جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مدیریت آب » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

 Irrigation water, as an essential resource, plays a fundamental role in household production and livelihood activities. In recent years, it is necessary to communicate between the demand of consumers and suppliers in order to ensure the sufficiency of water for agriculture and the sustainable management of the irrigation system and to meet other needs. With the general belief about the important role of irrigation in agricultural growth, many developing Asian countries have turned to the promotion and development of irrigation, which has led to the achievement of broad goals in the form of economic growth, agricultural and rural development, and food security. and protection against drought conditions, which is expected to include social results that are directly and indirectly related to poverty reduction due to the mentioned benefits of irrigation water.

The lack of optimal management of water resources as the main input of the agricultural sector is a major challenge on the way to realizing sustainable agriculture in the political geography of Iran.Various solutions have been proposed for this serious challenge, all of which go back to reforming the governance process in water resources management in Iran.Based on this, the aim of the current research is to investigate the challenges of water governance in the agricultural sector of Iran.The present research method is a qualitative and quantitative combined method in solving the problem.The statistical population includes experts and experts in the issue of water governance in the agricultural sector, who were selected through non-probability sampling in a targeted manner. 90 researcher-made questionnaires, which were the result of face-to-face interviews with 7 experts in the field of water governance in the agricultural sector of the country, were distributed among the studied community, and after collecting them, 83 questionnaires were analyzed.The collected data were analyzed in two parts of descriptive statistics (prevalence, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (exploratory factor analysis) with Spss-14 software.Based on the results of the research, the challenges of water governance in Iran's agricultural sector were summarized in six factors that explained 60.35% of the total variance. Social challenges contributed the most (25.63) and natural and human challenges contributed the least (4.46) in explaining the variance of the variables under investigation.Also, considering the participatory nature of governance and the results of this research on social challenges, it was suggested that the roles and powers of the actors involved in water governance should be carefully determined and the capacity building of the stakeholders should be seriously put on the agenda.

In contrast to commonly held beliefs in the province of Mazandaran, , alterations in climate have exposed this particular region to the issue of water scarcity. This predicament has rendered it crucial to direct attention to the various methods of managing water, such as the collection of rainwater, within this province. From this vantage point, the objective of this publication is to meticulously scrutinize and evaluate the feasibility of implementing a comprehensive plan for rainwater collection in the residential areas of Larijan, Amol, and Noor, which are situated within the Mazandaran province, based on both physical and social capabilities.

This is an applied study carried out from 2017 to 2021 in three cities of Mazandaran. The research process is segmented into three distinct stages in accordance with the nature of the data. The researcher employed indirect observation to extract physical (architectural) data, which were subsequently prioritized by experts utilizing the Delphi method. As for the technical data pertaining to the various components of the rainwater harvesting system, they were derived from the statistical analysis of rainfall and catchment levels observed during the study period, in addition to the optimal capacity of the tank. In terms of the social dimension, the requisite data were gathered through a questionnaire devised by the researcher, followed by an analysis conducted using a one-sample T test.

The primary physical factors that have a significant impact on water management in housing within the Mazandaran province encompass various variables such as "Roof area," "Roof slope," "Area and yard dimensions," "Area slope," "Gutter," "Dimensions and proportions," and "Insulation details." Regarding the quantity of water, the optimal volume stands at 5981 liters in Larijan city, 8632 liters in Amol city, and 7533 liters in Nur city. Furthermore, from a social perspective, the findings indicate an above-average level of citizen participation across all three cities, which is attributed to the implementation of rainwater extraction systems.

In conclusion, the cities within the Mazandaran province exhibit both physical and social capacities for the implementation of rainwater harvesting systems in residential settings. However, it is important to acknowledge that the main hindrance in this endeavor is the limited institutional (management) capacity.

Watersheds are physical boundaries that include natural ecosystems and all human interactions. Land-use change in watersheds has been one of the major challenges in the 21st century. According to the findings of some researchers, the effects of land use on water resources are more severe than climate change. The estimation of streamflow in watersheds with different land uses is one of the important issues in hydrological studies. In recent years, one of the most widely used methods to facilitate computation has been the use of computer models that represent the watershed response with high accuracy. Restrictions on access to sufficient hydrological data make the role of watershed simulation models more important. This study aimed at modeling monthly runoff using the SWAT model and assessing the effects of different land-use change scenarios on runoff components.

The Ahl-e-Iman watershed with 7770.86 ha area is located in Ardabil province, which was selected to predict the effects of land-use change on hydrologic response. The SWAT model has been developed to simulate different parameters of the daily, monthly, and annual hydrologic responses. The curve number method in the SWAT model was used to estimate monthly surface runoff and output runoff yield. The main inputs of the SWAT model, including daily precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, were obtained from available data centers to prepare a digital elevation map (DEM), land use map, and soil map. The SWAT CUP program was used to calibrate the model. The input of this program is observational flow data and the output file is the SWAT model. The statistical indices of   Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS), correlation coefficient (R2), and mean square error (MSE) were used to evaluate the simulation results of the model.

