جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "معادلات ساختاری" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Coastal regions, as the intersection of two distinct ecosystems, serve as one of the most active areas worldwide for the interaction and mutual communication of marine and terrestrial organisms, while providing diverse ecosystem services to humans.The macroeconomic-political approaches of nations towards coastal areas, followed by population and economic influx, have resulted in coastal cities being acknowledged as centers of population receptivity and arenas of competition among diverse groups for access to aquatic-terrestrial ecosystem services. Conflicting interests among these groups and an ineffective top-down management pattern in industrial coastal cities such as Mahshahr and Asalouyeh have exacerbated the adverse impacts of various socio-economic processes on the sustainability of coastal ecosystems, intensifying the clash between economic growth and environmental preservation. This study endeavors to quantitatively examine the associations between the governance patterns of industrial coastal cities and environmental justice within these regions. The primary objective is to develop a model that elucidates this relationship and, based on the formulated hypotheses, establish a framework for enhancing the efficiency and efficacy of participatory decision-making processes. The ultimate aim is to foster the preservation and restoration of coastal ecosystems, ensure the sustainability of ecosystem services, and mitigate environmental justice disparities during the course of economic and social development in industrial coastal cities and coastal towns.

The present study adopts a quantitative approach grounded in the established paradigm of positivism. The target population consists of residents of industrial coastal cities. The accessible population includes the resident population of Asalouyeh (Bushehr province) and Mahshahr (Khuzestan province). Data collection was conducted through questionnaires, and data analysis and modeling of the relationships between variables were performed using SPSS 26 and SMART-PLS 4 software.The study area encompasses the coastal cities of Asalouyeh and Mahshahr. Asalouyeh is located in the southernmost part of Bushehr province and serves as the center of Asalouyeh county. It has a long history of industrial, commercial, and fishing activities. The port of Mahshahr, on the other hand, is currently industrialized and serves as the center of Mahshahr County. It is situated on the transit routes of land, sea, and rail transportation, making it a significant and strategic port, along with the Imam Khomeini port complex.

The present study employed a three-section approach to assess model fit, including measurement model fit, structural model fit, and overall model fit. The measurement model fit was evaluated using factor loadings, average variance extracted, composite reliability, and two convergent and discriminant validity measures. Convergent validity was computed based on the extracted factor loadings and average variance values, while the Fornell-Larcker criterion was utilized to calculate discriminant validity.The results indicated that the factor loadings of each item exceeded 0.5, indicating satisfactory reliability of the model. Furthermore, the composite reliability, average variance extracted, and Fornell-Larcker table values surpassed the acceptable thresholds, indicating a good fit of the measurement model.The present study utilized the cross-loading validity index to assess the quality of the measurement model. The Q² values indicated that the selected tool for measuring the latent variable had an acceptable level of quality, thereby validating the measurement model of the study. The results obtained from partial least squares analysis, as presented in Figures (3) and (4) and Table (5), indicated that all path coefficients and t-values were significant, with values greater than 1.96 and p-values less than 0.05, respectively, supporting the main hypotheses based on the collected data from the study population.Furthermore, the mediator variable of social capital was found to have a moderate effect, ranging from 20% to 80%, in the relationship between desirable governance and environmental justice, indicating partial mediation.

The findings of this study demonstrate a robust and statistically significant relationship between desirable governance and environmental justice. Moreover, the study introduces social capital as a significant mediator in the relationship between desirable governance and environmental justice. The significance of the association between desirable governance and social capital has been validated in previous research.Based on these results and the substantial link between desirable governance and environmental justice, along with the mediating role of social capital, it is recommended to transition the management approach of industrial coastal cities towards desirable governance. This transition can be accomplished by implementing principles and indicators of desirable governance, such as enhancing participation, transparency, effectiveness, efficiency in decision-making and planning, and responsiveness to diverse stakeholders. These measures will establish a solid foundation for advancing environmental justice in various aspects.Furthermore, particular attention should be given to augmenting the level of social capital through well-defined and practical planning. This strategic focus will establish the necessary groundwork for leveraging social capital to enhance the effectiveness of desirable governance in industrial coastal cities, ultimately fostering environmental justice.

 the lack of an appropriate model in crisis monitoring and management has added to many problems in this area. The province isfahan has lost a lot of resources due to the lack of integrated management and planning, infrastructure and structural problems, cumbersome laws and regulations in the field of control and management of crises caused by natural hazards, which leads to a comprehensive approach to management. And requires monitoring of land, water, soil, manpower, and the evaluation and explanation of the appropriate planning model. Given the recent situation in Isfahan province and the increasing trend of unprecedented natural and unnatural disasters in this province, as well as unstable villages, having a general analysis of various indicators of the crisis is now considered an undeniable necessity. For this reason, it is important to study the effective components in crisis management and provide a model appropriate to the conditions of rural areas of Isfahan province.

