVA and T- test independent samples were used.

The results showed that more than 80% of residents of the two neighborhoods of Poshteh Hussein Abad and Dareh Garm have relatively similar tribal relations. These conditions have identified these neighborhoods as distinct neighborhoods with a degree of segregation. The results of the T-test indicated that the neighborhoods with high segregation (tribal) and non-tribal neighborhoods in most of the studied indicators (party and factional leaning of candidates, the degree of candidate's expertise, ecological segregation (Ethnic-neighborhood affiliation and tribal selection)) were different at 95% confidence level and the pattern of selection of these two groups of neighborhoods' residents was different. Only when it comes to the indicator of the impact of the candidate's campaign in the city, there is no difference between the surveyed neighborhoods. In the sample, the difference in the patterns of elections based on the place of residence is significant in Khorramabad.

The results of one-way ANOVA for comparing the indices affecting the citizens' electoral behaviors in all four neighborhoods showed that, at an error level of 0.05, the importance of two party and specialty indices in Motahari and Shirkhagah for residents is more than the two neighborhoods with high segregation level (Poshteh Hussein Abad and Dareh Garm). Tribal election and segregation with five indices (tribal affiliation, neighborhood maturity, neighborhood selection, social interactions, and neighborhood benefits) in neighborhoods with tribal interests is more than the two other neighborhoods. According to the step-by-step regression analysis, in neighborhoods with tribal affiliations, tribal campaign, neighborhood maturity, neighborhood selection and social interaction indicators were able to predict, in four steps, respectively, selection of tribe. So that these four factors could predict 51% of the tribal selectivity. In the meanwhile, only social interactions have not been able to predict tribal selectivity. It can be said that there is a relationship between the spatial dependencies of the place of residence and the voting pattern in the neighborhoods of Khorramabad. According to the results of this research, the effects of neighborhoods turns out to be effective in the model of elections in Khorramabad and they need to be dealt with more deeply, because these factors have created deep and permanent discrepancies in the election patterns of Khorramabad. However, so far, no previous study has analyzed the relationship between spatial and neighborhoods effects in Khorramabad elections. Based on the results of this study, electoral processes in geographical areas of Khorramabad due to social processes are different. However, the factor of place and the effects of neighborhoods in many neighborhoods of Khorramabad (especially neighborhoods with high segregation rates) have been effective on the formation and strengthening of electoral models of sustainability (in the form of tribal selection) and finally urban management through the effectiveness of the tribal electoral votes on city council elections.

The spatial boundaries are not just important in the macro and international levels, but also are significant at the local, regional and national levels. They are significant in areas such as Mamasani County in which the social structure has the tribal nature. The spatial-identity boundaries are appeared due to the dominant tribal atmosphere. On this basis, the areas of culture, society and politics are overshadowed. Tribalism and socio-political boundaries in these areas consolidate each other through factors such as identity, geographic space; the creation of symbols and values; the emphasis on the notions of onechr('39')s self and others; friendship, hostility and competition and the elections in local level (city council and village or parliament). This kind of solidarity plays an important role in stabilizing local- tribal and traditional political behavior on the one hand and perceptual and spatial boundaries on the other. This situation has consequences such as tribal divergence, cultural introspection and border demarcation. The current research is based on the question of what is the relationship between tribalism and socio-political boundaries in Mamasani. In explaining the research hypothesis, it seems that tribalism and socio-political boundaries mutually reinforce each other. The research is conducted using the descriptive-analytical method and the required data have been collected through library, documentary and field (observation) methods. The findings show that tribalism and socio-political boundaries had mutual effects on each other so that tribes were socialized and politicized during the reign of the Khans and after the fall of the Khans, tribal boundaries have also been influential in intensifying clannish attitudes.

