فهرست مطالب

پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی - پیاپی 112 (تابستان 1399)

فصلنامه پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی
پیاپی 112 (تابستان 1399)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1399/05/15
  • تعداد عناوین: 20
|
  • ابوالفضل مشکینی*، سمیه علی پور، مریم حاجی زاده صفحات 385-400

    شهر خلاق شهری است با جایگاهی برای خلاقیت‏های هنری، نوآوری علمی و فناورانه و صدای فرهنگ‏های رو به رشد شهری. چنین شهری با قابلیت استفاده از خلاقیت در عرصه‏ های عمومی و خصوصی‏؛ ایده‏ های ممکن و راه ‏حل‏های بالقوه را برای حل همه مشکلات شهرهای پیچیده امروزی به همراه دارد.شهرها مکانی برای شکوفایی خلاقیت‏ اند. خلاقیت در شهرها معمولا به اندیشه ‏های مرتبط با فرهنگ، هنر، دانش، و یادگیری اطلاق می‏شود. هدف از این تحقیق ارزیابی و سنجش وضعیت خلاقیت شهری و پراکنش شاخص‏های خلاقیت در سطح مناطق شهر کرج است. نوع تحقیق کاربردی و روش آن نیز توصیفی‏- تحلیلی است. داده ‏های مورداستفاده با توجه به شاخص‏های موردنظر شهر خلاق به ‏صورت پیمایشی از سازمان‏های مرتبط جمع‏ آوری شده است. جامعه آماری موردبررسی یازده منطقه از بین دوازده منطقه شهر کرج است. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‏ ها با بهره ‏گیری از فرایند مدل‏های تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره Tapsisو Anp  بوده سپس نتایج حاصله به سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) منتقل شده و خروجی ها در قالب نقشه به نمایش پراکندگی شاخص‏ها در سطح مناطق پرداخته است. یافته ‏ها نشان می‏دهد مناطق شهر در حال حرکت به سوی خلاقیت و شکوفایی‏ اند. البته، با اندکی تفاوت میان مناطق و در بین آن‏ها منطقه 5 با میزان 56/0 رتبه 1 و منطقه 11 با میزان 11/0 پایین‏ترین رتبه را به خود اختصاص داده‏اند. در دسته ‏بندی میزان برخورداری شاخص‏های خلاقیت نیز منطقه 5 برخوردار، منطقه 9 نیمه ‏برخوردار، و منطقه 11 محروم است.

    کلیدواژگان: خلاقیت، شهر خلاق، شهر کرج، مدل TAPSIS
  • وحید ریاحی، میثم طولابی نژاد، مهرشاد طولابی نژاد* صفحات 401-418

    برای کاهش اثرهای جانی و مالی مخاطره سیل، قابلیت تخلیه سریع و با سرعت بالا قبل یا در طی وقوع سیل برای امنیت عمومی خانوارهای روستایی بسیار مهم است. بنابراین، در پژوهش حاضر به بررسی عوامل موثر بر قابلیت تخلیه اضطراری روستاهای کوهستانی در مقابل خطر سیل پرداخته شد. تحقیق حاضر از نظر هدف کاربردی و روش اجرای آن توصیفی- تحلیلی است. ابزار گردآوری داده‏ها و اطلاعات پرسش‏نامه و مصاحبه با مردم محلی است. جامعه آماری شامل خانوارهای روستایی در معرض خطر سیل در روستاهای شهرستان پل‏ دختر است (5392=n). با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و به روش نمونه‏ گیری سهمیه‏ ای 360 خانوار به‏ عنوان نمونه انتخاب شد. انتخاب 60 روستای مورد مطالعه نیز به‏ صورت هدفمند بوده است. برای تجزیه‏ و تحلیل داده‏ ها و رسیدن به پرسش‏های پژوهش، از آزمون‏های t تک ‏نمونه‏ای، کای‏اس کویر، و مدل لجستیک باینری استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد از بین 35 متغیر موردنظر تحقیق، 14 متغیر به‏ طور قابل توجهی ارتباط معنی‏ داری با قابلیت تخلیه اضطراری در زمان وقوع سیل در بین خانوارهای روستایی شهرستان پل‏دختر داشته‏ اند. عوامل شخصی، زیربنایی، و ساختاری- نهادی مهم‏ترین عوامل در این زمینه بوده ‏اند. براساس نتایج، پیشنهادهایی برای بهبود قابلیت تخلیه اضطراری برای خانوارهای روستایی در معرض وقوع خطر سیل ارایه شد. از نتایج این مطالعه می‏توان برای بهبود قابلیت تخلیه اضطراری خانوارهای روستایی در معرض مخاطره سیل در کشور و کاهش خطرهای ناشی از سیل استفاده کرد.

    کلیدواژگان: آمادگی در برابر مخاطرات، تخلیه اضطراری، سیل، شهرستان پل‏دختر، مدل لجستیک
  • کیان کریمیان، عباس امینی*، محسن باقری بداغ آبادی، حمید قیومی محمدی صفحات 419-436

    هدف اصلی از این تحقیق پایش تغییرات کاربری اراضی دشت خان‏میرزا با استفاده از الگوریتم ‏های مختلف است که از تصاویر ماهواره لندست 5، 7، و 8 و سنجنده ‏های TM، ETM، و OLI برای سه دوره 1996، 2006، و 2016 استخراج شد و نقشه کاربری اراضی دشت با استفاده از چهار الگوریتم حداکثر احتمال، شبکه عصبی مصنوعی، حداقل فاصله، و فاصله ماهالانویی با استفاده از ضریب کاپا ارزیابی شد. نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی دقت این دو روش با استفاده از تعیین ضریب کاپا نشان داد الگوریتم شبکه عصبی مصنوعی نسبت به الگوریتم حداکثر احتمال با ضریب از دقت بیشتری برخوردار است. همچنین، دو الگوریتم شبکه عصبی مصنوعی و حداکثر احتمال با دقت کلی 29/90 و 79/86 در شش کلاس کاربری (کشاورزی، مرتع، مسکونی، اراضی سنگی و لخت، باغ، و اراضی پست نم‏دار) طبقه‏ بندی شد. تجزیه‏ و تحلیل حاصل از تغییرات نشان داد کاربری‏های کشاورزی و مسکونی روند افزایشی داشته ‏اند؛ به‏ طوری‏که میزان این افزایش به ‏ترتیب برابر با 5/62 و 5/3 درصد بوده است و از اراضی پست نم‏دار، مراتع، و اراضی سنگی و لخت کاسته است. بیشترین تغییر کاربری‏ها مربوط به تبدیل کاربری اراضی سنگی و لخت به کاربری کشاورزی است که 1673 هکتار از اراضی سنگی و لخت در سال 2006 به اراضی کشاورزی در سال 2016 تبدیل‏ شده است. از دیگر تغییر کاربری‏های مشهود در منطقه تغییر کاربری اراضی سنگی و لخت و مراتع به اراضی مسکونی است؛ به ‏طوری‏که 7/65 هکتار از اراضی سنگی و لخت و 8/40 هکتار از اراضی مرتع به کاربری مسکونی تبدیل ‏شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: تصاویر ماهواره‏ای، تغییرات کاربری اراضی، دشت خان‏میرزا، لندست
  • سمیه محمدی حمیدی، حسین نظم فر*، مجید اکبری صفحات 437-455

    فضای سبز نماینده طبیعت در شهر است و به‏ عنوان جزء ضروری و لاینفک پیکره یگانه شهرها در متابولیسم آن‏ها نقش اساسی را داراست و کمبود آن می‏تواند اختلالات جدی در حیات شهرها به‏ وجود آورد. با توجه به اهمیت فضای سبز در زندگی شهری امروزی، هدف از تحقیق حاضر بررسی کمی فضاهای سبز در مناطق 22گانه کلا‏ن‏شهر تهران است. نوع تحقیق کاربردی و روش آن توصیفی‏- تحلیلی است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده ‏ها و اطلاعات از مدل کوپراس و روش‏های خودهمبستگی فضایی در Arc Gis استفاده شده است. یافته‏ های حاصل از تحلیل کوپراس نشان می‏هد مناطق 12، 3، و 16 به‏ ترتیب با بیشترین امتیاز در جایگاه نخست و در مقابل مناطق 20، 14، و 13 با وضعیتی نامناسب‏تر در جایگاه آخر قرار گرفته‏ اند. مقدار شاخص موران نیز 142/0 به‏ دست آمده است که با توجه به نزدیکی به منفی یک نشان می‏دهد نحوه توزیع فضاهای سبز شهری به صورت تصادفی و بدون برنامه‏ ریزی است. همچنین، نتایج k ریپلی نیز نشان داد فضاهای سبز شهری در سطح مناطق به‏ صورت پراکنده توزیع شده و با افزایش فاصله بین فضاهای سبز شهری به‏ صورت خوشه‏ ای نزدیک‏تر شده است. درمجموع، وضعیت شاخص‏ها و سرانه فضای سبز شهری در مناطق 22‏ گانه در وضعیت مطلوبی قرار ندارد. با این‏ حال، با مقایسه‏ ای که انجام گرفته است برخی مناطق وضعیت بهتری نسبت به دیگر مناطق داشته‏ اند.

    کلیدواژگان: تابع k ریپلی، تحلیل خودهمبستگی فضایی، تهران، فضای سبز، مدل کوپراس
  • حمیدرضا دانش پور*، نوید سعیدی رضوانی، محمد رضا بذرگر صفحات 457-476

    ابتکار عمل شکوفایی شهری در سال 2012 توسط سازمان ملل با شش متغیر‏ بهره‏ وری، پایداری زیست‏ محیطی، عدالت و مشارکت اجتماعی، کیفیت زندگی، توسعه زیرساخت، و حکمرانی و قانون ‏گذاری شهری‏ معرفی شد. از طرف دیگر، مفهوم دسترسی از سوی بیشتر نظریه پردازان برنامه ‏ریزی شهری به‏ صورت یک معیار مهم در ارتقای کیفیت زندگی شهری مطرح شده است. این پژوهش از نوع کاربردی و هدف اصلی آن ارزیابی تاثیرات شاخص دسترسی در بهبود شاخص شکوفایی شهری به‏ منظور بهبود و کاراترکردن این شاخص جهانی است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کلیه شهروندان مناطق یازده‏ گانه شهر شیراز است که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران (2007) حجم نمونه موردنیاز 384 نفر تعیین شد. برای اطمینان بیشتر، 10درصد به حجم نمونه مورد نیاز اضافه شد و نهایتا 421 نفر از شهروندان پرسش‏نامه را تکمیل کردند. برای تحلیل داده ‏ها و سنجش شاخص‏های شکوفایی شهری و دسترسی در محدوده مورد مطالعه، از روش تحلیل عاملی تاییدی با استفاده از نرم ‏افزارهای مدل‏یابی معادلات ساختاری، نظیر AMOS و LISREL، استفاده شده است. بررسی ارتباط بین شاخص‏های دسترسی با شکوفایی شهری حاکی از آن بود که اغلب شاخص‏های دسترسی رابطه‏ ای قوی با شکوفایی شهری دارند و می‏توان شاخص دسترسی را بخشی از سازه شکوفایی مد نظر قرار داد. به عبارت دیگر، شاخص‏ دسترسی بار عاملی قابل قبولی بر روی سازه شکوفایی شهری دارد و موجب بهبود شاخص‏های برازش مدل شکوفایی شهری و درنتیجه آن اثربخشی بیشتر تحلیل‏ها و ارزیابی‏ های شکوفایی شهری می‏شود.

    کلیدواژگان: تکنیک تحلیل عاملی تاییدی، دسترسی، شکوفایی شهری، شهر شیراز
  • احسان یاری* صفحات 477-499

    بروز بحران اوکراین، به‏ عنوان یکی از مهم‏ترین مناقشات قرن بیست‏ و ‏یکم، روسیه را در مقابل غرب قرار داده و به یکی از بحث‏ برانگیزترین مسایل در عرصه بین‏الملل تبدیل شده است. روی کار آمدن غرب‏گرایان در انتخابات 2004 در اوکراین و اتفاقات متعاقب آن موجب گسترش تنش در روابط غرب و روسیه شد. تشدید این تنش‏ها باعث شد روسیه نسبت به منافع سنتی خود در اوکراین احساس خطر کند و در پی تشدید بحران، روسیه شبه‏جزیره کریمه را به خود الحاق کرد. الحاق شبه‏ جزیره کریمه توسط روسیه با واکنش تند غرب و اروپا مواجه شد و تحریم ‏های سخت و گسترده‏ای علیه روسیه اعمال شد. این مقاله در پی پاسخ به این پرسش اساسی است که روسیه از الحاق کریمه چه منافعی عایدش می‏شود که حاضر به تحمل تحریم‏ های شدید غرب و اروپا شده است؟ و اینکه چه عامل یا عوامل ژیوپلیتیکی باعث تصمیم و حرکت روسیه مبنی بر الحاق شبه‏جزیره کریمه به این کشور شد و چه اهداف ژیوپلیتیکی را از این تصمیم و اقدام مدنظر داشته است. استدلال اصلی این مقاله آن است که روسیه به ‏دلیل ناتوانی تثبیت قدرت خود در اوکراین و حفظ منافع حداکثری‏اش و احساس خطری که به از دست دادن منافعش در این کشور می‏کرد، در راستای حفظ منافع خود در اوکراین شبه‏ جزیره کریمه را، که دارای موقعیت ژیوپلیتیکی منحصربه‏ فرد در اوکراین است و می‏تواند منافع ژیواستراتژیکی، ژیواکونومیکی، و ژیوکالچری مورد نظر روسیه در اوکراین را تا حد قابل توجهی تامین نماید، به خود الحاق کرد. روش پژوهش در این مقاله تحلیلی-تبیینی است.در این پژوهش با بهره‏ گیری از منابع کتابخانه ای و اینترنتی و با رویکردی ژیوپلیتیکی و با تلفیق نظریات ژیوپلیتیک سنتی و جدید به بررسی مسئله پژوهش پرداخته شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: اتحادیه اروپا، اوکراین، پوتین، روسیه، ژئوپلیتیک، کریمه
  • مهدی حسام*، سعید نگهبان صفحات 501-514

    چگونگی مدیریت منابع آب در حوزه کشاورزی در ایران مسئله ‏ای است که باید با مشارکت کشاورزان و بهره ‏برداران آب تصمیم ‏گیری شود. در این راستا، تحلیل روابط بین ذی‏نفعان و شناسایی کنشگران یا افراد کلیدی در بین بهره ‏برداران منابع آب، به‏ عنوان بازوی مدیریت مشارکتی، به‏ خصوص در جاهایی که منابع آب به‏ صورت مشاع بهره ‏برداری می‏شود، می‏تواند نقش مهمی در موفقیت طرح‏های مدیریت مشارکتی و بهینه آب داشته باشد. در این پژوهش سعی شده به تحلیل روابط در بین بهره ‏برداران آب کشاورزی با استفاده از رویکرد تحلیل شبکه در محدوده نخلستان‏ های بخش شرقی شهر فدامی واقع در شهرستان داراب (استان فارس) پرداخته شود. بدین صورت که ابتدا بهره‏برداران براساس ویژگی‏های اقتصادی، سن، و مالکیت تقسیم‏بندی شدند و سپس با مدل تحلیل شبکه روابط و شاخص‏های مختلف بررسی شد. نتایج نشان می‏دهد تقریبا 51/54 درصد از بهره ‏برداران از منابع آب منطقه مورد مطالعه با دیگران روابط اجتماعی داشته ‏اند. همچنین،به ‏صورت تفضیلی، برخی بهره ‏برداران بیشترین ارتباط با دیگران یا «خروجی» را در بین بهره ‏برداران دارندکه این وضعیت موقعیت آن‏ها را در شبکه در وضعیت اقتدار قرار داده است. یافته‏ های این تحقیق در تشخیص کنشگران با موقعیت مرکزی، که نقشی کلیدی در برنامه عمل مدیریت بهینه منابع آب منطقه مورد مطالعه ایفا می‏کند، موثر خواهد بود.