The present study was conducted by analytical-descriptive method with the aim of presenting a crisis management model in rural areas of Isfahan province. The statistical population includes 22 experts of the General Directorate of Crisis Management of Isfahan Province. The tool used to collect information was a questionnaire that was designed with regard to reviewing the research field and conducting individual interviews with experts of the General Directorate of Crisis Management. It has two parts. The first part was related to the respondents' personal characteristics including gender, age, level of education, occupation, number of households and income. The second part was questions related to natural hazard management and was used in the form of a five-level Likert scale (very low = 1 to very high = 5).The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed with the corrective opinion of university professors and experts and after making the necessary corrections in several stages. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha method was used to assess the validity of the measuring instrument.

The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is indicated by the factor load. The factor load is a value between zero and one. If the factor load is less than 0.3, a weak relationship is considered and ignored. A factor load of between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable, and if greater than 0.6 it is highly desirable. It can be seen that all the observed variables had positive and significant regression effect coefficients with their scales and the magnitude of these coefficients is relatively high for all cases, of all factor loads at the level of / 001. They are meaningful. As can be seen, in this table no significant level is reported for the factor loads or the standard regression coefficients of the five observed variables. This is because these variables are considered as reference variables for planning, education and promotion, rules and regulations, information and infrastructure, respectively, so that these variables are hidden without scale, in other words. That is why the initial path diagrams on the arrows corresponding to the paths between these observed variables are considered to be the hidden variable corresponding to the values of 1, the AVE criterion showing the mean variance to it is shared between each structure with its own characteristics. Simply put, AVE (average variance extracted) is used to validate convergence and shows a high correlation between the indices of one structure compared to the correlation of indices of other structures. The value of this coefficient is from zero to one variable that values higher than 0.5 are accepted. Convergent validity or extracted mean variance (AVE) for the planning index / 766., Education and Extension Index was 0.711, Rules and Regulations Index was 0.799, Information Index was 0.526 and Infrastructure Index was 0.626. Also, the value of structural reliability coefficient or combined reliability (CR) varies from zero to one. Values above 0.7 are accepted, which is / 755 for the planning index., Education and Extension Index was 0.737, Rules and Regulations Index was 0.802, Information Index was 0.514 and Infrastructure Index was 0.526, which indicates the appropriateness of these subscales.All path coefficients show high values, the intensity of which was observed in relation to the factor loads of the variables. These are: planning (0.30), education and extension (0.18), rules and regulations (0.66), information (0.46) and infrastructure (0.22).

Findings showed that the first factor, called "planning", is the result of the thinking of individuals and the participation of that community. Therefore, it is necessary to look at them in accordance with the environmental conditions and the potentials and capabilities of the region. Therefore, this factor is one of the important factors for crisis managers that requires careful attention and strategic and practical thinking. This factor can be compared with the research findings and which in the research believe that crisis management requires planning of all stakeholders in society.The second factor, referred to as "education and promotion", showed that this factor, according to personal needs and changing sciences and special circumstances, will provide the basis for reducing vulnerability, so it is necessary to Providing integrated management of education and promotion of villagers should be at the top of crisis management priorities.The third factor, called "weakness of rules and regulations", has been approved as one of the main structures in crisis management. In fact, this structure is considered as one of the most important and challenging factors in crisis management. Therefore, this factor showed that the enforcement of laws and regulations can play an important role in improving crisis management and therefore it is necessary to pay major attention to it at the national, regional and local (rural) level. This factor can also be compared with the research findings which emphasized this index in their research, and mentioned it as the basis for improving rangeland management.The fourth factor, called "information", can help manage crisis through the use of knowledge and up-to-date information. This factor can be compared with research findings and they believe that receiving knowledge and information, especially indigenous knowledge from various sources is effective. Also, the role of formal and non-formal education should not be overlooked.The fifth factor, called the "infrastructure factor", indicates that structural facilities can provide the basis for better management. This factor can be reconciled with the research findings. He states that infrastructure and structural indicators are one of the important factors in improving crisis management.