IntroductionPolitical development, as an indicator, is a process of transition from underdevelopment to development which is also mentioned as democratization. Political participation and free choice based on meritocracy is an objective manifestation of the political development index. In addition to the national laws, the representative election by the local people, is affected by the local conditions, attitudes, and values which very remarkable in developing countries. Besides, tribal and sectarian identity is selected as one of the most important factors of choice. It should be noted that the relationship between the sponsor-pursuant in the third world and the developing countries is considered to be a major constraint of transition to democracy the typical example of which can be seen in systems based on solely tribalism and clan-oriented.Mostly in the Iranian local communities, political participation with ethnic biases orientation and weaknesses of various intensity are observed due to the historical, social, ethnic and tribal structure. In fact, geographical segments may be pointed to the tribes who are living in Nurabad Mamasani the dependence intensity of its roots and the social structures of which havebeen remained somewhat strong.
Theoretical FrameworkThe social structure of the Iranian tribes includes tribes, threatening, camping, and family. The tribe is one of the main basis of the social system of tribes. Essentially, the tribe is an Arabic term and is a social and political unit that is comprised of smaller components called race, descent or lineage, and family. The term trend, is mainly a way to stretch intellectually, emotionally, and mentally that is directly attributed to identity and epistemological issues that can be used to analyze the economic, political, social, and environmental protection. One of the most important functions in the social analysis, in particular tribe, is tribe. So, it can be said that the clan –orientation is defined as the person’s tendency to deem the best for their particular culture which is important regardless of belonging to a clan. The tribe structure , basically, is based on the organizational social model and the informal and the " Jamin shaft " and " Guzel shaft " of Ferdinand Toennies along with the traditional systems of Talcott Parsons. Jamin shaft is established as the traditional model based on kinship ties. Communities of Guzel shaft are characterized by bureaucratic organizations or the new industry. Kinship ties are irrelevant and relations between persons are characterized as formal having lack of emotions. According to Tönnies, the evolution trend of public is from Jamin Guzel shaft to the shaft.One of the latest attempts to classify the traditional and modern societies ' is Talcott Parson’s model variables of action recognitionscheme.
In Parsons traditional society, member’s relations are based on Kinship, informal relations, and Patriarchy. These features can be seen in a structure called the tribe oriented systems. Political development theorists have gained govermental power and efficiency as the most important factors in the political development. For example, Huntington(1927) argues that the strength increases in communities that have concentrated government. Pye(1921) see the increase of system’s capacity in responding to the needs and wants of the people due to the diversity of structures and structural specialization and knows the Increase of political participation necessary for political development. Regarding the elections and political development, it is important to note that although the election is one of the political development indicators, it is not the absolute component. Election is one transition from tradition to modernity to achieve power through peaceful, and legal channels.
Despite the increase in citizens political participation in a mechanism as elections the Sectarian tendencies in Nurabad Mamasani city led to a conflict between tribes, street violence, and ultimately a lack of social, political, and economic development of city which resulted in the citizens complaints to the authorities and representatives of the city.
MethodologyTo answer the research questions, analytical –descriptive methodology and the library resources and questionnaires were applied. Based on the research variables, a questionnaire form with 49 questions (five options) was developed. The key indicators of the questionnaire including the first indicator and the second indicator focus on the development of family-oriented politics. To analyze the data, we used the Spearman Correlation test and other descriptive methods by SPSS software.
Results and DiscussionSince the dominant model of political culture in Nurabad Mamasani has a clan-based function and a bulk of representative votes is a function of traditional rivalry between the tribes of Mamasani, and other overall process of democratization. So, the tribes of the city still retain many of its traditional elements and it’s residents set their social, economic, cultural, and political relations based on traditional elements. Accordingly, Nurabad mamasani can be called as a member of tribal towns. Kinship and a sense of belonging to a tribe which has great implications on the political behavior of the voters have caused the election campaign of Mamasani Nurabad town become a clan conflicts.
Conclusion and SuggestionsThe analysis of the results and the tables relating to different periods of parliamentary elections indicate that although the clan-oriented rate before and after the election is stagnated, however, at the election time it is increased to the extent that stress can kill the individuals of their tribe to victory such as the ninth round of parliamentary elections. In other words, we can say that between origins of the clan, tribe orientation is more preferred and can hardly be said that the clan-orientation research has played a significant role since the Islamic Consultative Assembly candidate in election, and the tribal orientations played a key role in the political underdevelopment of Nurabad Mamasani due to its incomplete transmission through the stages of political development including election which led to the philosophy of clan orientation.
Given that the clan orientation plays and important role in the politics of the underdeveloped parts, seven basic strategies will be provided to solve the crisis of clan orientation in Nurabad Mamasani city:• Forming unions of anti-clan orientation.
• Creating a balanced system through the control of tribal leaders by elites opposing the clan orientation.
• Advertising and notifying the Unions against the clan orientation toward reducing the mass emotion.
• Cohesion of candidate’s before the election for their comfort and health.
• Candidates note to meritocracy rather than democracy.
• Non fanatical behaviors of candidates toward citizens.
• Shifting the public opinion to the political and economic developments in other towns while trying for a union between the tribes.

A feature of the tribalandtribal communities and tribalstructure is usually "Khishavand gerayi". Heterogeneityin terms ofethnic groups, minorities and geographicaldiversity usually reduces thenational integration of thegovernment. The present research, aims to study the role ofclan-oriented traditions in the level of socialsecurity of the citizens. The methodology used inthis research is descriptive-analytica land practical-theoretical. The information was gathering by library research and field research; questionnaires were distributed and interviews were done with residents of Izeh. The population of thisresearch includes all citizens above15 in Izeh. A sample of 348 individualsis obtained through Cochran formula. And finally,the information was analyzed with thespss softwareusingPearson and Spearmantest. The results arepresentedin the tables. GIS software for map editing Helpingtake. Theresults show that52.6 percent ofparticipants were women and 45.1 percent ofparticipants were men. 36.5 percent were single and 50.9 percent were married. 55.2 percent of the citizens of Izeh contend that their sense of social insecurity has its roots in the tribal culture of Izeh. 40 percent of the citizens are prejudiced about their clan.43 percent of the citizens state that tribal conflicts are the source of their social insecurity.55.2 Environment tribe town, 43.0 Percentis viewedsense of insecuritycausedtribeclashes. 21.5 Percentthetribeconflictshave leftwhere you live.19.0 Percentat the timeclashes between tribesintown atmosphere do did not come and go. There is a significant direct relation between education, prejudiced opinions about ethnicity, and sense of social insecurity. And, there is negative significant relation between having tribal prejudices and feeling socially insecure.

Rural tendency toward continual participation of rural settlers in social, economic and political activities is being considered as one of the most prominent factor in rural development. However, it is being argued that political participation of people namely rural settlers does not necessarily lead to high level of awareness and overall and comprehensive social and economic development of subsistence communities.Rather,it may provide the ground for demanding their economic and service share and subsequent struggles and internal disputes. In Mamasani region located in Fars province,criteria with regard to peoples participation is not based on an open society rather, political participation principle follows the tribal expectation. This study aims to analyze the political participation trend of the rural settlers taking into account their tribal identity, in provision of economic and social services in rural communities. As such, 90 rural households extracted out of 4 villages with population over 1000 as sample. This paper considered the level of rural participation in national election as well as the determination of relationship between tribal identities of the house of representative with level of provided services in their rural communities. This study suggests that people who took part in election voted for nominees who have high tribal identity. Moreover, provision of services and welfare in villages is highly associated with representative’s identity and his tribal affiliation.