    کلیدواژگان: بهره ‏برداران آب، تحلیل شبکه، روابط اجتماعی، فدامی، مدیریت بهینه
  • نرجس بختیاری، یعقوب زنگنه*، مسعود تقوایی، مهدی زنگنه صفحات 515-531

    این تحقیق با هدف بررسی الگوی فضایی مصرف آب خانگی در مناطق مختلف اصفهان و تحلیل عوامل اجتماعی و فرهنگی موثر بر آن انجام گرفته است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش توصیفی‏- تحلیلی است. داده ‏ها به دو روش اسنادی و پیمایشی گردآوری شده و با استفاده از روش‏های آمار توصیفی و استنباطی از قبیل همبستگی و رگرسیون چندمتغیره و تحلیل مسیر و با به‏ کارگیری نرم ‏افزار Spss تجزیه و تحلیل شده است. همچنین، برای نشان‏ دادن توزیع گروه‏ های مختلف مقدار مصرف آب خانواده روی نقشه از مدل تحلیل خوشه‏ای به روش آنالیز مکانی نقاط داغ در نرم ‏افزار GIS استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‏دهد که میانگین مصرف آب خانوارها در منطقه 2 آبفا به‏ طور معناداری بیشتر از سایر مناطق است. نتایج تحلیل حاکی از آن است که پنج متغیر‏ درآمد ماهیانه خانوار، تعداد واحد مسکونی، عمر ساختمان، تعداد اعضای خانوار، و احساس وظیفه در صرفه‏ جویی در مصرف‏ به ‏طور مستقیم در مصرف آب خانوار تاثیر داشته است. علاوه بر این،شش متغیر‏ نوع مالکیت مسکونی، تحصیلات سرپرست خانوار، سن سرپرست خانوار، نوع واحد مسکونی، مدت سکونت در واحد مسکونی، و مساحت زیربنای واحد مسکونی‏ به ‏طور غیرمستقیم در میزان مصرف آب خانوار تاثیرگذار بوده‏اند. بر همین اساس،برای مدیریت تقاضای مصرف آب خانگی بر توجه به اقدامات فرهنگی در رابطه با ارتقای سطح آگاهی مصرف‏ کنندگان درمورد درک اهمیت مسئله کمبود آب و آموزش و اجرای روش‏های بهینه مصرف آب خانگی توصیه شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: اصفهان، مصرف آب خانگی، مصرف آب شهری، مدیریت مصرف آب شهری
  • سیدمحسن علوی*، محمد مسعود، اسدالله کریمی صفحات 533-550

    افزایش روزافزون وابستگی جوامع شهری به زیرساخت‏ها، به‏ ویژه سیستم آب‏رسانی، اهمیت تاب‏آوری این زیرساخت را در هنگام بروز سوانح طبیعی، از جمله زلزله، بیش از پیش نمایان می‏‏کند. تاب‏ آوری سیستم آب‏رسانی با شاخص‏های بازیابی عملکرد، افزایش روند خدمات ‏رسانی به جمعیت هدف، و افزایش ایستایی تحلیل می‏شود. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی استکه با استفاده از روش توصیفی‏- تحلیلی، با هدف ارزیابی زمان بازیابی عملکرد زیرساخت ‏های خطوط آب‏رسانی در برابر زلزله در راستای افزایش تاب‏ آوری آن در منطقه 2 شهر تهران و ارایه راهکارهای کاهش زمان بازیابی و افزایش نرخ خدمات‏رسانی انجام شده است. در این پژوهش، نخست با استفاده از روش تحلیل خطر احتمالاتی، شاخص‏های لرزه‏ای همانند بیشینه شتاب زمین محاسبه شد. پس از تعیین میزان خسارات در خطوط سیستم به تحلیل زمان بازیابی عملکرد براساس سه سناریو مطابق با شاخص‏های مطالعاتی اقدام شد. نتایج نشان می‏دهد که زمان تعمیر و بازیابی خسارات ناشی از زلزله محتمل 56/267 روز تیم ‏طول خواهد کشید که زمان تعمیر شکست‏ها 198/89 روز و زمان موردنیاز برای تعمیر نشت‏های خطوط 397/178 روز تیم است. نتایج حاکی از آن است که نرخ خدمات‏ رسانی بلافاصله پس از وقوع زلزله 72درصد خواهد بود. براساس نرخ خدمات‏ رسانی و میزان آسیب وارده به سیستم، سه سناریو بررسی شد که با تعیین متغیر منابع عملیاتی، زمان بازیابی به ‏عنوان شاخص تاب ‏آوری تحلیل شد.

    کلیدواژگان: بازیابی عملکرد، تاب‏آوری، زلزله، زیرساخت آب، منطقه 2 شهر تهران
  • جواد شکاری نیری*، حسین سلطان زاده صفحات 551-568

    ایران، به‏لحاظ جغرافیایی، دریکی از نقاط مهم ارتباطی بین شرق و غرب قرار دارد. سکونت و استقرار در چنین موقعیتی، همواره، حملات پی‏درپی اقوام مختلف را همراه داشته است. ساکنان این سرزمین همیشه به اتخاذ تدابیری لازم برای تاب‏آوری در برابر امواج تهدیدات مختلف اقدام کرده ‏اند. مردم ایران زمین سکونتگاه ‏ها و شهرهای زیرزمینی را، که معمولا ماهیت مخفی دارند، بیشتر مواقع، زیر یا کنار شهرها یا سکونتگاه‏ های متعارف ایجاد می‏کردند تا در مواقع خطر به داخل آن‏ها پناه ببرند. هدف از اجرای این پژوهش بررسی نقش تهدیدات و موقعیت جغرافیایی در چگونگی شکل‏ گیری شهرهای زیرزمینی در ایران است. پرسش تحقیق این است که نقش جغرافیا و اقدامات دفاعی در چگونگی شکل‏ گیری سکونتگاه‏ های زیرزمینی در ایران چه بوده است؟ از روش تحقیق توصیفی‏- تحلیلی، پیمایشی، و روش تجزیه و تحلیل مقایسه‏ای و تطبیقی برای دسته‏بندی و تحلیل داده‏ها استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیقات میدانی و بررسی‏ های اسنادی نشان می‏دهد موقعیت جغرافیایی و الزام‏های دفاعی از مهم‏ترین عوامل شکل‏ گیری بسیاری از این سکونتگاه‏ هاست.یکی از نمونه‏ های بارز در این مورد شهر زیرزمینی گلستان در اطراف نیر اردبیل است. این شهر زیرزمینی همانند«درینکویو»در محیطی واقع است که چندین سکونتگاه یا روستای زیرزمینی صخره‏ای پیرامون آن قرار دارد و ماهیت متفاوتی با روستاهایی مثل میمند و کندوان دارند و فقط از فاصله بسیار نزدیک قابل تشخیص ‏اند.

    کلیدواژگان: دفاع غیرعامل، سکونتگاه زیرزمینی، شهر زیرزمینی درینکویو، گلستان نیر، فضاهای مخفی
  • سید مجتبی میرحسینی، مجتبی انصاری*، محمدرضا بمانیان صفحات 569-588

    طبیعت طی میلیاردها سال به سعی و خطا پرداخته و در این مدت فقط کارآمدترین ساختارهای طبیعی باقی مانده ‏اند که می‏توانند با واسطه علم بیونیک منبع الهام انسان و راه‏ گشای چالش‏های انسانی باشند. از طرفی، سکونتگاه‏ های انسانی، به‏ عنوان مهم‏ترین و عمده‏ترین بخش از زیستگاه ‏های انسانی، با وجود فناوری‏های پیشرفته، در مقایسه با گذشته کیفیت مطلوبی ندارند. از این رو، پرسش اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که معیارهای حیات بر مبنای اصول علم بیونیک به‏ منظور استفاده در برنامه‏ ریزی و طراحی سکونتگاه ‏های انسانی چیست؟ برای پاسخ به این پرسش ضروری است اصول علم بیونیک شناخته شود تا بتوان با نگاه عمیق‏تر در سیستم‏های زنده کیفیات ویژه و حیات را به سکونتگاه ‏های انسانی بازگرداند. پژوهش حاضر براساس هدف بنیادی است که به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به انجام رسیده ‏است. در بخش اول نظریه ‏های پایه به روش کتابخانه‏ ای جمع‏ آوری و متناسب با هدف و در جهت شکل‏ گیری چارچوب نظری پژوهش به روش استدلال منطقی تجزیه و تحلیل شده‏ است. در ادامه، با استفاده از روش دلفی و طی سه راند پیمایشی متوالی معیارهای حیات جمع ‏آوری، دسته ‏بندی، تعدیل، تلخیص، رتبه ‏بندی، و عرضه شده‏ اند. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‏دهد حیات کیفیت ویژه‏ای از طبیعت است که هم به جاندار هم بی‏جان اطلاق می‏شود و دارای مراتب و ترازهای مختلف و قابل اندازه‏ گیری است. معیارهای حیات در قالب چهار معیار اصلی (مجموعیت، تکامل، سازگاری، بهینه‏ سازی)، یک معیار بنیادی (نظم)، و دو معیار مکمل (نفوذپذیری و مرکز نیرومند) عرضه شده‏اند که حیات‏بخشی به سکونتگاه‏ های انسانی فقط در پرتو توجه به همه معیارها محقق می‏شود.

    کلیدواژگان: بیونیک، حیات، سکونتگاه‏های انسانی، طبیعت، مجموعیت
  • محمدرحیم رهنما، سید مصطفی حسینی، سمیه محمدی حمیدی* صفحات 589-611

    امروزه، گسترش و توسعه سریع شهرنشینی همراه افزایش انواع آلودگی ‏های محیطی، تخریب چرخه‏های زیستی، استفاده نادرست از زمین و ایجاد ساختارهای نامناسب در عرصه ‏های مختلف زندگی موجب شده است تا توجه به شهر هوشمند به ‏عنوان راهکاری بی‏بدیل در جهت حل معضلات شهری مورد توجه ویژه مدیران و برنامه ‏ریزان قرار گیرد. لذا، در این پژوهش به سنجش و ارزیابی وضعیت شاخص‏های شهر هوشمند در شهر اهواز، که یکی از کلان‏ شهرهای ایران است، پرداخته شده است. نوع تحقیق کاربردی و روش آن نیز توصیفی‏ تحلیلی است و جامعه آماری آن 1095389 نفر ساکن در شهر اهواز و تعداد 384 نمونه است که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران برآورد شده است. شاخص‏‏های مورد مطالعه ابتدا با استفاده از مطالعات کتابخانه ‏ای شناسایی و تعریف عملیاتی شد. سپس، از طریق روش میدانی و ابزار پرسش‏نامه اطلاعات مورد نیاز از محدوده مورد مطالعه به روش نمونه‏ گیری تصادفی ساده جمع ‏آوری شد. در مرحله بعد، با استفاده از مدل تصمیم‏گیری چندمعیاره (PROMETHEE-GIGA) و نرم ‏افزار PROMETHEE مناطق هفت گانه کلان‏شهر اهواز از نظر شاخص‏های شهر هوشمند اولویت ‏بندی شد. سپس، با استفاده از روش تحلیل خوشه ‏ای در نرم ‏افزار SPSS مناطق مورد مطالعه از نظر برخورداری از شاخص‏های شهر هوشمند در سه سطح سطح ‏بندی شد. یافته‏ ها نشان می‏دهد شاخص تحرک و پویایی هوشمند با وزن 346/0 بیشترین اهمیت و شاخص شهروند هوشمند با وزن 0108/0کمترین اهمیت را در بین شاخص‏های شهر هوشمند دارد. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد مناطق سه و دو مطلوب‏ترین شرایط و منطقه یک و پنج نامطلوب‏ترین شرایط را از نظر شاخص‏های شهر هوشمند دارا هستند.

    کلیدواژگان: تحلیل خوشه ‏ای، تصمیم‏گیری چندمعیاره، شهر هوشمند، کلان‏شهر اهواز، PROMETHEE- GIGA
  • محسن بیوک*، محمد اکرمی نیا صفحات 613-637

    بحران ژیوپلیتیکی کردستان عراق با اعلام همه ‏پرسی استقلال در سوم مهر 1396 شکل گرفته است. مدل ژیوپلیتیکی مایکل برچر درباره مراحل و عوامل زمینه ‏ساز بحران‏های ژیوپلیتیکی است و در این مقاله مراحل و عوامل زمینه‏ ساز شکل‏ گیری بحران کردستان عراق براساس مدل یادشده بررسی و واکاوی شده است. بنابراین، هدف از این مقاله شناخت و تبیین مراحل و عوامل شکل‏ گیری بحران کردستان عراق براساس مدل مایکل برچر است. فرضیه تحقیق این است که مراحل بحران عبارت ‏اند از: پیدایش، گسترش، کاهش. و تاثیرات بحران و عوامل زمینه‏ سازی بحران عبارت‏اند از: جغرافیا، وضعیت منازعه، عمر بازیگر بحران، نظام سیاسی، سطح نظام بین ‏الملل، قطب ‏بندی، و مداخله قدرت‏های منطقه‏ ای و فرامنطقه ‏ای.پژوهش از نوع نظری است و با استفاده از روش توصیفی انجام شده است. ابزار گردآوری داده ‏ها اسناد و مدارک است و داده‏ های گرد‏آوری‏ شده به روش تحلیل محتوا تجزیه و تحلیل شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‏دهد مراحل شکل‏ گیری بحران کردستان عراق عبارت‏اند از: سقوط صدام و شکل‏ گیری حکومت فدرال در کردستان؛ حمله داعش به سوریه و عراق و تقویت ناسیونالیسم کردی و استقلال‏ طلبی؛ تسلط پیش‏ مرگه ‏ها بر مناطقی از کرکوک، نینوا، و دیالی؛ حمله ارتش عراق و نیروهای حشدالشعبی به کرکوک و عقب‏ نشینی نیروهای پیش ‏مرگه از کرکوک. عوامل زمینه ‏ساز بحران عبارت‏اند از: برجستگی جغرافیایی‏- راهبردی منطقه کردستان به‏ ویژه منطقه کرکوک؛ تقارن منافع ایران و ترکیه در سطح بالا و مخالفت بسیار شدید و همراه با تهدید این دو کشور با همه ‏پرسی و همراهی ‏نکردن ایالات متحده واتحادیه اروپا با همه ‏پرسی.

    کلیدواژگان: بحران، ژئوپلیتیک، کردستان، عراق، مدل مایکل برچر
  • حسن حکمت نیا* صفحات 639-656

    هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی نقش مشارکت مردمی در به‏سازی بافت فرسوده محله فهادان شهر یزد است و در چارچوب کلی تحقیقات پیمایشی انجام شده است. جامعه آماری مورد نظر این پژوهش شامل ساکنان حوزه پژوهش مورد نظر برابر 3700 خانوار است که به روش نمونه‏ گیری تصادفی و با استفاده از فرمول کوکران درمجموع 348 نفر از شهروندان مطالعه شده ‏اند. به‏ منظور تشخیص پایایی پرسش‏نامه، ‏از روش آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شده است (851/0 برای پرسش‏نامه شهروندان). همچنین، روایی محتوایی پرسش‏نامه نیز با نظرخواهی از کارشناسان متخصص در این حوزه تایید شده است. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‏ ها با استفاده از نرم‏ افزار SPSS انجام گرفته است. در بخش آمار استنباطی از آزمون همبستگی اسپیرمن و رگرسیون چندگانه استفاده شد. نتایج آزمون اسپیرمن نشان داد متغیرهای اعتماد ساکنان محله به مسیولان از طریق دریافت پیشنهادها و آرا، موضع مناسب کارکنان و مدیران در قبال ساکنان، و افزایش انگیزه از طریق ارایه تسهیلات بانکی ویژه دارای بالاترین ضریب همبستگی معنی‏ دار و مثبت بود. و متغیرهای پرداخت همه هزینه‏ های به‏ سازی توسط ساکنان محله مورد نظر دارای بالاترین ضریب همبستگی معنی‏ دار و منفی با متغیر وابسته را دارا بوده ‏اند. همچنین، نتایج رگرسیون چندگانه نشان داد متغیر اعتماد ساکنان محله به مسیولان از طریق دریافت پیشنهادها و آرا (397/0 = Beta) و پرداخت همه هزینه‏ های به‏سازی توسط ساکنان محله مورد نظر (364/0- = Beta) نسبت به سایر متغیرهای مستقل به ‏ترتیب بیشترین تاثیر مثبت و منفی را در پیش‏بینی متغیر وابسته (سطح مشارکت مردمی برای سامان‏دهی و نوسازی بافت فرسوده محله فهادان) دارد.