Understanding the issues and challenges of rural areas and providing logical solutions for them is one of the fundamental steps towards sustainable rural development. Nowadays, rural areas face numerous problems and obstacles, with the risk of floods being one of them. To mitigate the effects of this event, a resilience approach has been proposed. The aim of the research is to elucidate the physical resilience of housing in rural areas, focusing on flood risk, using structural equation modeling. This study is practical in terms of its objective and descriptive-analytical in nature, based on field surveys. The structure of housing resilience is reduced to 5 components: spatial resilience, legal resilience, structural resilience, functional resilience, and mental imagery resilience, using 33 indicators in a quantitative Likert spectrum. After initial exploratory studies, 9 villages with the highest vulnerability to floods in the county were identified and examined as case studies. These villages had 2590 residential units in the year 1401, with 127 units determined as samples using the Cochran formula. The research tool was completed with the help of household heads residing in these villages, resulting in a questionnaire reliability of 0.812. The results indicate that the measured reliability of each of the five measurement models on housing resilience and the second-order five-factor model for examining housing resilience were acceptable. In conclusion, the structural resilience index had the highest impact at 0.69, followed by legal resilience at 0.49, spatial resilience at 0.44, functional resilience at 0.32, and mental imagery resilience with the least impact at 0.26 on housing resilience. Additionally, the obtained influence coefficient between housing resilience and the flood variable is -0.78, indicating a strong indirect relationship between floods and housing resilience.

Today, quality of life is one of the most significant areas of research in urban planning. Its increasing influence on other urban characteristics, such as creativity in cities, makes it an effective tool in planning. Creative cities are centers that encompass unique features and provide an attractive environment for the activities and lives of professionals, artists, researchers, and, broadly speaking, creative individuals. This study aims to analyze the impact of quality of life components on the realization of a creative city in Tabriz. Therefore, the research is applied in nature and employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling and path analysis through the PLS software, which determined the impact and interrelationship of components. For sampling, experts and elites were chosen using an accessible method based on scientific experience, willingness, and capability to participate in the research. To assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, both the formal and construct (factor) validity methods, as well as Cronbach’s alpha test, were utilized. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the two constructs was obtained above 0.7, indicating desirable convergent validity of the questionnaire. The results show that all factor loadings exceed 0.5, which is a very acceptable scale for calculating latent variables in the model. Among the components, the physical-environmental component with a coefficient of 0.367, the urban facilities component with a coefficient of 0.312, and the socio-cultural component with a coefficient of 0.292 have the greatest impact on enhancing creativity in the metropolitan area of Tabriz. Conversely, the accessibility component with a coefficient of 0.241 and the economic component with a weight of 0.136 have the least impact on fostering creativity in the city.

Since empowerment is one of the important goals of ecotourism development, the main aim of this research was to investigate the role of ecotourism development in the social and economic empowerment of the villagers of Kerman.

Design/methodology/approach: 

This study was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method and is of an applied research type. Documentary studies and survey methods were used to collect the required information, and the data was analyzed with the help of SmartPLS software. The research’s statistical population comprised 27 tourist villages with ecotourism residences in Kerman city.

The findings indicate the impact of social empowerment on the development of ecotourism, with a factor load of 0.755 and a t value of 14.298, its effectiveness at 0.426, and its overall fit at 0.482 ranked first, and economic empowerment, with a factor load of 0.928 and a t value of 52.019, ranked second. The development of ecotourism has been effective in two dimensions: economic and social empowerment. Therefore, considering that the figures are close to each other, more efforts should be made in the field of infrastructure provision to strengthen this dimension of empowerment.

Originality/value:

 Considering the role of ecotourism in empowering villagers in social and economic fields, this study can be a good model for planners in similar areas.

This research was conducted with the aim of developing a model of social banking and its impact on customer experience in branches of Housing Bank of Khuzestan province. To achieve this goal, a mixed research method was used in two qualitative and quantitative phases with an exploratory approach. In the qualitative phase, the data were analyzed through interviews with 12 experts using the snowball and targeted sampling method and with the help of the Foundation's data theory during three stages of open, central and selective coding. Atlas T software was used in qualitative phase data analysis. In the quantitative phase, 288 healthy questionnaires were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with optimal validity and reliability and analyzed using PLS software. The respondents of the quantitative phase included the staff of Maskan Bank branches in Khuzestan province. These people were selected and surveyed using a simple random sampling method. The findings of the qualitative phase included the development of a model for social banking, which consists of 325 open codes, 72 concepts and 26 categories. The findings of the quantitative phase showed that the designed model has a good fit and has a positive and significant effect on the customers' experience.