Sensitivity analysis and the model calibration were performed in 2003-2010. The validation of the SWAT model showed that this model had a high performance for predicting the hydrologic effects of management scenarios in the Ahl Iman watershed.  The results showed that the model had high performance in both periods. The obtained land-use map was given to the model to simulate the effect of land use change. The results of runoff simulation with both land uses of the study scenarios compared with the base flow are given in Figure 1.   Figure (1): Comparing base flow with streamflow in the first and second land-use change scenarios.

The performance of the SWAT model was evaluated in both the calibration and validation periods; therefore, this model was used to investigate different land use management scenarios. The results of the first management scenario showed that the average streamflow discharge was equal to 0.3 cms, which showed 17% decrease in discharge compared to the base land use discharge (0.6 m3). The streamflow discharge increased 36% compared to the base flow in the second scenario. Therefore, this scenario will reduce the water resources of the region in a long time.

The dependence of the farmers and agricultural life on water resources and the existing crises has a direct relationship with various challenges of this macro-social structure. In the global water crisis, the cultivation type is simultaneously the major culprit and victim. The purpose of the present study is to examine the role of hydrological and population-related factors in preventing the aridification of an area as one of the most devastating environmental disasters. By its selection of the appropriate crop for any area (which prevents water wasting), water resources management can prevent the dependence of that area on the agricultural crops of other areas and help decrease unemployment rate. In order to manage the effect of water demand on the balance of water resources flowing in the Kuhdasht County, the topographic data was combined with other data through the geographical information system and using enhanced AHPFUZZY method. The purpose was to weight the hydrological and population-related data (including the sub-criteria of river, well, spring, residence, people, men, and women) and determine the location priorities based on the field data, satellite images, and the data existing in the Lorestan province related to the amount of water needed by various products. The intention was to create jobs while protecting natural resources. In addition to the prevention of underground water levels and the destruction of wells, springs, and aqueducts, the results of this study specify the conditions for scientific and principled cultivation, reduction of poverty, and creation of jobs through planned management in the research area based on the consideration of crop type, cultivation method, and cultivation time. According to the obtained results along with the consideration of the fact that agricultural activities are heavily practiced in the area (where dryland farming is performed in mid-level grasslands), the management of the area under study was classified into five levels, namely very weak, weak, average, good, and very good. This analysis can help the land managers to change the existing conditions toward a rule-based management of water resources.

Since human existence on the earth, access to water has been the most important issue for human survival and development. But nowadays the provision of water needs of the growing communities has become a global problem. Therefore, the strategic management of water resources has become essential issues to achieve the goals and prospects of sustainable development. On the other hand, considering the weather conditions of Bandar Abbas city and the annual reduction of a few centimeters of aquifer surface and its population growth, it is necessary to determine the strategies for managing water resources. In this regard, the Delphi-SWOT method was used in 6 steps to achieve key strategies for Bandar Abbas water resources. After performing the required steps and analyzing the matrix of internal and external factors, it was concluded that the type of extractive strategy is conservative or WO. Finally, after identifying the type of strategy adopted, 11 strategies were set up and prepared to minimize the weaknesses and maximize the opportunities for optimizing water resources management in Bandar Abbas.

water user associations were established for the participation of farmers in water resources management. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting the motivation of farmers’ participation in the Great Karun-Shushtar water user association in Khuzestan province. The study population was all Members of the Great Karoon water user association (N=671). 183 people were selected as the statistical sample using the Bartlett table and a random sampling method was used to collect data from farmers using the questionnaire. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. The reliability of the main scales of the questionnaires’ was examined by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, which ranged from 0.77 to 0.92, indicating the tool of study is reliable. Data analyses were performed using SPSSv24 software. Pearson correlation was used to investigate the relationship between independent and dependent variables and Regression analysis with Inter method was used to explain the factors affecting farmers' participation in water user association. Results indicated a significant positive correlation between motivation and self-identity, social norm, social capital, collective efficiencies expectations, cues to action, perception of partnership, Self-efficacy, and attitude of farmers. The results also showed that the variables of self-identity, cues to action and social capital have effect on the variable of motivation. These variables are able to predict 43% of the variance of motivation. Finally, based on the findings of the research, suggestions were made to increase the incentive of farmers' participation in the water user association.