    کلیدواژگان: بافت فرسوده، به‏سازی، شهر یزد، محله فهادان، مشارکت
  • علی زنگی آبادی، حسین حسینی خواه*، محمدرضا قاسمی صفحات 657-674

    هدف از پژوهش حاضر برنامه ‏ریزی توسعه منطقه ‏ای استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد بر پایه روش آینده‏ پژوهی تحلیل اثرهای متقاطع و سناریونویسی سایب است. برای تجزیه‏ و تحلیل داده ‏ها از نرم‏ افزارهای آینده ‏پژوهی Micmac  و سناریونویسی Scenario Wizard مبتنی بر روش طوفان فکری و انگیزش ذهنی استفاده‏ شده است. نتایج حاصل از پژوهش نشان ‏داد نه پیشران کلیدی ازجمله سرمایه‏ گذاری، گردشگری، استفاده از نیروهای متخصص و خبره، منابع آب، شبکه راه ‏ها، امنیت سرمایه‏ گذاری، محصولات زراعی و کشاورزی، زیربناهای روستایی،و اشتغال از میان 32 عامل شناسایی‏شده بیشترین تاثیر را در رشد و توسعه آینده استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد دارد. همچنین، شاخص تحقیق و توسعه، به‏ عنوان عامل تنظیم ‏کننده،از میان عوامل تاثیرگذار و تاثیرپذیر رشد و توسعه استان درنظر گرفته شد. همچنین، برای ترسیم چشم‏انداز توسعه منطقه ‏ای استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، پیشران‏ های کلیدی به‏‏ عنوان عوامل پایه و اصلی در سناریونویسی در ادامه استفاده شدند. درواقع،مجموعه وضعیت‏ های محتمل این عوامل به‏ شکلی شفاف راهبردها و استراتژی‏های کلیدی و سیاست‏ گذاری را برای مدیران معین می‏کند. درنهایت، با تدوین 112 وضعیت، 14 سناریو برای توسعه آینده استان درنظر گرفته شد که 5/12 درصد از وضعیت ‏ها دارای حالت بحرانی‏اند، 75/18درصد در حالت ایستا و75/68درصد در شرایط مطلوب‏ اند. همچنین، نتایج پژوهش نشان داد مطلوب‏ ترین سناریو برای توسعه آینده استان مبتنی بر استفاده از نخبگان و متخصصان داخل استان، رشد گردشگری طبیعی، توسعه حمل‏ و نقل ریلی، توجه به اشتغال‏ زایی، توسعه زیربناهای روستایی و مشوق ‏های سرمایه‏ گذاری و امنیت، توسعه محصولات باغی، و درنهایت مدیریت بهینه و پایدار آب است.

    کلیدواژگان: آینده ‏نگاری، استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد، توسعه منطقه ‏ای، سناریونگاری
  • علی امیری*، ماندانا مسعودی راد، مریم رضایی صفحات 675-696

    در جدایی‏گزینی اکولوژیکی بافت اجتماعی محله‏ های شهری با سایر محلات متفاوت است. جدایی ‏گزینی بر زندگی و رفتارهای عموم شهروندان (همچون رفتار انتخاباتی شهروندان) موثر است. محلات طایفه ‏ای شکلی از جدایی‏گزینی اکولوژیکی محسوب می‏شود و یکی از مهم‏ترین مشخصات شهری خرم‏ آباد است. هدف از این پژوهش ارزیابی نقش جدایی‏ گزینی اکولوژیکی (محلات قومی- طایفه ‏ای) بر رفتارهای انتخاباتی شهروندان در شهر خرم‏ آباد است. نوع تحقیق کاربردی، روش بررسی توصیفی- تحلیلی، و جمع ‏آوری داده ‏ها پیمایشی‏- کتابخانه ‏ای است. تحلیل داده‏ ها از طریق آزمون‏های T تک ‏نمونه ‏ای، دونمونه ‏ای مستقل، و رگرسیون چند‏گانه انجام شده است. رفتارهای انتخاباتی در چهار محله مطالعه شده است؛ دو محله از نوع محلات قومی و دو محله دیگر فاقد وابستگی‏ های قومی بودند. چهار بعد وابستگی ‏های حزبی، تبلیغات، تخصص کاندیداها، و تاثیرات جدایی‏ گزینی اکولوژیک در محلات طایفه ‏ای (با زیرمولفه ‏های منافع محله‏ای مشترک، انتخاب محله‏ای، متابعت محله‏ای، تبلیغات طایفه ‏ای بیشتر، و تعاملات اجتماعی) ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان می‏دهد بیش از 80درصد ساکنان دو محله دره گرم و پشته حسین ‏آباد دارای پیوندهای طایفه ‏ای نسبتا یکسان ‏اند. نتایج آزمون T دونمونه‏ ای مستقل برای دو گروه‏ محله طایفه‏ای و غیرطایفه‏ای‏ بیانگر تفاوت در شاخص‏های اثرگذار بر رفتارهای انتخاباتی است. نتایج آنالیز واریانس یک ‏طرفه بیانگر اهمیت دو شاخص تعلقات حزبی و تخصص در نمونه‏ های فاقد جدایی‏ گزینی است. انتخاب طایفه‏ای در محله‏ هایی با جدایی‏ گزینی بالا بیش از گروه دیگر است. براساس نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون گام به گام، تبلیغات طایفه‏ ای، متابعت محله‏ ای، انتخاب محله‏ ای، و تعاملات اجتماعی به ‏ترتیب طی چهار گام قادر به پیش ‏بینی انتخاب طایفه‏ ای بوده ‏اند.

    کلیدواژگان: جدایی‏ گزینی اکولوژیکی، رفتارهای انتخاباتی، شهر خرم ‏آباد، طایفه‏ گرایی، محلات قومی- طایفه‏ ای
  • افشین متقی* صفحات 697-707

    امروزه، شهرها، با جمعیت فزاینده و استفاده روزافزون از منابع، از چنان پیچیدگی و مسایلی برخوردارند که توجه بسیاری از حکمرانان و سیاست‏ ورزان را به خود جلب کرده اند. کلان شهرهای امروزی با جمعیت پرشمار و استفاده حداکثری از منابع، چالش‏های پرمناقشه ‏ای در سپهر سیاسی کشورها پدید آورده اند. مسایل و مناسبات شهری در جغرافیا در زیرشاخه‏ هایی چون جغرافیای شهری (در ایران با نام جغرافیا و برنامه‏ ریزی شهری، جغرافیای سیاسی، یا ژیوپلیتیک شهری) بررسی می‏شود. شهر در جهان امروز گسترده‏ترین و پیچیده ‏ترین فضایی است که در آن ابعاد مهم سیاست و قدرت متبلور می‏شود. مجموعه متعدد و متنوعی از ساختارها و نهادهای مالی- پولی و سیاسی، انجمن ‏ها، موسسه‏ ها و شرکت‏ها و ساخت‏ های دولتی شهر را به یکی از فضاهای بازیگری مهم و سرنوشت ساز در کشورها تبدیل کرده است. به دلیل اهمیت مسایل و معضلات مدیریتی-سیاسی کلان شهرها، که در ابعاد کشوری نیز تبلور می ‏یابد، پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی به بررسی چگونگی مدیریت سیاسی شهر از منظر نظریه پساساختارگرایی پرداخته است. نتایج نشان می‏دهد ساده‏ سازی و استانداردسازی فضا در شهرها یکی از مهم ترین کاستی‏های مدیریت سیاسی آن محسوب می‏شود؛ به ‏گونه‏ ای که شهرها، به‏ ویژه در کشورهای در حال توسعه، از ساختار پیچیده سیاسی، اقتصادی، و محیطی قدرت‏ محور به چارچوب هندسی- رقابتی توسعه‏ محور تقلیل یافته ‏اند. در یک نمونه عینی، در کلان شهر تهران با مدیریتی هندسی-فیزیکی صرفا به گردش سرمایه و سودآوری در فضای این شهر توجه شده است که نتیجه آن افزایش لجام گسیخته ساخت وسازها، تخریب طبیعت، انفجار جمعیت، و نیز تشدید فاصله مرکز-پیرامون است.

    کلیدواژگان: پساساختارگرایی، شهر، مدیریت سیاسی، فضا، نظریه‏ های انتقادی
  • مصطفی مظاهری، کیومرث یزدان پناه درو*، حسن کامران صفحات 709-732

    وقایع سال‏های اخیر در بیشتر مناطق جهان حاکی از آن است که عوامل جغرافیایی و مولفه‏ های ژیوپلیتیکی از بسترهای مهم و اثرگذار در شکل ‏گیری کیفیت روابط بین کشورها برای دست‏یابی به اهداف و منافع ملیاست. از جمله این مناطق،منطقه ژیوپلیتیک امریکای لاتین است که چشم‏انداز سیاسی‏-امنیتی آن دارای عوامل متعددی است که برخی از آن‏ها در شرایط جغرافیایی و ژیوپلیتیکی منطقه نهفته است. با توجه به چنین اهمیتی، نگارندگان در مقاله حاضر با ماهیت کاربردی و استفاده از روش تحلیلی‏- تبیینی درصدد برآمده ‏اندکارکرد عوامل جغرافیایی و ژیوپلیتیکی بین واحدهای سیاسی امریکای لاتین در مقیاس منطقه‏ای را ارزیابی کنند.براساس نتایج این بررسی،روابط ژیوپلیتیک در کشورهای امریکای لاتینعمدتا تحت تاثیر مولفه‏ های جغرافیایی و ژیوپلیتیکی مختلفی چون عامل مجاورت، تعداد همسایگان، ژیوپلیتیک منابع،ژیوپلیتیک گردشگری، و اتحادیه‏ های منطقه ‏ای قرار دارد و تحت تاثیر همین عناصرروابط مسالمت‏ آمیز در سطح منطقه ‏ای حاکم بوده و رویکرد غالب روابط ژیوپلیتیک منطقه بر مبنای الگوی تعامل شکل گرفته است. دورنمای آینده حاکی از آن است که کشورهای امریکای لاتین و خصوصا برزیل،به‏ عنوان رهبر منطقه، قادر به تنظیم تعاملات پایدار و مدیریت راهبردی است و همچنین،با توجه به تجانس تاریخی‏- فرهنگی و آرام ‏بودن فضای این منطقه،زمینه‏ های لازم برای ایجاد هویت منطقه ‏ای فراگیر و مشترک فراهم است که تحت این شرایط منطقه مذکور بر وضعیت کنونی خود،که در حاشیه ژیوپلیتیکی است، غلبه کرده و به مرحله ‏یکپارچگی خواهد رسید و الگوی روابط ژیوپلیتیک آن مبتنی بر رابطه تداوم شکل خواهد گرفت وآن هم باعث افزایش وزن ژیوپلیتیکی منطقه و هماوایی بیشتر آن با تحولات نظام ژیوپلیتیک پیرامونی و جهانی خواهد شد.

    کلیدواژگان: امریکای لاتین، روابط ژئوپلیتیک، عناصر ژئوپلیتیکی، عوامل جغرافیایی، منطقه ژئوپلیتیک
  • محمود واثق*، احد محمدی صفحات 733-758

    پوزیتیویسم یکی از مکاتب فلسفی است که در ادبیات جغرافیایی در مکاتب محیط‏ گرایی، علم فضایی، جغرافیای رفتاری، و نگرش سیستمی تاثیرگذار بوده است. این رویکرد در پی معرفت به فضای جغرافیایی از راه بنیان‏ های تجربی و منطق ریاضی است. بر این اساس، جغرافیا دانشی عینی، مشاهده‏ای، کمی، و استقرایی است و حاوی مشاهدات فارغ از نظریه و قضاوت‏ های ارزشی است. بنابراین، جغرافی‏ دانان؛ در پی کشف روابط علی میان پدیده ‏ها و ارایه آن در قالب «قوانین عام و فراگیر جغرافیایی» هستند. بر این اساس، جغرافی ‏دانان پوزیتیویست، ضمن وداع با مباحث متافیزیکی و رو آوردن به «تجربه آزمون ‏پذیر»، تجربه و آزمون تجربی را معیار معنی‏ داری می‏ دانند. بنابراین،به نفی فرضیه‏ ها، مقولات، و پیش ‏فرض ‏ها می‏پردازند و شروع علم را با مشاهده می‏دانند و به نقش مسیله، فرضیه، و نقش فعال و خلاق محقق در روند تحقیق بی ‏توجه ‏‏اند. سپس، براساس مشاهدات انجام ‏شده بر پایه استدلال استقرایی، برای دست‏یابی به قوانین به تعمیم (تعمیم‏ های ناروا/ مسئله استقرا) می‏پردازند که موجب خلط «روند و قانون» در جغرافیای تحصل گرا شده است. در این راستا، در مقاله حاضر، گزاره ‏های متعدد جغرافیایی بررسی شد. بنابراین، بکارگیری رویکرد پوزیتیویسم به‏ دلیل اشکالات فوق، به‏ عنوان رهیافتی علمی، با مشکلات جدی مواجه است. بنابراین، فاقد قابلیت های لازم برای بکارگیری آن در حوزه مطالعات جغرافیایی در مرحله «داوری» به‏ عنوان یک رویکرد و روش «علمی» است. هدف اصلی از مقاله حاضر، که با رویکردی ریالیستی و نگرش عقلانیت انتقادی نوشته شده، بررسی و واکاوی این مطلب از منظر تحلیل‏ های منطقی و معرفت ‏شناختی است.

    کلیدواژگان: پوزیتیویسم خام، پوزیتیویسم منطقی، تحلیل معرفت‏شناختی، جغرافیا، خلط روند و قانون
  • یاسمن اسدی، سعید حمزه*، مجید کیاورز مقدم صفحات 759-773

    شهرنشینی به ‏طور بی‏ سابقه در سراسر جهان درحال رشد و توسعه است. یکی از تاثیرات کلیدی و مهم رشد سریع شهرنشینی در محیط طبیعی که توسط انسان تغییر یافته، جزایر گرمایی شهری است. تاثیرات ترکیب پوشش زمین بر روی دمای سطح زمین به‏ طور گسترده بررسی شده است. اما در مطالعات محدودی به رابطه بین دمای سطح زمین و سنجه‏ های سیمای سرزمین در کاربری‏ه های مختلف پرداخته شده است. به این منظور، در پژوهش حاضر، برای بررسی اثرهای کاربری زمین و پوشش زمین بر دمای سطح زمین از تصاویر لندست 8 و لایه‏ های کاربری زمین مربوط به منطقه 6 تهران استفاده شده است که شامل پنج نوع کاربری مسکونی قدیمی، مسکونی جدید، بایر، صنعتی، و سازمانی است و از انواع پوشش زمین، پوشش گیاهی درنظر گرفته شده است. ارتباط زیاد دمای سطح زمین و سنجه‏ های سیمای سرزمین نشان می‏دهد سیمای سرزمین نیز در ایجاد جزایر گرمایی شهری موثر است. براساس نتایج به‏ دست ‏آمده بعد از زمین‏ه ای صنعتی، زمین‏های سازمانی بزرگ‏ترین عامل در ایجاد جزایر گرمایی شهری است. این نتایج نشان‏ دهنده آن است که در عوامل کلیدی موثر بر دمای سطح زمین شهری نه‏تنها الگوی پوشش زمین و کاربری زمین، بلکه تاثیر عوامل انسانی نیز باید مورد توجه واقع شده و درنظر گرفته شود.بنابراین، توضیح جزایر گرمایی شهری توسط پوشش زمین (پوشش گیاهی) به ‏تنهایی کافی نیست. این یافته ‏ها برای درک بهتر محیط زیست شهری و همچنین برنامه ‏ریزی برای نحوه استفاده از زمین به‏ منظور به حداقل رساندن اثرهای محیط زیست شهری مفید است.