Housing sector and its price is influenced by many factors. These factors can be divided into supply and demand factors, and each of these factors includes many variables. Since the non-homogeneity of the housing market in all provinces, the evidence indicates that the housing market should be looked at regionally. This article aimed to analyze the factors affecting housing prices in Urmia. The research was applied with a descriptive-analytical approach, and various library methods, surveys, and interviews have been used to collect data. It was applied-developmental in terms of purpose and aimed to identify and build a conceptual model using structural equations (Smart PLS) for housing prices in Urmia and it was exploratory in nature. Also, it was a mixed methods research. The research population included 30 experts who were selected purposefully. The results showed that four social, physical, managerial, and economic components explain 70% of housing prices. In such a way that the combined coefficient of each component depends on other components as well. In other words, the composite coefficient showed to what extent the housing price growth in Urmia City has been affected by the shock on the economic component with other influential components. The analysis of the path coefficients related to the 4 investigated components showed that economic (E), managerial (M), physical (Ph), and social (S) components with values of 0.169, 0.014, 0.088, and 0.033 respectively have had the most impact on the housing prices in Urmia.

The purpose of this study is to present a model of religious tourism based on the art of taziyeh in Kashan based on structural equation modeling, based on a mixed exploratory approach. In the qualitative part, the phenomenological method was used and in the quantitative part, the descriptive method, correlation based on structural equations was used. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part included professors and experts in tourism and condolence in Kashan, which was obtained after 15 saturated interviews. In order to evaluate the validity of qualitative data, structural, external, descriptive and interpretive validity were used and in order to evaluate the reliability, the three approaches of Rao and Perry (2003) were used. The results of qualitative research were extracted from 11 economic, strategic, development, research, organizational, technical, content, environmental and advertising dimensions. After examining the extraction of components, the quantitative part of the research was examined. Factor and content validity were used to evaluate the validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was used from Cronbach's alpha, which had the necessary reliability. Available was selected. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics, including structural equations, through SPSS 22, LISREL 18.9 and Warp PLS 5 software. Findings showed that the most impact was economic dimension (impact factor 0.86) followed by cultural dimension with (0.79) and strategic dimension with (0.78).

Access, plays an important role in rural development as there is a meaningful relationship between rural development and access to infrastructure services. Villages that have less access to essential services, especially transport, faced with a lot of structural and socio-economic constraints, which are obstacles to sustainable rural development. The present study seeks to examine the accessibility and the factors affecting it. Accordingly, it is considered with descriptive-analytic research method. The statistical population of the study, consisted of villages in the central District of Tabriz County (52 villages) that there needed data were gathered from rural municipals. After validity and reliability of the research, in order to evaluate accessibility, we used the Dematel technique and ANP, then to assess the role of different elements in accessibility of rural areas, we used SEM in Amos software. Initial results of Rural Accessibility Survey showed that the Mayan Sefli village had the highest accessibility and the final result of the research are determining the role of factors in rural accessibility based on factors such as distance from the city, service centers and social status of the village are more effective than other factors in accessibility.

Widespread climate changes and their consequences on the economic, social, political, etc. fields have forced global societies to take serious decisions and change development strategies. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, which is an important factor in global warming, is one of these strategies. Cities, as centers of population and a variety of polluting activities, are important centers of greenhouse gas production. This issue is more visible in developing countries including Iran. In this regard, this research tries to identify the components and indicators that affect urban carbon reduction with the aim of investigating the theoretical foundations and background, and to analyze and present them for future urban plans and strategies. For this reason, the current research was conducted using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model, and it was conducted in survey and Desk search. The methodological approach of the research is also quantitative in terms of the type of data. The main tool for data collection is a closed questionnaire with a Likert scale. SPSS21 and AMOS23 software were used for data analysis. Finally, various fitting tests were performed and their usefulness was evaluated. The obtained results show that different components and indicators are effective on urban decarbonization with different impact levels. Factor loadings indicate the extent of their influence on the subject. Among the components and indicators, the options related to the preservation of forests, clean and pedestrian-oriented transportation, use of clean energy, etc., have received the highest factor load and have a warning sign on the policies adopted by the responsible bodies in the field. Moving towards the mentioned components is a big step towards forming one of the three sides of sustainable development.

The urban environment has a special place in meeting the needs and satisfaction of people and therefore quality is measured not only based on the objective environment but also based on people's perception of the environment to which they belong. Therefore, the present study has evaluated the quality of the urban environment of the newly established neighborhoods of Shahrekord with a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and field studies. According to the purpose of the research, quantitative and statistical methods such as multiple regression, structural equations and fuzzy multivariate analysis in GIS environment have been used to assess the environmental quality of the target areas. In this model, in LISREL software, 54 quality indicators of urban environment in the form of 4 physical, economic, social and environmental indicators have been studied and SPSS software has been used for statistical analysis and ArcGIS software has been used to draw analytical maps. . Findings show that in terms of having environmental quality indicators, priority in the western Mirabad neighborhood, physical, environmental, social and economic indicators with 0.599, 0.539, 0.378 and 0.324, respectively. Percentage and neighborhood of Farhangian alley have priority, physical, economic, environmental and social index with 0.412, 0.260, 0.254 and 0.225 percent, respectively, have the most role in the environmental quality of Shahrekord, which shows the variables of satisfaction. From the physical-environmental quality of the neighborhoods, it has the greatest effect on improving the quality of life in the newly established neighborhoods. Also, in examining the situation of Shahrekord, there was an obvious difference in the level of satisfaction of the residents of Mirabad Gharbi and Farhangian alleys.