INTRODUCTIONEvery year, 100 million cubic meters of water deficit in the Chenaran plain are witnessed. In addition to the negative effects of rainfall reduction over the last four decades, uncontrolled increases in water retrieval from subterranean reservoirs have been caused by the creation of unlawful wells in agriculture, livestock and industry, and the expansion of complexes A large industrial complex with a large number of production units, increased drinking water consumption has been affected by the growth of Mashhad's metropolitan area. A portion of the drinking water of Mashhad, the supply of water to the industries created in the Mashhad axis of Chenaran and the water needed for industrial settlements Created (at least four settlements) is one of the main uses of water in the region after agriculture. The decrease in the water of the permanent and seasonal rivers of the city, reducing the discharge of springs, gullies and lowering the level of aquifers is one of the main factors limiting the production of agricultural products in the Chenaran. Due to the serious constraints on water resources in the city of Chenaran and the need to achieve sustainable economies for the residents of the village and, consequently, to prevent them from migrating to major cities and to increase farmer's incomes, it is necessary to develop a suitable cultivation pattern.
THEORETICAl FRAMEWORKThe plan for reforming the cultivation pattern is one of the fundamental demands for the region's agriculture, through which, while preserving its sources of production, agricultural activities are economically feasible and also provides for the economic development of the village. The question now is that by cultivating what products in the Chenaran region, with a severe shortage of water and adjacent to the bigger market of Mashhad, can be solved to solve the problems of farmers in this area. Therefore, the attempt has been made to use this method to analyze the hierarchical analysis of AHP And using the TOPSIS model, this issue is to be considered.
METHODOLOGYThe data and statistics required from this study were from Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization and also through face-to-face interviews and completed the questionnaire by simple sampling from 20 expert experts and 20 farmers. Representatives of 8 sample villages of the city (Akhmalad villages, Hakim Abad, Ayyatollah, Kamal Abad, Dolatabad, National, and Mukhnan). Some of this information and statistics have a small aspect, and by referring to the relevant organization's databases, including the Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization as the agriculture manager in the said city Were available, and others were among the qualitative data in this field The achievement of Saeb's optimal judgment was based on the opinion of expert experts and farmers as the target community. The criteria that were considered in determining the optimal cultivation pattern were subdivisions of two main axes: rural economic development and optimal agricultural water management. These criteria consisted of criteria for crop production costs (planting, harvesting and harvesting), revenues from product sales, and guaranteeing purchases and returns of production capital that are debatable in the category of economic development. Also, the performance criteria of cubic water in the production of produce, number of irrigation beds (Water content) and yield per hectare The agricultural management dummies cover. The products that are sampled and dominated by their dominant cultivation in the city, and by a survey of sample farmers and experts to determine the pattern of cultivation have been considered (wheat, barley, rapeseed, sugar beet, potatoes, tomatoes, Alfalfa, forage corn). A model for selecting the criteria for the purpose of study (optimal cropping pattern).
DISCUSSIONIn this research, in order to determine the cropping pattern due to the serious constraints of agricultural water sources in the area under study (Chenaran), it was attempted to determine the pattern of cropping along with water resources management and in addition to focusing on rural economic development and improvement of the level Livelihood of the rural community. In this regard, by determining the criteria such as water consumption per hectare, water yield in crop production, irrigation frequency and pollutant index, income and cost of product production, as well as the criterion of guarantee of sales, was tried using the Dynamic Analysis Method Hierarchy and TOPSIS Model, rather than selecting the best options for determining the cultivar pattern
CONCLUSIONIn this research, in order to determine the cropping pattern due to the serious constraints of agricultural water sources in the area under study (Chenaran), it was attempted to determine the pattern of cropping along with water resources management and in addition to focusing on rural economic development and improvement of the level Hierarchy and topsis model, rather than selecting the best options for determining the cultivar pattern The products are industrial and it is better to take into account the monitoring. Sugar beet planting from the industrial and alfalfa groups of the forage product group is minimized.

Evaporation is one of the climatic variables that predict significant role in the planning of water. Due to the relatively high rainfall in areas of West Iran, awareness of the evaporation rate of water in these areas is essential for proper management.The factors influencing rate of evaporation, which are climatic signals according to their role in predicting enables evaporation. Evaporation prediction was performed using artificial neural network model based on climatic signals. the data of evaporation at three synoptic stations and the most important climate signals whit at least 20 years of monthly analysis using NeuroSolution software. The results show that the most Important signals affecting the evaporation areas include; Nina3, Nina1, Sw monsoon, Mei and Nina4.Comparison of observed data with a high correlation between the ANN output data shows. So that the correlation of the Kermanshah station is 71%, Hamedan 82% and Sanandaj 80%.The output data of the neural network and climatic signals, can accurately predict the top 97% of the areas evaporation.

Determination of Evapo-Transpiration (ET) in the vast area with a suitable temporal resolution is a powerful instrument in the optimum management of water resources, agricultural management in determination of the optimum cultivation for different region and for climate studies. Measurement of ET in the vast area using Lypsimeters, is very costly and time consuming. On the other hand, error in determination of ET by theoretical dilemmas such as Eddy Correlation or between ratio due to the need in using meteorological parameters are inevitable. These limitations resulted in the use of remote sensing data in determination of ET in the vast area with a suitable temporal resolution to be improved. Until now, a comprehensive study regarding remote sensing of ET in Iran either has not been implemented or is not published. Of course, occasionally some study in the possible relation between ET and parameters such as NDVI has been carried out but no simultaneous filed data to confirm such relation has been gathered.In this study we tried to introduce several methods in ET assessment using satellite images. In addition, the main difficulties in deploying the available algorithms and ways of their mitigation have been discussed.