    کلیدواژگان: جزایر گرمایی شهری، دمای سطح زمین، سنجه ‏های سیمای سرزمین، شهر تهران، لندست 8
|
  • Abolfazl Meshkini *, Somayeh Alipour, Maryam Hajizadeh Pages 385-400
    Introduction

    A creative city is one that utilizes from creative works, scientific and technological innovations and impact of growing culture and is able to use creativity and imagination in the public and private sector. Such a city is possible ideas and potential solutions to solve all the problems in today's complex cities. Since, cities are a place for flourishing of creativity, the creativity in cities usually refers to ideas related to culture, art, knowledge and learning.

    Methodology

    Present study is an applied research and the used method was descriptive-analytical method. Data were gathered by citations from books, documents, articles and using statistical data, censuses of population and housing, municipal reports and other related organizations. The under study statistical population included 11 districts of Karaj city. Measurements and data analysis were carried out using Excel Software, Urban Planning Model and TOPSIS Software and valuation was done using ANP model. In continue, the results obtained from these soft wares and process implementing were entered into the geographical information system (GIS) to complete the process of analysis and investigating the distribution and frequency of indexes on the statistical population.

    Results and discussion

    To assess a municipal property must always take into account a number of specific criteria and how close to the ideals and standards must be measured using related indexes. Hence, there are a number of indexes, by which development of creativity and city's creativity can be measured. Activity priorities of creative cities endorsed by UNESCO in 2004 and used to measure include: Literature, cinema, skills and ritual art, design, media arts and nutrition each of them with different components which the main and adapted of their components have been selected to measure Karaj City in the term of creative city. In this study, the indicators have been selected in the form of 26 components and at the level of Karaj's districts include literature and culture, scale, nutrition, higher education institutions, communal spaces, symbols, urban identity, art and so on. In present study, the indicator of the creative city have been analyzed through investigating the under study area as well as Richard Florida's viewpoint and adopting it with under study area. Among the effects that creativity can has on organization and urban management activities, one can refer to Increased production, increased service delivery, enhancing the quality and diversity of services, lower costs, reduce waste of resources, increase the level of mental health, reduce bureaucracy, increase activism among managers and so on.

    Conclusion

    The findings showed that the city's regions are moving towards creativity and prosperity and descript 5 is placed on the first rank with the value of 0.56 and descript 11 with the value of 0.11 is placed on the last rank. In terms of having creativity indicators, descript 5 is a richest region and descript 11 is a deprived region. The difference between the highest TOPSIS rank(descript 5) and the lowest TOPSIS rank (descript 11) is equal to 0.45 which indicates a significant difference in acceleration of progress of the regions toward creativity.

    Keywords: Creativity, creative city, Metropolises, Karaj City, TPSISA
  • Vahid Riahi, Meysam Toulabi Nejad, Mehrshad Toulabi Nejad * Pages 401-418
    Introduction

    Increasing these costs and damages to natural hazards, and in particular floods, has caused more attention from countries to find solutions to reduce the risk of flooding, so that engineering measures (such as the creation of dams, gates, construction of congestion) and non-mechanical measures (such as the area Flood mapping, flood mapping and flood insurance programs). Engineering measures to deal with the disaster before the 1960s and non-military measures gradually attracted the attention of the researchers since the 1960s. Examples include non-mechanical measures in various countries, such as the National Flood Insurance Program, the Flood Management Program in the United States; Flood alert system, flood hazard mapping and flood hazard inventory in Britain and India; The establishment of a forecasting and training system for the prevention of accidents in Japan, and the provision of flood risk maps or drainage routes in China. One of the crucial issues for public safety is how to safely and quickly evacuate flood areas in the past or during floods. Therefore, recognizing communities and their speed of action against flood risk, emergency evacuation during floods and providing a suitable strategy to reduce their effects should be considered. Identifying these factors can reduce the effects of this risk, and it is necessary to provide solutions in order to improve them. Therefore, the main research question is: What are the most important factors affecting the emergency discharge capability against the flood risk in mountain villages.

    Methodology

    This study in terms of purpose applied and method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. Data collection was done in both documentary and field studies. Statistical Society includes rural households exposed to flood in Poledokhtar Township (N= 5392). Using the Cochran formula and the method sampling quotas 360 families were selected as samples. Selection the 60 villages studied were also targeted. A tool for collecting data and information is a questionnaire and interviews with local people. To answer research questions and analyze data Statistical methods (descriptive and inferential) was used. Statistical methods were performed in Eviews software version 9 and SPSS version 22. To analyze the inferential statistics, one-sample t-test, chi-square, and binary logistic model were used. Based on existing literature and interactive discussions with 35 local households and 20 experts in various fields of study (geography, hydrology, sociology and risk management), Five factors and 35 variables that affect the discharge rate of rural households in the face of flood risk. The validity of the questionnaire was measured and verified using content validity, which is determined by those who specialize in the subject matter.

    Results and discussion

    Investigating the findings using logistic regression model, the results showed that among the 35 variables in the research, 14 variables have a significant relationship with emergency evacuation of rural households at the time of flood events. The significance level of 0.001 indicates that variables such as age, gender, level of education, previous awareness, mental health, people with special needs, personal care, ownership, government assistance, early warning, information, shelter, road and rail And discharge routes have had a positive and significant effect on the emergency evacuation rate of rural households at the time of flood events. Variables have been more or less effective in this regard, but these 14 variables have the most effect on the rate of discharge of rural households in Poledokhtar Township. Some variables whose level of significance was lower than the covered levels (0.001 and 0.005) did not have much effect on this. In addition, the model findings on the key factors affecting the ability to evacuate against flood show that among the five factors considered, three factors have a significant relation with the discharge rate at the time of the flood event. The significance level of 0.001 indicates that personal factors (0.344), infrastructure (0.300) and institutional-structural (0.238) have the most effects on the discharge rate (dependent variable) of rural households in Poledokhtar Township they are. Among these five factors, the personal factor has the most impact and social impact on the subject. Therefore, the research question was based on identifying the factors affecting the emergency discharge capacity of rural households at the time of flood events.

    Conclusion

    Natural hazards are not considered natural disasters in the first stage, but also there are dangers that are repeated in nature. The most important natural hazards include earthquakes, floods, storms, droughts, landslides, and volcanoes. Different countries have different management practices to deal with a variety of hazards. Iran also experiences a variety of hazards by being in a special geographic location. In the Lorestan region and especially in Poledokhtar, due to the mountainous nature of the area, high rainfall, the flow of two important rivers of Kashkan and Seymareh are at risk of flood. In addition, the lack of proper planning for settlement of urban and rural areas is another crisis in the region; Most of them are located on the ground because of the limited geographic and mountainous nature of the area. Therefore, in order to minimize flood damage, immediate discharge is essential before and during the flood for general safety. Considering the importance of this issue, this study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting emergency evacuation against flood risk in mountain villages of Poeledokhtar Township. The results showed that the variables such as age, gender, level of education, previous knowledge, mental health, people with special needs, personal care, ownership, government assistance, early warning, information, shelter, road and rail, and evacuation routes are more related to Rapid evacuation of rural households at flood events. The overall results of the findings also show that the three personal, institutional and institutional factors have the most effects in this field.

    Keywords: Emergency evacuation, Flood, Preparedness against hazards, Logistic model, Poledokhtar Township
  • Taghi Karimian, Abbas Amini *, MOHSEN BAGHERI, HAMID GHAIUMI MOHAMMADI Pages 419-436

    Accurate and real time information on land use and land cover and their changes is very important in urban management decisions, ecosystem monitoring and urban planning. In recent decades, widespread changes in land use of the Khan mirza plain as one of the northern Karun watersheds have occurred, that need to monitoring these changes.In this study, Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite images and TM, ETM, and OLI sensors for the period of 1996, 2006, and 2016 were used to produce of land use and land cover map of Khan mirza plain by four methods maximum likelihood, artificial neural network, minimum distance and Mahalanobis distance and theirs Kappa coefficient were evaluated.The results of the evaluation of the accuracy of these two methods by using Kappa coefficients have shown that the artificial neural network algorithm is more accurate than the maximum likelihood algorithm. Also, by results of two algorithms of artificial neural network and maximum likelihood with an overall accuracy of 90.29 and 86.79, all of land cover maps were classified in six classes (agriculture, rangeland, residential area, rocky and bare lands, gardens and flatlands).The analysis of the classifications showed that agricultural and residential classes had a rising trend, 62.5% and 3.5%, respectively, and rangeland, rocky and bare lands and flatlands were decreased.The largest change is related to the conversion of rocky and bare lands class to the agricultural class, which 1673 hectares of rocky and bare lands in 2006 changes into agricultural lands in 2016. Another obvious land use change in this area, are change of rangelands into residential areas, which 40.8 ha of rangelands changed into residential area.In overall, this research showed that the best way to produce of land use map in the study area is to use artificial neural network algorithm. According to the results, it is suggested using this method to produce of land use change map for this region.Accurate and real time information on land use and land cover and their changes is very important in urban management decisions, ecosystem monitoring and urban planning. In recent decades, widespread changes in land use of the Khan mirza plain as one of the northern Karun watersheds have occurred, that need to monitoring these changes.In this study, Landsat 5, 7 and 8 satellite images and TM, ETM, and OLI sensors for the period of 1996, 2006, and 2016 were used to produce of land use and land cover map of Khan mirza plain by four

    Keywords: Khan Mirza Plain, Land Use Change, Landsat, Satellite images, monitoring
  • Somayeh Mohammadi Hamidi, Hossein Nazmfar *, Majid Akbari Pages 437-455
    Introduction

    Today, the expansion of urbanization along with the increasing population growth and environmental pollution have created difficult conditions for the survival of human life (ostadi and et al., 1396: 329). This development and rapid urbanization of most countries in the world has caused many problems, such as the lack of proper use of all citizens for urban services (Akbari and et al., 1396: 68). The direct consequence of this increase and the over-population density in recent decades is the change in the structure of the urban landscape and natural scenery of the city, followed by a much more tangible need for urban respiration and subsequently increases the air and noise pollution in Cities have been (Yazdani and et al, 1395: 252). Expansion of change in cities has transformed urban respiratory centers, including urban green spaces, into harsh and impenetrable concrete surfaces, which is more serious in Third World countries (Shi, 2002: 18). The present study was conducted to investigate the status of parks and green spaces in 22 areas of Tehran. One of the issues in the city of Tehran is the uneven distribution of green space in different parts of the city, and in some areas, the need for recreational spaces and green spaces and the relative per capita of parks are not paid attention. Population density and the effects of excessive forces on this the texture has destroyed its environmental quality, so that the comfort and psychological security of the people living in these areas has been aggravated. In this regard, this research seeks to answer the following questions:1. What is the position of the 22 metropolitan areas of Tehran in terms of urban green spaces?1. How is the spatial pattern of spatial cluster spacing of urban green spaces in the 22nd metropolitan area of Tehran?

    Methodology

    In this research, the type of research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytic. Two methods of library and documentary (Statistical Yearbook of Tehran) have been used to collect data. Based on the methodology, the research indicators are extracted from the basics and literature on urban green spaces. The geographic area studied is the metropolis of Tehran and its 22 districts based on the political divisions of 1395. Also, for analyzing data and information, entropy methods, copras multi-criteria decision-making technique, Moran's self-correlation and spatial cluster analysis of multidimensional or k-Ripley function in software ArcGIS Used.

    Results and discussion and Conclusion

    With the increase in population, especially in major cities, the importance of urban green spaces has become increasingly important. In our country, most of the big and medium-sized cities have grown without plans, and the standards for urban green spaces and other vital uses of the city have not been fundamentally allocated. The Metropolitan Tehran, as the administrative and political capital of our country, is also facing this problem. Along with other political and planning developments, the city has faced increasing growth in recent years. Maintaining the basic needs of this massive population flood in this city is one of the main concerns of urban authorities. This research was carried out with the aim of studying the spatial distribution of urban green spaces and comparing the 22 areas of Tehran with respect to 20 indicators extracted from the statistical journal and green space site in Tehran. As the findings show, parks and urban green spaces are not distributed regularly and planned in the city area. If the per capita survey of urban green space shows that 19, 20 and 21 regions of Tehran with the per capita level of 33.6, 61.3 and 19 square meters, respectively, have the highest percentage of vegetable space per capita In contrast to the 10 regions with the lowest per capita level of 1.8 and the 7th area with a per capita level of 3.7, and finally the area 8b, the per capita rate is 1.4 in the last place. . According to the approvals, the structural and strategic plan of city development (comprehensive plan of Tehran) for the urban future of Tehran in the green area to develop green spaces with a scale of urban, regional, regional and local action to provide at least 10 square meters per capita green space in Tehran with balanced distribution According to the chart above, it can be said that in most areas of the city this is not achieved and in 10 urban areas per capita green space is less than 10 square meters.. Also, the findings of this study are consistent with the research on the urbanization of urban green spaces (Case Study: Tehran's urban areas), as well as its findings suggest that the average per capita space The green gained for the areas of Tehran in 2009 is 5.9 square meters, which is approximately half the proposed per capita for Tehran (10 square meters) based on its comprehensive plan in 2007. The results of this research showed that the amount of green spaces per square meter in Tehran's 22 districts is not standard and the proposed per capita comprehensive plans in most areas are not realized. Also, the research findings of Hosseini and et al (2012) with the title of studying and analyzing the space of the park and urban green of Shiraz city are also consistent. The results of his research did not show that in addition to the lack of green space in the city of Shiraz, the distribution of green space In the nine regions it was not fair, the findings of this study showed that the distribution of green space in areas of Tehran is not fair.The results of his research did not show that in addition to the lack of green space in the city of Shiraz, the distribution of green space In the nine regions it was not fair, the findings of this study showed that the distribution of green space in areas of Tehran is not fair.

    Keywords: Green space, Copras model, spatial correlation analysis, k Ripley function, Tehran
  • Hamidreza Daneshpour *, Navid Saeidi Rezvani, MOHAMMADREZA BAZRGAR Pages 457-476

    Prosperity is a vast concept that has been proposed by united nations in 2012 in relation with balanced and harmonic development in an environment with fairness and justice. This concept has been introduced by united nations with six varieties: 1- Efficiency 2- Environmental sustainability 3- Justice and social participation 4- Quality of life 5- Infrastructure development 6- Urban governance and legislation. On the other had the concept of accessibility has been proposed by the majority of urban planning Theorist, as a significant criteria in promoting quality of urban life index. In this research with a descriptive – analytic approach the effects of this index in improvement of urban prosperity index has been explored. The statistical society of this research includes all citizens of 11 regions of Shiraz city that the sample’s volume has been defined 384 people with Cocran formula. For further more certainty, 10 percent has been added to samples’ volume and finally 421 people from citizens filled the questionnaire. For data analysis and measurement of urban prosperity index and accessibility in regions, confirmatory factor analysis method with structural equation modeling softwares such as AMOS, LISREL have been utilized. Exploring urban prosperity models proved that it is possible to consider accessibility indexes as a part of urban prosperity index. Accessibility indexes have an acceptable effect on urban prosperity indexes and caused urban prosperity models’ fitness to improve.