The topic of spending leisure time is one of the important needs of citizens in the contemporary era, which faces many problems in developing countries. This research aims to introduce a comprehensive and efficient tool for evaluating and understanding the quality of urban open spaces related to leisure time. The current research is applied and, in terms of method, descriptive-analytical, and has been conducted with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. To collect data, the exploratory walking technique was used in the open spaces of Arak city. In this research, the proposed model for the analysis and investigation of urban open spaces has been compiled and confirmed by using Lisrel software and checking the fit indices of structural models. The results of this research can effectively help urban planners and managers in creating less imperfect open spaces.Based on the findings from examining suitability indicators in the analysis of the quality of open spaces in Arak city, the component of environmental qualities acted independently, while the component of functional qualities—form and experience-aesthetic—are correlated. Additionally, the component of "experiential-aesthetic" qualities has had a greater impact on the quality of open spaces for spending leisure time. Among the 45 indicators of quality examined, the indicator "existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and facilities for creating climatic comfort" has the greatest effect in improving the quality of open spaces for spending leisure time in Arak. This item is considered part of the criterion of "comfort and coziness" from the component of aesthetic-experiential qualities. 

 In addition to the importance they place on working time, citizens also have a special importance in using their time outside of work (leisure). A large part of leisure activities are carried out in open urban spaces, and these spaces have an effective role in promoting a positive quality of urban life due to the opportunities they provide to their users in all fields, especially leisure. In open urban spaces, quality is commensurate with the extent to which users' needs are estimated and the use of opportunities that motivate the design and construction of space, and the challenges of providing high quality services in these spaces seem more difficult when urban planners and designers The demands of the stakeholders are not properly informed. Therefore, in urban open spaces, quality is not only related to facilities, techniques and procedures, but also includes the desires and wishes of users. With the advent of modernity and the rapid growth of urbanization , the issue of leisure in many cities of developing countries has become a major problem. Therefore, the most important necessity of this research is to address this issue and find solutions to evaluate and improve the quality of urban open spaces and take advantage of this potential in order to develop leisure time and meet the needs of users. 

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and methodologically, it is a descriptive-analytical research that has been done with a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the process of this research, first, the considered relationships and correlations between the variables of the concept of quality in urban open spaces were proposed as a structural model based on the theoretical foundations of the research. In this model, how the quality indicators affect the constructive criteria and the main components of quality are drawn and then in order to evaluate the significance of the predicted correlations, the necessary data in the study sample (open spaces of Arak city - Iran), with The use of exploratory walking technique has been collected and the structural model has been analyzed and evaluated using the confirmatory factor analysis method (quantitative method) and LISREL software.

In general, in the study of structural models, the purpose is to determine whether the theoretical relationships between the variables that were considered by the researcher in the conceptual framework stage (proposed initial model) have been confirmed by the data or not? Therefore, the result of the study of two structural measurement models and a structural model of path analysis, which is extracted from the proposed model by considering the cause-and-effect relationships of variables and the main purpose of the research. Based on the fit standards obtained from (fit andicated) software file, the mentioned structural models have been approved and as a result, the explanatory power of the proposed model and the quality components of open spaces for spending leisure time in the studied sample (spaces The city of Arak) is also approved.Based on the factor load and the coefficient of effect of the predicted correlations between hidden and obvious variables, in the approved structural models, the most effective components as well as indicators of the concept of quality in urban open spaces were identified. In addition, according to the information obtained from the study of the structural model of the aforementioned path analysis, the independence and dependence of the effect of quality components on the main purpose of the research is also explained.