    Keywords: Urban prosperity, Accessibility, shiraz city, Technique, Confirmatory Factor Analysis
  • Ehsan Yari * Pages 477-499

    Putin and the annexation of Crimea to Russia; geopolitical analysis of Russia's action in annexation of Crimea peninsulaExtended abstract

    Introduction

    Appearance of the Ukraine crisis as one of the most important controversies of 21 century, has put Russia in front of the west and became to one of the most controversial issues in international arena. Manifestation of west advocators in the election of 2004 in Ukraine and the next events of it conduced to the extension of tension in the relations of west and Russia. The intensification of these tensions brought to the creation of feeling danger in classical interests of Russia and after the exacerbation of crisis, Russia inserted Crimea peninsula to itself. The annexation of Crimea peninsula to Russia faced with a bitter reaction of the west and Europe and they imposed hard and widespread bans against Russia. This article tries to answer this critical question that what interests does Russia gain by the annexation of Crimea to itself which has caused to the endurance of hard bans of the west and Europe and also what geopolitical element or factors caused to Russian's decision and its action about the annexation of Crimea peninsula to this country and what geopolitical aims does it have about this decision and action?

    Methodology

    The research method of this article is analytical- explanatory method and it has studied the problem of research by using library and internet resources with a geopolitical approach and by incorporation of classic and modern geopolitical theories.

    Results and discussion

    The year of 2014 was the important and controversial year for the Russia. The Ukraine crisis and the annexation of Crimea to Russia converted the relation of the west and Russia to the congelation point. In reality, Ukraine is a club for the confrontation of west and Russia and westerns tries to drag Ukraine in to their block to maintain a strategy of geopolitical oppression on Russia. This matter has caused to Russia's fear about its interests in the western and south western borders. Ukraine because of its geostrategic situation as a buffer situation of Ukraine between the Russia and west (NATO) and supplying the security of Russian's navy and the security of black sea and also because of the Sevastopol Island's location in Crimea has a particular importance for Russia. Putin wants to use Ukraine as a buffer region between itself and Europe (especially NATO). This policy from the age of Stalin was a safe policy. In this time, the annexation of Baltic region to European Union and NATO has caused to the failure of creating secure buffer region of Russia. By repetition of the crisis in Ukraine we can see the fear of Russians and Putin's efforts for maintaining Ukraine as a buffer region to protect the Russia's interests. From the geo economical view, Russia pays attention to the Ukraine's market of energy consumption and also regards this country as a pathway of transferring the Russia's energy to Europe. More than 90 percent of Russia's energy exports to Europe by the path of Ukraine. More than this, Ukraine is one of the important importer of energy especially gas from Russia. Besides these existent energy resources in Ukraine, Russia has noted to other mineral resources such as the resources of Manganese, Iron, Phosphate, Uranium, Titanium, and Granite and … and also agricultural products. From the geo cultural view, culture and identity of the Ukraine people is important for Russia because Ukraine more than being one of the soviet's republics and Kiev which now is a political center of Ukraine, from the past centuries has been a center for Russian dynasties and still between the Russian language is called as metropolises of Russia and has cultural and national interests to Russia. So by regarding to the ethnic and linguistic similarities between the populations of Russia and Ukraine, localism and advocation of Ukraine's Russians is a geocultural ends of the Russia. Moreover, Russia pays attention to the protection of culture extension and Russian values in Ukraine.

    Conclusion

    What is scrutinized in this research was researching this problem that what geopolitical element or factors conduced to Russia's movement and decision to annexation of Crimea peninsula to this country and what geopolitical ends does Russia have to make this decision and action; in the other words, what geopolitical interests and values does Russia describe and appoint for itself which by this action has put itself in front of the west and has accepted the consequences of this action such as the bans of west. An answer that was given to this question is that Russia because of disability to confirm its power in Ukraine completely and feeling danger about leaning of Ukraine to west and loosing its interests in this country, for maintaining its minimum interests in Ukraine, will annex Crimea peninsula to itself in order to use the important geopolitical situation of Ukraine and this island in the geo strategic, geo economic and geocultural forms and protect its interests. Russia after the annexation of Crimea, undergoes the most boisterous bans in financial and economic zones that impose high pressures to Russia's economy; nonetheless, Putin doesn’t accept to condone Ukraine and Crimea because he thinks that his interests depends on the dominance on Crimea. So Putin tried hard to annex Crimea to Russia and despite of European and western bans doesn’t accept to leave Crimea because loosing Crimea is equal to loosing all interests in Ukraine and widely in Europe and its vicinity (black sea, Mediterranean Sea and …) for him. So by regarding to these geopolitical interests that Ukraine has for the Russia, it is unlikely that Russia leaves Crimea unless more important and valuable interests convince it which it is unseemly and impossible. Key words: Russia, Putin, Crimea peninsula, geopolitics, Ukraine, European Union.

    Keywords: Russia, Putin, Crimea, Geopolitics, Ukraine
  • Mahdi Hesam *, Saeed Negahban Pages 501-514

    How to manage of water resources in the agricultural field in Iran is a matter that should be decided with the participation of farmers and water users. In this regard, the analysis of stakeholder relationships and the identification of key actors or actors among the exploitation of water resources as a participatory management arm particularly where water resources are used jointly, it can play an important role in the success of water management partnerships and optimization. This research attempts to analyze the relationships among agricultural water utilities using the network analysis approach in the Palm Groves in the Eastern Part of the Fadami city – Darab- Fars. First, the exploiters were classified based on economic characteristics, age and ownership, and then analyzed with the network analysis model, relationships and various indicators. The results show that about 54.51% of the users of the water resources in the region studied had social relations with others. Also, some operators have the most connection with others or " Out Degree " among operators, which places their position in the network in a state of authority. The findings of this research will be effective in identifying actors with a central position that play a key role in the program's optimal water management action plan; Because key and powerful people can play a role as the executive arm of government actors as local leaders and social powers in organizing participatory water resources management.

    Keywords: Community Relations, network analysis, water operators, optimal management, Fadami
  • Narges Baktiyari, Yaghoob Zanganeh *, Masoud Taghvai, Mahdi Zanganeh Pages 515-531
    Introduction

    With the rapid increase in urban population across the world, meeting the goals of sustainable development in terms of securing water, food, and energy is considered as one of the biggest challenges encountered by humanity (UN,2014; Van Ham,2016). ).The issue of water shortage in Iran due to its location in the arid Middle East on the one hand and the relatively rapid growth in urban population as well as increasing per capita consumption and industrial development around cities on the other hand are also getting more serious every day so that today’s large cities are struggling to meet demands for urban water (Bustani and Ansari, 2011).
    Although the city of Isfahan is located along Zayandehrood river as one of the permanent rivers carrying large volume of water in central Iran, the position of the city in terms of placement in an arid region, population growth and immigration to this city, development of water-intensive industries (steel, petrochemicals, and so on), drinking water consumption higher than the standard rate, low efficiency of water use in agricultural sector, impact of excessive exploitation of underground resources, overuse of grass for urban green space and problems in water management are among the factors affecting water shortages in the city of Isfahan . Consecutive bone-dryness of Zayandehrood River in recent years has also become one of the regional issues in Iran and it has also exacerbated water crisis within this city. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the spatial pattern of household water consumption in the city of Isfahan and to identify and analyze the factors affecting water use in this city.The results of this research study could provide the grounds for residential water demand management in the city of Isfahan. The results of this research study could provide the grounds for residential water demand management in the city of Isfahan.

    Methodology

    The research method in this study was of descriptive-analytic type. The required data in the present study were collected through documents (statistics from Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company) and field method (questionnaire). The statistical population included all household subscribers (residential use) within the city of Isfahan. The sample size estimated via Cochran’s formula was equal to 398 subscribers. The monthly statistics regarding water consumption by the subscribers of the city of Isfahan obtained from Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company were also divided into five consumer groups with a similar pattern of water use, then an output map for the subscribers with similar pattern of water consumption by using Cluster Analysis Technique via Spatial Hot Spot Analysis was provided with the ArcGIS Software.The data obtained through the questionnaire that included information about household subscribers in the city of Isfahan as well as data about consumption rate of subscribers in Isfahan Water and Wastewater Company were entered into the SPSS Software and then analyzed via multivariate regression and correlation (path analysis).

    Results and Discussion

    The main purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between cultural, social, and economic characteristics of residents and their patterns of water use. To investigate the given relationship, correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis (path analysis) were used.Considering the factors affecting household water consumption,, the results of correlation tests and path analysis in multivariate regression revealed that the five variables could directly and significantly affect the dependent variable. The given variables included family monthly income, family size, number of residential units in a building, age of building, and sense of responsibility in saving water. In addition, a number of variables could indirectly affect household water use through the mediation of the variables in the first group including level of education of household head, age of household head, building area, type of housing ownership, duration of residence in a neighborhood, and type of housing (villas or apartments). Of the aforementioned variables, level of education of household head and type of housing had negative effects on the variable of number of family members and number of residential units, respectively. Among the other variables, the effects of independent variables on the mediating dependent variables were reported positive.

    Conclusion

    Based on the results of this study, there are some strategies recommended for household water demand management including cultural measures as the most important and fundamental method. In Iranian families, women play a decisive role in the sociocultural structure of the family. For this reason, mothers can have effects on the formation of culture, social behavior, and emotions since they have the most frequent presence among children and have more communications with them better than anyone else. In this regard, the positive and effective role of mothers requires knowledge and awareness of various cultural, social, and economic fields which can be met when mothers boost their awareness of issues and problems within society through education and active presence. Since 84% of women questioned as the study samples were housewives, and 40% of respondents in terms of water consumption introduced the member of families with high consumption as women and especially mothers, planners and managers can pay more attention to giving information and awareness to women in terms of water consumption and thus have a significant role in reducing domestic water use.Among the other effective measures to save and reduce household water consumption were reducing acceptable level of water consumption by conventional tariffs, separating water meters of households in apartments, establishing partnerships between subscribers and directors and officials of water supply and distribution, producing TV programs especially for water crisis and optimized domestic water use, and also having more cooperation between relevant organizations in charge of the issue of urban water.

    Keywords: Isfahan, Municipal Water Use, Domestic Water use, Urban Water Use Management, Water Demand Management
  • Seyedmohsen Alavi *, Mohammad Masoud, Asadallah Karimi Pages 533-550

    The increasing dependence on urban infrastructure systems especially, water infrastructure, have led to an increased emphasis on disaster-resilience infrastructures. Recent damages caused by earthquakes around the globe have attracted researchers’ attention to the infrastructure resilience concept. Water infrastructure resilience is the ability of a system to both withstand uncertain conditions caused by natural disasters and to recover quickly from the disastrous events. Urban infrastructure resilience evaluates by a model which analysis restoration time, serviceability index and resistance features.The purpose of this research is to promote a new practical approach to analyze urban resilience. In this research water infrastructures’ restoration time, serviceability and supply interrupted population in a metropolitan area are analyzed based on new proposed urban resilience methods. The methodological approach of this paper is practical and focuses on the water system in district two of Tehran city, Iran, in the context of the earthquake. Results of this research demonstrate the vital importance of urban resilience features, restoration time and functional recovery team to increase urban water system resilience. For the case study area, results indicate that in a potential earthquake, water infrastructures would suffer more than 28% of disruption of service in the immediate aftermath, which more than 172982 people will experience almost severe disruption of water availability. To better understand the system resilience, three restoration scenarios were analyzed. In the first scenario, one emergency post consist of 3 teams were allocated. Results indicate that complete restoration of the system takes more than 89.5 days.Furthermore, analyses of the second scenario indicate that the increase of the resilience factor will reduce restoration time to less than 45 days. In the last scenario, changing sources base on the organizational analysis, decreased the restoration time to less than 29.8 days. Based on the standard target for emergency water supply which should be less than one month, the third scenario seems to improve the resilience of the system dramatically. MethodologyThis article’s methodological approach is practical and concentrates on the restoration period of water infrastructure services in a probable earthquake. In this research, analytical techniques and resilience models were used to analyze the restoration time of water infrastructure based on three scenarios of damages caused by a scenario earthquake. We focused on district two of Tehran municipality where active faults and main urban infrastructures cross the area. The Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) was used to estimate the seismic features such as PGA and PGV of a most probable earthquake in the case study area. At the next step pipeline damages including breaks and leaks were analyzed based on damage models. At the next step, serviceability was evaluated based on average break rate (equation 3). Besides, the system and was classified and prioritized in 6 levels based on HAZUS methods (Table 3). In this research, ArcGIS software was used to analyze and evaluate restoration time model and produce damage maps. In this article, the restoration function for the water system is analyzed based on the minimum resilience model and damages caused by the earthquake. At the final stage, based on restoration functions and serviceability index, water supply interrupted population and required time for restoration process in three scenarios were analyzed. Results and DiscussionUnderstanding restoration time, as one of the main elements of water infrastructure resilience model, is critical for decision-makers and urban planners. It can improve the disaster resilience of cities in high-risk areas around the globe.Damage analysis indicates that in 43 points break and 175 points leak will happen in a case of the earthquake scenario. Results of this article indicate the vital importance of restoration time and repair functional team to increase urban water system resilience. Results show that water serviceability index was 72% which means that in a potential earthquake, more than a quarter of study area’s population or 172982 people will experience severe disruption of water availability. Based on three restoration scenarios, restoration time will be between 90 to 29.8 days. In the first scenario based on the real data of the emergency department, one urban emergency post consist of 3 teams were analyzed as the model input. Results indicate that complete restoration of the system takes more than 89.5 days.Furthermore, analyses of the second scenario with two posts consist of 6 teams reduced the restoration time to less than 45 days. In the last scenario, by increasing team numbers, the restoration time decreased to less than 29.8 days. Emergency restoration efforts are predicted to reduce the service disruptions to moderate levels within two weeks, but complete restoration would need more than four weeks.Conclusion This article proposed a practical method to increase water infrastructure seismic resilience and specified quantitative measures of restoration time and serviceability index as key parts of urban resilience. The keys to this framework are the three complementary measures of resilience: Reduced time to recovery, increased serviceability index to reduce the consequences of the earthquake and increased the stability of the system. The finding suggests that increasing infrastructure resilience and repair team would reduce the restoration time and damage. However, team numbers should be limited because two teams cannot work at one time on the same area. Since serviceability index has a direct relation with water supply interrupted population, then we found that by increasing serviceability, system resilience will be increased. Furthermore, retrofitting and improving the system would reduce the damage and restoration time which will increase system resilience by 20%.Based on this article's results, we recommend the following actions to increase urban water infrastructure resilience:• It seems that three posts consist of 9 teams are essential to achieving the standard resilience target • A long-term comprehensive earthquake restoration plan should be prepared based on the priority of potable water pipelines (Map 3) • Developing mid-term and long-term restoration and rehabilitation plans to change vital urban lines with more flexible pipes based on the results of the model to reduce the damage by 70% and increase the urban resilience• Finally, we encourage more academic studies with a practical approach to propose new urban resilience models

    Keywords: resilience, restoration, Water Infrastructure, earthquake, District 2 of Tehran
  • Javad Shekari Niri *, Hossein Soltanzadeh Pages 551-568
    Introduction

    Creation of habitats in the cliffs hidden and inaccessible along with other underground engineering construction in Iran is so diverse and complex that some have called it "the glow of civilization in the depths of the earth, Beginning. Also, the special geographic location of the land of Iran is such that "the quadrangle of civilization is dubbed. Iran, on the path to civilizations and in the heart of the ancient world, without giving up its originality, had from the beginning of its history, until the end of the day, the ruling of the interlocutor of the East and the. Because of its geographical and historical features, Iran has put it somehow in the four cornerstones of the cultural and civilization of the world.

    Methodology

    The descriptive-analytical research methodology, as well as field quality research, has been used in this research. In order to arrive at more precise conclusions, firstly archaeological field surveys and an overview of the presence of specimens were performed at the sites. Collecting data from research samples and comparing them and using a library study, especially in historical sources for concluding, interpreting the data based on analogy and reasoning, is the basis of the research method. The present research, in this field, has a typological look It has a compilation of genotyping and phenotype typing on these works. "Genotype" typology is based on the biological pattern and the rules contained in the space forms and the "phenotype" typology is based on the physical system with variable formats.Results and discussionThroughout history, it has always had extensive contacts with different nations of the world, largely influenced by the strategic and strategic position of. As in neighboring Turkey, studying on a subterranean underground city such as Dreinkuyu in Cappadocia has been continuously underway for many years, and dozens of underground cities in this area have been explored and exploited. Anatolia's experiences in this area could be a good example for us. Research shows that there are many similarities in terms of There are species of rocky cliffs and settlements in particular geographic, climatological and geological locations between the studied area and the Cappadocia, and are closer to similar defensive considerations. The creation of underground cities was a kind of defective defenses. Geographical location is one of the main reasons for the emergence of such cities. Because human beings have no justification, But to save lives to create such a laborious task. The hidden nature of these cities and the use of various defensive interests, including hideouts, camouflage, traps and places for food supplies ... all prove this. Location and settlement of underground habitats, including rocky villages, are not even recognizable within a few meters in normal conditions, and underground cities also have hidden entrances. Therefore, Cappadocia was included in the third Persian satrapy in the division established by Darius, but continued to be governed by rulers of its own, none apparently supreme over the whole country and all more or less tributaries of the Great King. Therefore, the similarities and interactions are not expected.

    Conclusion

    The basis of the formation of these cities is defensive structures. From all sources, to the details, defense considerations are visible and can be distinguished and analyzed Hidden roads, Wells, Diversions, defensive obstacles and etc. The design of underground cities is one of the architectural adventures of the military. The significance of this issue is so much that it is ordered by the Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrians to give Jamshid an underground fortress to preserve the human race. The Golestan underground castle, with its halls, tunnel paths and wells and other biological spaces, can be considered as a true example of Avesta's fort. The field survey of underground cities presents an innovative defense set from ancient times. The underground habitats, in the vast zones of the geography of the land of Iran, include three general categories, villages rooted in the rocks, rocky fortifications and underground cities. The motive behind the creation of such secret and hidden cities has been to protect them from the sight of the aggressive enemies to protect themselves; the hidden nature of these cities is one of the unknown reasons for them to remain. But they are still being discovered and uncovered, and undoubtedly there are dozens of examples of these cities in Iran's territory, which may be discovered and studied in the future. Underground shelters are not only used in ancient times but also today in the field of defective defense. These collections have a large tourist capacity that requires a decent amount of attention.

    Keywords: Golestan of Nir, Passive Defense, Hidden Spaces, Derinkuyu Underground City, Underground habitation
  • Seyyed Mojtaba Mirhosseini, Mojtaba Ansari *, Mohammadreza Bemanian Pages 569-588
    Introduction

    Nature has done trial and error for 3/8 billion years and during this time only the optimal and most efficient natural structures remain, which can be the source of inspiration for human beings in solving its problems. Bionics is a science that by looking at Nature and living systems finds solutions to human challenges in design and construction. On the other hand, human settlements as the most important part of human habitats, despite advanced technologies rather than the past, have no desirable quality. The special quality that is called "life" in this study. Therefore, the main question of the study is that what the bionics-based life criteria for using in planning and designing human settlements are?

    Methodology

    This study, based on the objective, is a fundamental one. It is a qualitative research that is done by a descriptive-analytic method. In the first part, the basic theories related to the field of research are compiled by library research and theoretical framework is formed. The method of data analyzing in this section is logical reasoning. In the second part, regard to the widespread of life definition and the lack of consensus on it, Delphi technique has been used. In this method, during three rounds of sequential surveying and anonymity of the panelists, life criteria are compiled, categorized, modified, summarized, ranked and presented. Since, in the homogeneous groups, 10 to 15 panelists are sufficient, 10 specialists and experts in the field of urban planning, urban design and architecture are selected for the second and third Delphi rounds. SPSS software (Cochran test, mean method, standard deviation, and variance) was used to analyze the findings of the research.

    Results and discussion

    In the first round, data (life criteria) was compiled based on the theoretical framework of Delphi technique by library and field research from the perspective of experts in the fields of biology, physics, philosophy, theology, urban planning, and architecture. then, based on the definitions provided for each criterion and by using content analysis, analogy and logical reasoning method, some of the 135 criteria were categorized, deleted and combined. Finally, 85 criteria were extracted. In the second and third rounds of Delphi technique, experts were asked to classify criteria in addition to commenting, categorizing, combining, or deleting them. Finally, 7 criteria were extracted in 3 classes.In order to measure the similarity of experts' opinion about the obtained criteria, the Cochran test was designed and done. The Asymp. Sig. (0/806) is greater than the confidence interval (0/05), which indicates that, at the alpha value of 0/05, there is no significant difference between the experts' opinion about the criteria obtained in the third round of Delphi technique. In other words, with a 95% confidence interval, the experts' view is convergent and there is no need to repeat Delphi rounds. In the end, in order to rank the criteria based on their role and importance in giving life to human settlements, panelists were asked to express their opinion in five states of the Likert scale. The results of this assessment show that in terms of importance, all criteria are more than the average (2/5) and range from 3/4 to 4/9. Also, the obtained variance (0/498) indicates that scores are not scattered and the experts agree about the importance of the criteria. In the following, life criteria are introduced with examples of nature:1. Wholeness: Each part of a system is simultaneously self-reliant and always part of a larger system in the universe around it which is deeply attached to it. Bell's theorem, which expresses the deep integration between the structure of material and space, or Mach's principle, which states that particles of a material are deeply interrelated, are examples of wholeness in Nature. 2. Evolution: Each part of a system must move by either an external force or an internal one. Reproduction of plants and animals and Natural selection theory are examples of evolution in Nature. 3. Compatibility: The ability of a system to develop and maintain its inner order without control from outside. Bending trees in the wind, Changing color of chameleons are examples of compatibility in Nature. 4. Optimization: Each part of a system must be energy efficient in order to survive. Optimum structure of plants and animal skeletons in terms of material are examples of optimization in Nature. 5. Order: The placement of everything in its place, including mathematical and physical order. The order of transferring genes from generation to generation is an example of order in Nature. 6. Permeability: Exchange of material, energy, and information with the environment. Animal openings and opening and closing of flowers are examples of permeability in Nature. 7. Strong center: Each part of a system that is determined is a strong center; a focal point that attracts us. Roots in plants and heart and brain in animals are examples of strong center in Nature.

    Conclusion

    The criterion of "Wholeness" was selected as the main criterion and, with an average of 4/9, was ranked as the most important criterion of life. Since the criterion of "Order" forms the basis of all life criteria, was selected as the fundamental criterion and, with an average of 4/7, was ranked as the second important criterion. The criterion of "Evolution" (with an average of 4/4), "Compatibility" (with an average of 4), and "Optimization" (with an average of 4) were selected as the other main criteria of life and ranked as the third and fourth criterion in terms of importance. Since "Permeability" (with an average of 3/7) and "Strong center" (with an average of 3/4), contrary to the main criteria, are not essential to the creation of life, were selected by experts as complementary criteria, and ranked as the fifth and sixth criterion in terms of importance.

    Keywords: Bionics, nature, Life, Wholeness, Human Settlements
  • MohammadRahim Rahnama, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Somayeh Mohammadi Hamidi * Pages 589-611
    Introduction

    Urbanization in Iran as a developing country from 1962 took new dimensions and rapid development of real city life started. From this time the population of cities increased because of natural development and rural to urban migration. City of Ahvaz like other cities of Iran has had rapid and uncontrolled development and underwent texture and population transitions because of natural development, migration, service development, different civil engineering plans ad etc. the population of this city increased from 120098 in 1957 to 1095389 in the last census. Smart city is a reality which has been emerged because of ICT development in cities and meeting citizens' needs that can solve many problems of third world countries. Therefore, the current research using quantitative techniques identifies smart city criteria in Ahvaz and assesses the smart city criteria in different parts of this city and tries to answer this question that what is the status of different parts in Ahvaz from the perspective of smart city criteria?

    Methodology

    This research is practical performed with descriptive-analytical method. In this method through studies and library sources six criteria smart environment, smart citizens, smart government, smart life ,smart economic and smart dynamism were identified for v city (table1), the smart economy was removed because lack of access to its representations and the other five criterion were researched. The 44 variations were detected for other five criteria that data of 18 representations were made through questionnaire 16 presentations were gathered through statistical annuals, previous studies (dissertations, papers) and internet databases. Field data were gathered through random sampling method among residents of eight districts in Ahvaz after designing questionnaire and confirming its validity using content method. In the next step data entered SPSS software and validity of measure tool estimated as 0.805 using alpha Kornbach that indicates high validity. Then weights and importance of each studied criterion was detected through Shanon anthrop method. In the next step using multi-criteria method of PROMETHEE-GIGA, eight districts were prioritized. Finally using cluster method in SPSS software, the studied districts were categorized in three groups of satisfactory, semi satisfactory and dissatisfactory about having smart city criteria.

    Results and discussion

    Generally speaking if the is higher, district has higher smart city indexes. Fofure 5 indicates results of net ranking calculations. The results indicated tha district 3 with and district 5 with respectively has the best and worst smart city indexes also the results of GAIA indicates the positions of options to other options and influencing indexes in decision making matrix indicates that district 3 of Ahvaz in relation to the districts of this city is nearer to decision basis in GAIA matrix that this issue indicates better conditions of district 3 of Ahvaz in relation to other districts from the perspectives of smart city indexes. In this research, the studied districts were categorized in three groups of satisfactory, semi satisfactory and dissatisfactory about having smart city criteria using cluster method in SPSS software. According to the clustering results, districts 3, 4, 2 were satisfactory, 4 and2 semi satisfactory, and 1, 5, 7 ere dissatisfactory with respect to smart city indexes.

    Conclusion

    These days with respect to organizing urban sustainable development strategies, the notion of smart city has attracted the attention of urban experts and theoreticians for resolving increased problems emaninf from rise of urbanization, increase in volume, number of city travels and bringing about environmental issues as an important tecnique fro organizing and facilitating the trend of urban sustainvle development. Optimal use of urban space, development of public transportation, designing sidewalks and bike lanes, improving gerneral culture for reducing fuel consumption and using public transportation vehicles are among the basic strategies for attaining smart city patterns. In this research smart city creteia in metropolis Ahvaz have ben discussed and measured. The results of the research indicated that the criterion of smart mobility and with weight of 0.346 Was highly significant and criterion of smart citizen with weight of 0.0108 had the least importance among smart city criterion (table 5), districts two and three respectively with and have the highest conditions and district five with has the most dissatisfactory condition based on smart city indexes (figure 6). According to the clustering results, districts 3, 4, 2 were satisfactory, 4 and 2 semi satisfactory, and 1, 5,7 are dissatisfactory with respect to smart city indexes. According to the new concept of smart cityin the scientific spheres of geography, specially in city planning of Iranso far the performed resraeches in Iran about smart city have focused on study of its dimensions and concepts in theoreticla model. For example Kiani (2012) studied smart city as thrid millenium necessity in unanimous electronic interactions of municipality (providing conceptual-adminstrative model based on cities of Iran) and Behzadfar (2004) studied necessities and bottlenecks of biulding smart cities in Iran. Rudolf Giffinger in a project with cooperation of experts from Vienna university, Ljubljana, Van Delft studied smart city (ranking average cities-in Europe context) pointing to middle context cities, ranked 50 European middle context cities using 74 indexes and z-transformation. In this research using prompty method as one of main methods of multi-criteria decision making, Ahvaz districts have been ranked. As development of tecnologies brings about smart city and promotes texture of city, in this research considering proposed method and current situation of Ahvaz have been discussed from viwepoint of smart city criteria and providing communicative and technological infrastructures is the first main principal in stepping toward smart city. Therefore in all districts of Ahvaz infrastructure areas should be provided for developing communicative and technological networks that among this special attention have been paid on smart transportation and green house along with teaching citizens with principles of technology that can contribute to get smart city.

    Keywords: smart city, multi-criterion Decision Making, PROMETHEE-GIGA, Cluster Analysis, Ahvaz City.‎
  • Mohsen Biuck *, Mohammad Akraminia Pages 613-637
    INTRODUCTION

    With the agreement of political parties in the Kurdistan Region to hold a referendum on independence on September 25, 2017, with strong opposition from the central government of Iraq and a sharp reaction to the military threat of regional powers, as well as the opposition of trans-national powers, the security and stability of the disputed region has once again threatened and hit a crisis. A new geopolitical emerged. Despite the opposition of the countries of the region, the Iraqi Kurdistan Region held a referendum on independence on October 25, 2017. In general, the independence of Iraqi Kurdistan, which has been pursued since decades before by the Kurds, has become a crisis today. Because it has a lot of effects on the developments in the region and will have many consequences. This paper focuses on the Iraqi Kurdistan crisis, based on the model of Michael Burke, to explain the stages and factors behind the crisis.According to Michael Barke's theory, a crisis is based on the identification of four stages: the emergence, expansion, reduction and impact. Describing and presenting findings in this framework looks at how each stage will shape the domain and the next stage.The crisis process begins with the spark of an action, accident or environmental change, and other conditions expose it to a more intense level. The stage of expansion extends to another formulation among actors, and then the stage of decline begins and ends the crisis. Then, while an international crisis has been restrained, its effect remains on hostile parties, which is a sign of the stage of influence.The geopolitical crisis created by the announcement of a referendum on the separation of Iraqi Kurdistan from the central government has many complications. This crisis can be explored and analyzed using various theories. One of the major theories in geopolitics is Burcker's theory. The main issue of this paper is the lack of clarity about the stages and factors behind the geopolitical crisis of Iraqi Kurdistan based on the Burkhart model.The purpose of this article is to identify and explain the stages and factors behind the emergence of the Iraqi Kurdistan crisis based on the model of Michael Brocker.The main question of this article is how are the stages of formation and the factors behind the geopolitical crisis of Iraqi Kurdistan based on the model of Michael Brocker?The stages of the formation of the Iraqi Kurdistan's geopolitical crisis based on Michael Burke's model are: the fall of Saddam, the formation of the federal government in Kurdistan, the ISIL invasion of Syria and Iraq, the strengthening of Kurdish nationalism and independence, the domination of the Peshmerga in areas of Kirkuk, Ninawa and Diyala, The attack of the Iraqi Army and the Hamas al-Sha'abi forces in Kirkuk and the withdrawal of Peshmerga forces from Kirkuk. And the underlying factors in the Kurdistan crisis, the geopolitical prominence of the Kurdistan region, especially the Kirkuk region, the high level of symmetry between Iran and Turkey and the high level of opposition, accompanied by the threat of the two countries with the referendum and lack of support from the United States and the European Union.This research is of a theoretical type and descriptive method has been used. The data of the research have been gathered by special library method and using the documents of the first hand and analyzed by content analysis method.

    Methodology

    This research is of a theoretical type and descriptive method has been used. The data of the research have been gathered by special library method and using the documents of the first hand and analyzed by content analysis method.