Based on the structural model of measuring the impact of the main components of qualities on the main purpose of research in urban open spaces, indicates the existence of an acceptable relationship between these variables, and in the open spaces of Arak, among the three main components "functional-formal", " Experimental-aesthetic "and" environmental ", the component" experimental-aesthetic "due to the higher factor load it has gained, has had a greater impact on the quality of open spaces for leisure.The direct and non-correlated effect of the environmental quality component on the quality of urban open spaces for leisure is confirmed, and it can be said that the variables related to the environmental quality component, in the studied sample, act independently and are influenced by other components. Do not have. In similar studies, no research has been found that indicates the independent performance of environmental components compared to other components on the quality of open spaces.Also, according to the approved structural measurement models, it can be said that among the indicators (items) extracted from the research literature, which are considered as obvious variables affecting the quality of urban open spaces, the item "lack of input control" They do not have the necessary fit to the space with the specified timing "and the statement" the presence of general signs and readability in the space ". This means that according to the data extracted from the open spaces of Arak city, these species do not have the explanatory power of the concept of quality in open urban spaces in the studied sample.Considering the factor loads obtained for each of the indicators, in the approved structural models, it can be concluded that the indicator "Existence and conditions of cozy and secluded spaces and the existence of facilities for creating climate comfort", among all 45 items Surveys have the greatest impact on improving the quality of outdoor spaces for leisure, and city managers and planners need to pay more attention to them. This index is a component of the "comfort and convenience" criterion, a component of "experimental-aesthetic" qualities; It is consistent with the studies of Ian Bentley et al. (1990) as "The Possibility of Personalizing Space", Roger Transick (1986) as "Space Enclosure" and Peralia et al. (2019) as "Comfort".

The results of the programs implemented in rural areas for development in most cases are not only not useful but also cause more chaos in the existing situation of the villages, this is due to lack of proper management in the process of programs, with new management, villagers can Participate in the implementation of programs. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the new rural management as a case study in Shian rural district, west of Islamabad. The research method is applied based on purpose and based on descriptive-analytical nature. The statistical population of the study was 1736 heads of households in the southern district of Baraan. Based on the Cochran's formula, the statistical sample in question was 314 heads of households. The results show that the measured validity of all five measurement models as well as the second-order five-factor model is acceptable for rural management. Finally, the structure of production and services (0.30), ecosystem (0.18), socio-cultural (0.66), economic (0.46) and institutional-political (0.22) explain the factor loads. 

Rural management, as one of the basic components for achieving rural development, is influenced by macro-national strategies as well as existing approaches in the field of management. Management approaches can be considered as follows: traditional approaches, human resources approaches, Quantitative approaches and systemic and contingency approaches. The contingency approach to management can be considered the culmination of management science; Because this approach broadens the field of action of managers and management leaders in organizations and increases their power of action, rural management is in fact the process of organizing and guiding the community and the rural environment through the formation of organizations and institutions. These organizations and institutions are the means of achieving the goals of rural society. Rural management is a multifaceted process that includes the three pillars of people, government and public institutions.
desertification is a public non-governmental organization established to manage rural affairs and as a liaison between the government and the people plays an important role in advancing the goals and policies of the government in rural areas. Since the establishment of systematic structural processes in rural areas, the concept of rural management has a special place in order to achieve rural development. Despite the extensive services provided by the government and revolutionary institutions in the villages, the gap between the existing realities and the goals of development is still very large, and there are many problems in the rural community, which are equivalent to removing those issues and problems. Elimination of deprivations in rural communities, therefore, creating the ground for development largely depends on the realization of efficient executive management in rural areas. The problems of rural areas are due to their infancy and the major management problems of the country. With the formation of rural areas, it has eliminated a large part of the problems of rural management, including continuous structural changes. Dehyaran, as a local symbol, is the link between government and popular institutions, the executive arm of Islamic councils in the modern rural management system, provides many services and public and welfare facilities, and strengthens the process of social and cultural development, etc., therefore In this research, an attempt has been made to evaluate and analyze the new management (rural areas) in rural development.

The research method is descriptive-analytical. The required information was obtained through a questionnaire by consulting rural residents. The statistical population is the total number of households in the villages with more than 20 households in the southern rural areas, which according to the statistics of 2016 includes 14 villages, 1736 households and 6633 people. The number of samples according to Cochran's formula was 314 questionnaires. The author provided the questionnaire to a number of specialists and experts for initial evaluation, and after applying the opinions of individuals and the final opinion of experts and consultants, the final questionnaire was developed.
The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part was related to the personal characteristics of the respondents including gender, age, level of education, occupation, number of households and income. The second part is related to the indicators of modern rural management, which was used in the form of a five-level Likert scale (very low = 1 to very high = 5). (Hafeznia, 1389: 74) Formal and content validity of the questionnaire with the corrective opinion of university professors and Experts of the University of Isfahan were approved in several stages after making the necessary corrections. In the present study, Cronbach's alpha method has been used to assess the validity of the measurement tool.
The structural equation model (AMOS) was used to measure the collected information. There are several fitness indicators to evaluate the fit of the structural equation model.

The strength of the relationship between the factor (hidden variable) and the observable variable is indicated by the factor load. The factor load is a value between zero and one. If the factor load is less than 0.3, a weak relationship is considered and ignored. A factor load of between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable, and if greater than 0.6 it is highly desirable. It can be seen that all the observed variables had positive and significant regression effect coefficients with their scales and the magnitude of these coefficients is relatively high for all cases, of all factor loads at the level of / 001. They are meaningful. As can be seen, in this table no significant level is reported for the factor loads or the standard regression coefficients of the five observed variables. This is because these variables are considered as reference or representative variables for the structure of production and services, ecosystem, socio-cultural, economic and institutional-political, respectively, so that these hidden variables are without scale and in other words without Eliminate their roots and units of measurement. That is why the initial path diagrams are considered on the arrows related to the paths between these observed variables with the hidden variable corresponding to the values ​​of 1, the AVE criterion represents the average variance shared between each structure with its own indicators. Simply put, AVE (average variance extracted) is used to validate convergence and shows a high correlation between the indices of one structure compared to the correlation of indices of other structures. The value of this coefficient is from zero to one variable that values ​​higher than 0.5 are accepted. Convergent validity or derived mean variance (AVE) for production and service structure index / 766. , Ecosystem index 0.711, socio-cultural index 0.799 and economic index 0.526 and institutional-political index 0.626, also the value of structural reliability coefficient or combined reliability (CR) is from zero to one variable with higher values. It is accepted from 0.7, which is / 755 for the index of production structure and services. The ecosystem index was 0.733, the socio-cultural index was 0.802, the economic index was 0.765 and the institutional-political index was 0.526, which indicates the appropriateness of these subscales.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact on modern management in rural development with a structural equation modeling approach. Case study: Southern rural development, the impact of rural management on rural development by defining five socio-cultural, institutional and political, economic, ecosystem resources and production structure and Services were considered as a measure of rural management. Five models of confirmatory factor analysis, a first-order factor for measuring and validation of four scales and a second-order five-factor model for rural management analysis and related indicators were developed and implemented, finally the structure of production and services (0.30), Ecosystem (0.18), socio-cultural (0.66), economic (0.46) and institutional-political (0.22) explain the factor loads.

Due to the continuous existence of crises and dangers and the increasing and damages caused by them on cities, in the present era, the concept of urban resilience has become a global consensus to achieve sustainable urban development. In this regard, in order to plan and realize a resilient city, the first step is to identify the dimensions and components of this approach in different urban spaces and textures. Due to the importance of the subject, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors explaining resilience and to investigate the desirability of its various dimensions in the new and old texture of Tabriz metropolis. Therefore, the research method in the present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of exploratory-comparative nature that structural equation modeling in Amos software has been used for data analysis. The statistical population of the study also includes citizens of the new and old context of the city of Tabriz, which has been determined as a sample size based on the Cochran's formula of 384 people. Findings indicate that the most important factors explaining resilience in the old texture of Tabriz are individual, social and managerial-institutional factors with a value of 0.63, 0.61 and 0.54, respectively, and in the new texture of the city physical-environmental and economic factors and managerial-institutional with a value of 0.77, 0.72 and 0.69, respectively. The results also show that the new urban texture is in a better position in terms of structural and physical strength, while the old texture has more appropriate human and social capital. This issue is due to the ruling management system, ie technocrats, which has had different effects on the old and new textures of the city.

 It can be seen that their livelihood is dependent on agriculture. This article aims to investigate the perceived causes of farmers' vulnerability from the villagers' point of view with the structural equation modeling approach. 

 The current research is applied research regarding its purpose and causal research. The statistical population of the research consists of 2894 rural farmer households living east of the Zayandeh River basin in 1401. The statistical sample of 339 household heads was determined using Cochran's formula. This number was selected by a simple random sampling method. Data was analyzed using SPSS software and structural equation modeling (Smart PLS). The variables of social empowerment, management, water resources, infrastructure, and services are the observed variables. 

 The results show that the validity of all four measurement models on farmers' vulnerability is acceptable. According to the results, the t coefficients between the main research variables were above 2.58, meaning the relationship is significant and indirect. In this way, the dimensions of social empowerment, management, water resources, and infrastructure and services have a negative and significant effect on the vulnerability of farmers; the value of R2 shows that 76.7% of the vulnerability of farmers is explained by achieving the four dimensions, and then water resources with a coefficient of 0.89. , has had a more significant impact on farmers' vulnerability than other dimensions.

 To reduce farmers' vulnerability level, infrastructure and service indicators should be given more attention to improving the final outcome of farmers' vulnerability.Innovation: The innovation of this research is in the study area and its indicators.