    Results And Discussion

    According to Michael Brother's theory, a geopolitical crisis is formed in four stages: the emergence, expansion, reduction, and the effects of the crisis and the factors that underlie and exacerbate the crisis, geography, conflict, the life of the actor of the crisis, the political system, the level of the international system, polarization And the intervention of regional and sub-regional powers. With a referendum in the Kurdistan region, a new geopolitical crisis was created in the region on the 25th of October 2017. Iraq's security and stability once again threatened and exacerbated the foreign and security policy of the region. Based on Michael Brocker's model, it became clear that independence, long-term territorial struggle and domination between the Kurds and the central government of Iraq over the strategic area of Kirkuk and the failure to implement Article 140 of the Iraqi constitution prepared the ground for the emergence of the crisis. ISIL's invasion of Iraq and the inability of the army to confront ISIL and then capture Kirkuk and parts of the districts of Diyala and Ninawa by Kurdish peshmerga, conducting a referendum in the Kurdistan region and subsequently an Iraqi military offensive against Kirkuk and reclaiming many areas on the expansion This crisis has added. The concern of the Kurdish climate leaders about the deterioration of the situation and their agreement with the central government to initiate talks has reduced the crisis and left significant political, security and economic implications.

    Conclusion

    Among the seven factors that underlie and exacerbate the crisis in the Michael Barrett model, geography and geopolitical prominence of the Kurdistan climate zone, and in particular the Kirkuk region, are the main causes and intensification of the current crisis and future crises, and one of the examples is the long-term conflicts that can be terminated Not detected. It was also found that two factors of intervention of regional and sub-national powers and the level of the international system played a key role in the short-term reduction of the Kurdish crisis. The symmetry of Iran-Turkey interests at a high level and the strong opposition, accompanied by the threat of the two countries with a referendum, and the lack of US-EU support for the Kurds, did not allow the Kurdish regional crisis to extend from the regional level to the international level.

    Keywords: Crisis, Geopolitics, Kurdistan, Iraq, Model Michael Brecher
  • Hassan Hekmatnia * Pages 639-656
    Introduction

    Procedures and accelerated its growth in recent decades, cities in Iran, has sparked a lot of urban problems. So, the problems of urbanization and the failure all aspects of its influence and sometimes disrupt urban life has made. One of the major problems the older cities more tissue worn in them is the source of many problems in urban areas and the economic-social, body- physical, environmental and security in the wake and the instability in many city has provided. Distressed structures are one of the fourth types of urban distressed structures that because of physical distress, non-appropriate ridden availability, services facility and existence of vulnerable urban infrastructure, has a less locational, environmental and economic value. Facilities and resources limitation of the urban renovation and rehabilitation matter, before every proceed need identification of regions distress rate and priority setting for every action and investment, in related with distressed structure of each city. Basically, the body of the cities affected by natural processes, social and economic change gradually and was exhausted and needed reconstruction and modernization over time they will gradually feel.
    Today, most people's participation in urban management approach to city governance. So, it does every person in addition to his role in the field of occupational and family activities for community life as a citizen in the town of affairs. It also recognized their role and duties of the acceptance of this role for his creation bound and hold.

    Methodology

    Fahadan neighborhood is 54 degrees, 22 minutes and 18 seconds long, and 31 degrees 54 minutes and 32 seconds is located in the northeast of Yazd city. Fahadan neighborhood is one of Yazd's oldest neighborhoods. It is located adjacent to the neighborhoods of Bazarno, Shah Abolqasem and Kushkonu and is bounded northwards to the northern part of Fahadan Street, from the south to the market place and the time of Al-Sahat, from the west to the Shah Abolqasem and Kushknou neighborhoods and from the east to Imam Khomeini Street.
    The aim of this study is to the role of public participation in neighborhood improvement of old texture Fahadan of Yazd city and was conducted in the general framework of the survey researches. The study sample consisted of one group: The study area residents (equal to 12000 people), A total of 348 persons have been studied to random sampling method. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire used Cronbach's alpha (0.851), also, validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the opinion of advisor and supervisors. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Used in inferential statistics Spearman correlation test and multiple regression.

    Results and Discussion

    The results of prioritizing the items related to the most important field of citizen participation, according to the citizens surveyed, indicate that it is more important than the "wish of your family to participate in the development of neighborhood activities" (average rating: 4.84 and standard deviation of 0.45), "Participation in socio-cultural issues of the neighborhood" (average rating: 4.26 and standard deviation of 0.714), "Participation in economic affairs and neighborhood financial assistance" (average rating: 4.56 and standard deviation of 0.737) and "willingness to transfer property for renovation and improvement of the neighborhood" (average rating: 3.99 and standard deviation of 1.14). The results of prioritizing the items related to the most important obstacles to the participation of citizens in restoring and modernizing the worn out tissue from the viewpoint of the citizens surveyed indicate that it is more important than the "lack of credit for the development of worn out tissues" (average Rating: 4.22 and standard deviation of 1.14), "high cost of building materials and construction" (average rating: 3.62 and standard deviation of 1.17), "lack of proper functioning of social cultural organizations In the neighborhood "(average rating: 2.87 and standard deviation of 0.946) and" non-availability of machinery to the neighborhood center "(average rating: 3.63 and standard deviation of 1.22). Showed results that variable people's trust in the authorities (Beta = 0.415) and lack of socio-cultural organization of people in the neighborhood (Beta = -0.398) than other independent variables have the highest positive and negative effects in predicting the dependent variable (the level of participation and their willingness to organize and renovation of the old Fahadan neighborhood.

    Conclusion

    The final results of the study showed that six variables were entered into regression analysis (three variables as effective variables and three variables as barriers that had a negative effect), and the variable of people's trust in authorities and the absence of public cultural associations in the neighborhood Other independent variables have the most positive and negative effects, respectively, in predicting the dependent variable (level of popular participation and their tendency for organizing and modernizing the exhausted texture of the Fahadan neighborhood). Therefore, based on the obtained results, it can be said that trust in authorities is the most important factor affecting popular participation in improving the deteriorated texture of the Fahadan neighborhood of Yazd and the lack of social cultural organizations. The most important barrier is the popular participation in the improvement of the worn-out texture. Therefore, the following suggestions can be made based on the

    results

    It is suggested that, in order to increase the level of people's trust to the authorities, in the first stage, meetings with the people of the area will be held and the objectives of the proposed plan (organizing and modernizing the worn-out texture) will be fully and clearly explained to the public. Be sure to be consulted and used at the planning stage for the local elite.

    Keywords: participation, rehabilitation, old texture, Fahadan neighborhoods, Yazd city
  • Hamidreza Varsi, Hossein Hoseinikhah *, Mohammadreza Ghasemy Pages 657-674

    The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible. The results showed that the most favorable scenario for the future development of the province Experts and specialists in the province, Natural tourism growth, The development of rail transportation, according to job creation, Development of rural infrastructure and investment incentives and security And the sustainable management of water.The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible. The results showed that the most favorable scenario for the future development of the province Experts and specialists in the province, Natural tourism growth, The development of rail transportation, according to job creation, Development of rural infrastructure and investment incentives and security And the sustainable management of water.The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible. The results showed that the most favorable scenario for the future development of the province Experts and specialists in the province, Natural tourism growth, The development of rail transportation, according to job creation, Development of rural infrastructure and investment incentives and security And the sustainable management of water.The need for optimal development of regions need to know And sufficient knowledge of planning methods based Forecasts and analysis process. This study aims to Foresight using two methods of analysis and cross-impact scenario First, to identify and analyze the key driving factors discussed And then advancing the development of future scenarios Kohgiluyeh and Boyer could be written. For data analysis software MicMac and ScenarioWizard-based Delphi method is used. Finally, the results of applying the cross-impact analysis Showed that 8 key drivers such as tourism, Using experts, The development of rail and road transport, water resources, investment, Competition, Employment and Among the 32 factors identified agricultural production, The greatest impact on the growth and future development Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and The index research and development, as a regulator Among the factors influencing the growth and development of the province was considered impressionable. The propellant as the main base of scripting The following factors were used. These factors are likely status set clear strategies and define key strategies and policies for directors. Finally, the development of112 items, 14 scenarios were considered for the future Province And 5/12 percent of the items have a critical situation, 75/18 in static mode and 75/68 of items are eligible.

    Keywords: Regional Development, Foresight, Scenario writing, CIB, Kohgiluyeh, Boyer ahmad
  • Ali Amiri *, Mandana Masoudirad, Maryam Rezaee Pages 675-696
    Introduction

    Elections as a political act reflect a degree of political participation that every society and everyone in the society participates on the basis of their political understanding of the geographic environment to support, reform and change. Citizens' criteria for choosing are effective in the election results. Meanwhile, geographically effective factors in elections, such as place and neighborhood characteristics, are largely overlooked. Some researchers believe that one of the most important predictive factors in the election, especially in tribal cities, is the place and neighborhood characteristics; because these place features, over time, have strengthened segregation and selective behaviors in elections. Thus, urban geography can represent a new interpretation of the social and spatial divisions of the election; for this reason, in this study, the spatial factors that affect the electoral behaviors of citizens are evaluated and analyzed comprehensively, because this method can more clearly reflect the nature of spatial inequality of election participation. The city of Khorramabad faces the issue of the impact of tribal relations in the elections, which has brought about a kind of segregation in the city, dominated by "tribal neighborhoods". This spatial separation has influenced many of the political, economic, social and cultural affairs of the city. The effect of electing based on the emotions and traditions of the society, and tribalism in different periods, on urban management, decisions concerning development and future of Khorramabad is a matter of concern. In this research, we have compared two groups of neighborhoods through taking into account factors such as the effect of tribal neighborhoods and segregation, speciality and education level, campaign and eventually political party in Khorramabad. For this reason, two neighborhoods with tribal interests and tangible segregation were selected and compared with two neighborhoods lacking such a characteristic; to investigate whether the problem of ecological segregation (in the form of tribal neighborhoods) has strengthened the tribalism behavior in Khorramabad council elections? Another question is how the ecological segregation can affect the election issue (especially the election of the Khorramabad city council)?

    Methodology

    The present study is an applied and descriptive-analytical research. Two methods of library and field studies have been used to collect data. Data collection tools include: questionnaire, general population and housing census results, related journals and articles. In this regard, after studying theoretical literature, the spatial and non-spatial indices affecting election behavior were extracted and a questionnaire was prepared for the residents of the above_mentioned neighborhoods; the statistical population of the study included all households in Khorramabad. The sample size via Cochran model was determined 383, and the questionnaires, in order to better compare the results, were distributed in at least four samples. Of these four samples, two samples came with stronger tribalism affiliations while two others had less stronger affiliations. In this research, the sampling unit is family. The sample was selected in a multi-stage cluster method. Meanwhile, division method (relative to population) was used in the sampling method. In order to analyze the data by using SPSS software, methods such as multivariate regression, one way ANOVA and T- test independent samples were used.

    Results and discussion

    The results showed that more than 80% of residents of the two neighborhoods of Poshteh Hussein Abad and Dareh Garm have relatively similar tribal relations. These conditions have identified these neighborhoods as distinct neighborhoods with a degree of segregation. The results of the T-test indicated that the neighborhoods with high segregation (tribal) and non-tribal neighborhoods in most of the studied indicators (party and factional leaning of candidates, the degree of candidate's expertise, ecological segregation (Ethnic-neighborhood affiliation and tribal selection)) were different at 95% confidence level and the pattern of selection of these two groups of neighborhoods' residents was different. Only when it comes to the indicator of the impact of the candidate's campaign in the city, there is no difference between the surveyed neighborhoods. In the sample, the difference in the patterns of elections based on the place of residence is significant in Khorramabad.

    Conclusion

    The results of one-way ANOVA for comparing the indices affecting the citizens' electoral behaviors in all four neighborhoods showed that, at an error level of 0.05, the importance of two party and specialty indices in Motahari and Shirkhagah for residents is more than the two neighborhoods with high segregation level (Poshteh Hussein Abad and Dareh Garm). Tribal election and segregation with five indices (tribal affiliation, neighborhood maturity, neighborhood selection, social interactions, and neighborhood benefits) in neighborhoods with tribal interests is more than the two other neighborhoods. According to the step-by-step regression analysis, in neighborhoods with tribal affiliations, tribal campaign, neighborhood maturity, neighborhood selection and social interaction indicators were able to predict, in four steps, respectively, selection of tribe. So that these four factors could predict 51% of the tribal selectivity. In the meanwhile, only social interactions have not been able to predict tribal selectivity. It can be said that there is a relationship between the spatial dependencies of the place of residence and the voting pattern in the neighborhoods of Khorramabad. According to the results of this research, the effects of neighborhoods turns out to be effective in the model of elections in Khorramabad and they need to be dealt with more deeply, because these factors have created deep and permanent discrepancies in the election patterns of Khorramabad. However, so far, no previous study has analyzed the relationship between spatial and neighborhoods effects in Khorramabad elections. Based on the results of this study, electoral processes in geographical areas of Khorramabad due to social processes are different. However, the factor of place and the effects of neighborhoods in many neighborhoods of Khorramabad (especially neighborhoods with high segregation rates) have been effective on the formation and strengthening of electoral models of sustainability (in the form of tribal selection) and finally urban management through the effectiveness of the tribal electoral votes on city council elections.

    Keywords: ecological segregation, electoral behaviors, tribal neighborhoods, tribalism, Khorramabad
  • Afshin Mottaghi * Pages 697-707
    Introduction

    Urban political management is an interdisciplinary field of political sciences, sociology, management and geography. At the view of critical theories, Euclidean approach practices replaced civil actors in their political context, selectively. Outcome of this process is the inability in representation of complex and heterogeneous spaces in a network-relational space of the city and sophisticated problems of it. Euclidean perspective is categorized, disjunctive and separated and it seeks decreasing, and reductionism. But, post-structuralism theory in which combined with the approach of ecology wants to include the city in the set of all combinations and entities until to maintain from the whole human– natural realities, simultaneously. The methodology study of is analytical-descriptive and its hypothesis is that is seems the political construction space of cities is Indispensable for to meet with complexities of urban contemporary heterogeneous environment by using of the different politics approach. The low-income population migrates to a city, inhabits and lives there. The urban designer has to be familiar with this major community, for if not, the city will be designed and developed as an alien city for the majority of the community that live there. The low-income community comes from the rural area and has their own worldview, a Cosmo-centric ontology (the worldview that humans have been ruled by an external superpower), entering the city with recent development in the modern paradigm and modern ontology. This different ontological foundation plays as the root of a wider and wider gap as time goes by and the population grows larger and larger.

    Methodology

    The methodology of this study is descriptive-analytical and the required information has been collected through library research. The information was gathered from sources such as books, magazines, online articles, newspapers, etc.