If emotions are divided into six categories of anger, hatred, fear, surprise, sadness and happiness, then happiness is one of the most basic emotions that people need to achieve in their daily life. Happy city is a lively and dynamic city that facilitates social relations and creates a lively environment with high quality of life by increasing public participation. The purpose of the current research is to identify and explain the factors affecting the creation of a happy city in urban environments, especially in Behbahan city.

At first, by examining the background of the research and studies conducted, as well as considering the summation of various theories and experiences, basic indicators in the field of creating a happy city were identified, and these indicators were identified using the Delphi method and with the opinion of experts in the field of geography and planning. A familiar urban planning of Behbahan city (25 people) was modified in two stages and the general model was adjusted in most cases.

The results of the research showed that the basic factors in creating a happy city in Behbahan include spatial, physical, social, economic, aesthetic, environmental and cultural indicators. Also, in the continuation of this model, using the process of factor analysis in Smart PLS software, it was investigated and evaluated in Behbahan city, and the results showed that there is a significant relationship between each of the research indicators and happiness. Analysis using SmartPLS software showed the spatial index of creating security in urban environments, urban design (in order to create safety, accessibility, diversity and coherence of physical environments), physical indicators (including creating a safe environment for bicycle and pedestrian crossing, suitable urban design and the existence of happy elements) as well as the environmental index (including cleanliness and cleanliness in urban environments and the need to pay attention to green spaces, etc.) are considered among the basic factors of the need to create a happy city in Behbahan city, and more attention to these indicators in urban management and planning is necessary to create an environment It is a happy city in Behbahan. The results of this research are in line with the findings of Oriki and Samavati.

Among the examined criteria, the spatial, physical and environmental index are more important due to the higher path coefficient. This research, while introducing a perception of the concept of happiness in urban spaces, can be a suitable field for formulating policies and strategies for organizing and improving the quality of urban spaces in line with the state of happiness in the city. The innovation of the present research is because there has been no research on this subject in Behbahan city by studying multiple indicators and their relationship with children's happiness.

According to the approach of the World Health Organization, elderly-friendly cities include those urban spaces in which the distribution of public services is such that it is most appropriate to the needs and limitations of the elderly. According to the statistics, the city of Ahvaz, like the whole country, is moving towards the aging of the population and old age.

The present research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature and method with a survey approach.

As a result, there is a difference between the indicators of the elderly-friendly city at the level of 95% confidence. In other words, the indicators of the elderly-friendly city from the participants’ perspective did not have the same priority. Accordingly, the social status index with an average rank of 1.81 has the highest score, and the health services index with a score of 1.06 has the lowest score. The regional results also show that the significance level obtained from the Friedman test is less than 0.05. There is a difference between the elderly-friendly city indicators in the eight districts of Ahvaz at the confidence level of 95%. In other words, the elderly-friendly city indicators have not had the same priority from the point of view of the respondents living in the regions. So, Zones 1 and 8, with the average rank of 2.88 and 2.79, have the highest rank, and Zone 6, with the score of 2.21, has the lowest. Analysis of structural equation model to investigate the effect of indicators of the elderly-friendly city of Ahvaz according to the coefficients of determination (R2) showed that the changes in the variable are significantly dependent on changes in independent variables of the research. Due to being positive Subscription index and redundancy index and three values of 0.01, 0.25, 0.36, which are introduced as low, intermediate, and high GOF values and obtaining 0.50 for GOF, the appropriate fit of the model was confirmed.

The model explained to investigate the factors affecting the realization of the elderly-friendly city of Ahvaz also showed that the changes of the dependent variable depend to a considerable extent on the changes of the independent variables of the research. In other words, independent research variables can explain up to 50% of the dependent variable, indicating the proposed model’s desirability.

Smart city is the use of governance based on information and communication technology and is now a widespread trend around the world. Using smart cities is expected to be more effective in managing complex, diverse urban problems resulting from rapid urbanization. However, in its implementation, many fundamental problems significantly affect the success of the implementation of smart cities, including the lack of adequate human resources, technology policies, etc. have not been effective. The purpose of this article is to analyze the nature of Tabriz city development based on smart city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey. The sample size is 25 experts in Tabriz urban affairs. Structural equations with Smart Pls software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that, among the studied indicators, the most impact on smart city development, related to the human resources index (H), e-government (G) and ICT (I) with the coefficients extracted based on the structural model, respectively. The research is 0.911, 0.812 and 0.781. It is also observed in the measurement model that the factor coefficient for each variable is higher than 0.50%. As a result, in order to achieve sustainable development of Tabriz based on the development of smart city, more attention should be paid to the human resources index and e-government.