    Results and discussion

    Postmodernism is presented as an anti-Modern movement seeking to escape from everything that had so far represented modernity: negativity, contradiction and contrasts. However, there are times when it is difficult to overcome this established solution. Postmodern architecture is understood as the culmination of a social and technological transformation. In this way, the individual moves to a new city, understood by means of expression of the society that had until then inhabited the empty and meaningless buildings of the Modern Movement and the International Style. Over time, the International Style was outpaced with the help of architects who sought freedom from the rigid dictates of this school. Buildings somehow abandoned the slavish adherence limits to modernist geometry, replacing it with new designs (for instance, a return to external decoration). Instead of symbolically encountering the surrounding landscape constructed with rectangular buildings, in the Postmodernity, we observe buildings with protruding corners, a number of different levels and substantially more ornamentation on the outside. The planning of the city, according to the Modern Movement encouraged the spatial segregation of social functions, the death of suburban sidewalks and the city’s grid system. Instead of that, the new Postmodern urbanists aspired to integrate previously separate elements. They conceived a more relevant urban life for the visitor, guiding neighborhoods to gain easy access to all transport service. The promoters of this style were “anti-modernists” in their belief – society should return to a more community and environment-friendly model. For instance, some traditional designed elements of houses, such as porches and sidewalks, were remarkably favored in order to allow people to socialize, closing ties with the community.Post-modernism succeed thanks to a willingness to change, with the aim of creating a new expression. This manifestation was not only artistic but also cultural, which, in return, will bring a new and contradictory changing aesthetic experience that seeks to represent contemporary society. The creation of the Postmodern city primarily depends on the association between symbols and signs, and which follow the demand of society itself. Postmodern cities are not intended to accommodate the individual, but instead, aim to distract the society. The succession of different Postmodern, dream-like, unreal spaces distract society, making them believe that individuals are living in a utopia created in their image and likeness. It will be necessary, in turn, associate all these representative symbols of Postmodern ideology –architectural materialization itself– in order to meet the basic objective of these constructions, that is, to create a city that conforms an image of Postmodern culture.During Postmodernism the desire to create larger cities grows, impersonal and empty of architectural content, but which, in turn, can be fully identifiable by individuals through symbols and images. In order to value Postmodern cities and put them in open relation to the society that rules them, it is necessary to understand the symbols, signs and icons that appear in the viewer’s eyes. Thus, the architects of these cities work from these symbols to construct a new architectural representation for the city. It is, therefore, an urban framework, set by the signs given by the company itself and the new socio-cultural claims. Hence, Post-modernism refers to the problem of container, empty and meaningless buildings, as a problem of the Modern Movement and the International Style, rather than Postmodernism itself. The latter gives character to these flat and soulless buildings, providing them with a new character without resorting to actual architectural elements, but filling them instead with representative signs of our society.

    Conclusion

    There is, therefore, a desire to create a city almost as a “Postmodern carnality”, as it does not seek to solve the problems of the individual who inhabits it. Its aim is not to be functional. Its willing is to create the illusion of a city, a scenario that represents a proper city. Sociologists and architects called it “city fiction”, falsifying the individual to the most extraordinary level. Time and space are presented as basic issues when developing an urban space. Thus, we might speak of urban space as temporary – corresponding to the memory and previous experiences of the individual. For the same reason, spatial models are built by memory elements.

    Keywords: Political Management, Space, Critical Theories, Post-Structuralism, city
  • Mostafa Mazaheri, Q. Yazdanpanah-Dero *, Hassan Kamran Pages 709-732

    The events of recent years in most regions of the world indicate that geographical factors and geopolitical components are still important and influential in shaping the quality of relations between countries to achieve national goals and interests .Among these regions ,is the geopolitical region of latin America, whose political - security landscape has several factors,some of which have roots in the regions' geographical and geopolitical conditions. Given this importance , the present article seeks to examine the role and function of geographical and geopolitical factors among Latin American political units at the regional level. According to the results of this study, the geopolitical relations in Latin American countries, influenced by the geopolitical and geographical components of the region,especially the peaceful relations governing the relations between Brazil and Argentina as important regional powers, are based on the pattern of interaction. And future view indicates that given the region's geographical and geopolitical privilege , Latin American countries , and especially Brazil as a regional leader , is capable of sustaining interactions and regional strategic management. At the same time , due to the calm Space of this region , the necessary conditions for the creation of a unified regional identity are provided . Under these circumstances , the Latin American region will overcome its current geopolitical margin and will reach a stage of integration and consolidation . And the pattern of its geopolitical relations will be based on continuity relationship , which will increase the geopolitical weight of the region and be more in line with developments in the peripheral and global geopolitical system .

    Methodology

    The research method is applied in nature and is of analytical-explanatory The method of data collection has been done through libraries (books, articles), websites and inferential analysis,The research question and hypothesis is also set out as follows:Research Question: What are the geographical and geopolitical components of relationship formation in Latin America? Also what basis is the pattern of Latin American geopolitical relations at the regional level?

    Results and discussion

    Latin American countries seek to prevent the domination and interference of different actors in the region through the process of balancing their regional power so as to ensure their path of progress, peace and stability through regional peace and integration. . Because the main context of regional and trans-regional threats , on the eve of the 21 st century, it is more affected by geographical location and geopolitical condition.After decades of tension and suspicion, better relations between Brazil and Argentina have been established. Their trade has increased compared to the past, with Brazil exporting a variety of manufactured products in return for agricultural products. Nearly a quarter of Brazil's exports of goods to Latin America were sent to Argentina in the late 1980s. Relations between Latin American countries are influenced by factors that exist in relations between the political units of the region, especially Brazil, Argentina and Mexico, and are generally explored within the context of co-operation resources and peaceful relations. Elements such as high geopolitical weight, geographical sources of cooperation (proximity-neighborhood), geopolitical resources, geopolitical identities, regional unions and organizations, and their effective performance in creating convergence, geopolitics of globalization, overlapping elements of convergence, high degree of stability, are important geopolitical and geographical factors that have shaped the geopolitical relations between the important powers of this region based on an interactive relationship. Based on this relation, the convergence elements dominate the divergence components. Considering the region's capabilities from a cultural point of view (the common colonial and historical roots of the region's members, the religion and language common to the majority of countries in the region), from a hydropolic perspective (according to statistics and reports published more than one-third of the world's freshwater resources atLatin American countries), economically (abundance of fossil and non-fossil fuel sources and other strategic resources, Venezuela has the world's largest oil resources), strategically and geographically (majority of countries in this region have access to of free water, Favorable climate and climate variability, fertile lands, etc.).This will allow the region to have a profound impact on its environment and on global issues. On the other hand, these privileges, and how they can best be used, require the stability and continuity of good relations between countries in the region.

    Conclusion

    The countries of South America, Central America, the Caribbean, and Mexico in North America belong to the Latin American region in terms of geographical credibility, historical roots, liberation from colonial domination, political orientation, cultural interactions, economic relations. So There is a geopolitical area in Latin America. Due to the calmness of the region and the limitations of passive disputes and crises and the existence of geographical and cultural linkages and interconnections, the prevailing atmosphere diverges from the tensions and hostile relations of decades ago and provides the basis for regional engagement , has constructed And in the light of regional cooperation and the constructive relations of regional powers, an interactive pattern has emerged between regional political units.The end result that with having geographical, historical, cultural linkages, increased regional self-awareness, the existence of common geopolitical codes, the growth of regional convergence in the form of important and strategic alliances such as the Slack organization, the Unasaur Union, Mercosur, the Alba Union ,... Countries in the region will step in to stabilize relations and promote regional peace and stability, and their dominant model of geopolitical relations will be a continuum model.

    result

    peace, political and economic development of these regions will add to the geopolitical stability of the peripheral and global system.In fact, Latin America is passing through the crisis of geopolitical transition and reaching the stage of geopolitical stabilization and continuity, the important and remarkable role played by this region in various aspects of world system developments.

    Keywords: Geographical Factors, Geopolitical Elements, geopolitical relations, Geopolitical region, Latin America
  • M. Vasegh *, Ahad Mohamadi Pages 733-758
    Introduction

    In scientific research, the provision of satisfactory explanations for the recognition of phenomena and the application of results obtained from this recognition in problem solving and in meeting human needs are only possible when the scientific research process falls within the framework of a systematic pattern of a proper methodology. In the meantime, the experientialism and positivism approaches which gained considerable successes in scientific discoveries during the Renaissance turned into undisputed approaches in the field of scientific methodology by the early nineteenth century and spread out the naturalistic worldview on all scientific fields, on both natural and human sciences. However, since the beginning of the nineteenth century up to the present, by the emergence of certain problems and failures in epistemological assumptions, as well as the emergence of numerous political and social crises due to the extreme scientism, gradually, the principles and assumptions of experientialism has faced with many questions and raised grave doubts; and ultimately it resulted in a new methodology called “hermeneutic and interpretive methodology” in the human sciences. In this paper, we are going to examine the nature of positivism and the effect of this school of thought in geography, and to provide an epistemological analysis of this school of thought from the viewpoint of critical rationalism.

    Methodology

    The present research is placed among theoretical and fundamental research, due to its philosophical and logical nature. This is a descriptive-analytical (logical) research and the analyses are performed based on logical reasoning. For this reason, the topics and contents discussed in this collection are considered as documentary and library research.

    Result and Discussion

    In the 1950s and 1960s, geographers focused on positivist attitudes in scientific explanation of geographic issues. In this regard, positivism tries to acquire knowledge of the geographical space through empirical foundations and mathematical logic besides through validation and using quantitative methods it seeks to establish rules that can explain spatial dispersion and in general, to base geography on certain theories which has mathematical precision and to formulate them according to mathematical models and calculations. Therefore, in this approach, correlation and experiments are used to reduce the complex interactions between components, which include empirical tests, random samples, controlled variables (independent, dependent and moderator), control groups, and so on. In this regard, positivist schools in geography such as environmentalism, spatial science, behavioral geography, and systemic attitudes were discussed. Generally, in the mentioned schools, the features can be characterized as follows: the use of statistical and quantitative methods, mathematics and computer in analyzes, the use of abundant models, the belief in the existence of definitive scientific laws of geography and the use of mechanical language, efforts to build public laws in the form of systematic study, the existence of a single method for natural and social sciences, the existence of experimental ground in geographic research, causal explanations, the belief in technical knowledge, the use of abundant maps, as well as mental maps in place and space, The use of questionnaires and perceptual-cognitive tests, Statistical measurements and Generalization inductive, the application of definitive laws and principles in systematic geography in various subjects on a global scale and dependent on natural social laws, the existence of the certain of law for all natural and human phenomena in the system attitude and in general The emphasis on experimentation and measurement and generalization as "scientific standards", the use of "experience" as the main source of positivity of geographic realities, the look of the earth as a coherent and natural system and one coherent as an ecosystem. Then by representing multiple geographical propositions we showed how this approach makes gross generalization while it mixing “trends with laws”. In general, positivism in terms of ontology, believes in realism (objectivism) and the separation of the subject and the object; moreover, it is an objectivist theory in terms of epistemology; that means it seeks to discover the absolute knowledge in relation to an objective reality; and in methodology it tries to find causal explanations based on induction and empirical generalizations.

    Conclusion

    Positivism is one of the most important philosophical schools that affected the literature of geography and has been influential in schools such as environmentalism, spatial science, behavioral geography, and system attitude. This approach involves knowledge of the geographic space through the empirical foundations and mathematical logic. Accordingly, geography is objective, observational, quantitative and inductive, and contains theory-independent observations and value judgments; therefore, geographers seek to discover the causal relationships that exist among the phenomena and to represent them in the form of “general and universal laws of Geography”. The objectivity of science in the inductive view of the fact is that both observation and inductive reasoning are objective and the truth of observational propositions can be demonstrated by observing all its senses. As a consequence, the positivist geographers reject metaphysical discussions and turn towards the “testable experience”, consider the experience and the empirical testing as a criterion for scientific validity, thus they negate the hypotheses, categories, and presuppositions and assert that the science begins with observation and they do not consider the role of problem and hypothesis or the active and creative role of the researcher in the research process; and then, they make generalization in terms of observations that were made on the basis of inductive reasoning in order to lay down laws which causes the mixing of “trend with law” in the positivist geography; correspondingly, in this paper, several geographic propositions were examined. Therefore, the application of positivism due to the above mentioned problems is faced with serious problems as a scientific approach in the field of geography. Hence, this approach lacks the efficiency and the necessary capabilities in order to be applied in the field of geographic studies as a “scientific” approach and methodology.

    Keywords: naive positivism, logical positivism, epistemological analysis, to mixing trend with law, geography
  • Yasaman Asadi, Saeid Hamzeh *, Majid Kiavarz Pages 759-773
    Introduction

    The expansion of cities and urbanization and the gradual increase in the number of major cities in the world, especially in developing countries on the one hand, and the growth of cities, concentration and population accumulation on the other, cause problems such as the emergence of heat islands. Urban heat islands are the obvious negative impacts of urbanization that largely depends on land use and land cover type, most aspects of urbanization become apparent when humans interfere with the natural structure of the earth and alter the natural landscape of the earth, causing many environmental problems such as urban heat islands in general, urban heat island is the result of the complex impacts of urban processes on its climate. These processes cause cities to be surrounded by a hot air mass that is about 120 meters in height during the day and more than twice as much at night. In this phenomenon, the city center has the highest temperature in comparison to the surrounding rural areas, and with the departure from the city center this temperature and height of the hot air mass decreases. This is called the urban heat island. In most studies, it is concluded that urban vegetation reduces surface temperature, as opposed to the inconsistency between land surface temperature and land use in land use. The objectives of this study are to determine the distribution of land surface temperature in land use types, as well as to investigate the difference between land surface temperature with land use types and vegetation composition, and finally to analyze the impact of human factors on land surface temperature. This study is expected to provide a better understanding of urban heat islands by analyzing land use types and land cover and social and economic interactions. the results of this study can guide managers in planning to regulate urban socio-economic activities to reduce urban heat islands.

    Methodology

    District 6 of Tehran is one of the relatively old districts of Tehran which is located in the central area of Tehran. District 6, as one of the busiest areas in Tehran, has a residential density of 75 percent, with 30 percent allocated to transportation networks.This study uses the Landsat 8 satellite image on August 7, 2016. The images are available free of charge at the US Geological Survey. In order to complete the input parameters for mapping the surface temperature using satellite images, the Modis water vapor product with a spatial resolution of 5000 m was used. For visual interpretation, 1: 10000 maps were used, and the type of files of the target area extracted from 1: 2000 maps for 2015 extracted from the Tehran Information Technology Organization, In this study we consider only the vegetation case with respect to available data. There are 5 types of land uses in this area and the user map has been prepared using Arc GIS software.1- Old residential area (over 25 years old) 2- New residential area (between 5 and 15 years) 3. Wasteland (landfills vacant) 4- Industrial areas (including various industrial activities such as factory and warehouse space) 5. Organizational Areas (Infrastructure Related to Schools, Colleges, Universities and Research Institutions)

    Results and discussion

    Approximately 49% of the total area under study was considered for all types of land uses, including 6.4% new residential, 21% old residential, 2.5% waste, 0.6% industrial and 18.3% Percentage of organizational usage. Data provided by the municipality's ICT and satellite imagery used to match the time of preparation. In this study, based on the findings, the highest surface temperature is related to industrial and organizational use, and the surface temperature of the wasteland is ranked third after organizational use, The average value of land surface temperature varies with different types of land use, indicating that the factors affecting the land surface temperature vary by land use. Linear correlation analysis showed that the mean land surface temperature significantly depended on both land cover composition and land use. The results show that there is a slight correlation between vegetation indices in each land use type. The land cover composition has a direct relationship with the land cover metrics, but the correlation coefficient of the vegetation cover composition and measures varies among different land use types. The findings show that the composition of the green space in small plots is more sensitive to the surface temperature of the earth. The results also suggest that there is a complex mechanism in urban heat islands, which may be caused not only by the biophysical process but also by human resources. The variations in land surface temperature between different types of land use indicate that energy consumption and human heat emission have important effects on the land surface temperature. In human sources of heat dissipation, such as human metabolism, the presence of buildings and traffic significantly contribute to the increase of urban heat and the creation of urban islands. The intensity of heat varies according to the type of climate, population density and intensity of industrial and commercial activities.

    Conclusion

    The findings of this study show that land use has the potential to explain the effects of complex human activities in urban areas compared to land cover. these findings highlight the contradictory effects of land use composition and land cover on urban heat islands, which not only help to better understand the mechanism of urban heat islands but also provide practical solutions for urban planning and management. Surface temperatures can be reduced by optimizing vegetation patterns (based on the relationship between land surface temperature and land cover) for any human-assisted use. to reduce the effect of urban heat islands, increasing vegetation density and scattering, it is also advisable to create green roofs or roof gardens and maintain plants in buildings.

    Keywords: Surface temperature, Landsat 8, Landscape measurements, Urban heat islands, Tehran city