فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 60، پاییز 1402)

One of the vital orientations in line with development policies is innovative foresight. The term foresight and foresight refers to a wide range of approaches that avoid repetitive outcomes and improve decision-making and attempt to map the best possible future over a long-term time horizon, thus striving to achieve comprehensive planning. And achieving local, micro and regional sustainable development and reducing regional imbalances, recognizing the criteria and key capabilities of these sectors and changing the approach from forecasting to future research is an undeniable necessity. And based on this, the goal and question of this research is to identify key factors that are effective in formulating future scenarios and to identify development factors on the future situation.

The current research is descriptive and analytical and applied in nature.which was realized by emphasizing participation with the presence of all stakeholders. The scope of research is at the local level. And the target area includes ecological, physical, social and cultural, economic, political and managerial. The type of expected output is the way to identify the key factors affecting the future situation with an emphasis on the modeling method of the factor analysis type and the target groups including all the residents of the settlements and governmental and non-governmental organizations.which followed the Delphi method. So that the required data has been collected using field operations at the level of 104 villages through holding discussion group meetings through the formation of cooperative cores using local experts, representatives of different groups using the Delphi method. And finally, identification of key factors was used to develop future scenarios and identification of development drivers.

Future visions are one of the key measures. And it can be used strategically for policy making. In addition to that, it can help everyone to understand the concept of their development through future change. However, until the last two decades, it followed the traditional top-down approach. And it did not provide a long-term and growing economic base. But today, local initiatives and bottom-up development (endogenous development) have led to changes in spatial development. Therefore, this matter was taken into consideration in order to make this research as close to reality as possible. And it is even differentiating this research from other research findings.which mainly emphasize the role of governments (traditional top-down planning approach). But this research has adopted the endogenous approach (planning and policy-making from the bottom up). And the planners and policy makers are obliged to use the participation of local residents and the results of research findings for the future study of Khadafarin city in formulating spatial development plans.In this way, to have a significant impact on the future events and processes of Khadafarin city and draw long-term results.

This research was established with the aim of investigating and identifying key factors using the intellectual basis of factor analysis. And the method used in it has unique complexity and innovation. And it is among the first scientific experience of studies related to future research at the local level. Therefore, it should be acknowledged that various factors can affect the arrangement of phenomena and structure and consequently the spatial organization of a region. It seems that the identification of different and integrated methods can be of great help in this process. Therefore, considering the identification of three key factors: 1- Environmental sustainability (with 8 programs and Pishran projects) 2- Protection of natural resources (with 3 programs and Pishran projects) 3- Land management and agricultural production (with 3 programs and Pishran project); Through mutual/structural effects analysis, these factors were selected as the key factors of the study area, and the subvariables of each of these factors (extracted from factor analysis type modeling) were determined as driving programs and projects.

Cities are facing problems such as uncoordinated physical-spatial structure and lack of urban identity due to reasons such as rapid population growth, migration of ethnic groups with different cultures, lack of plan and efficient management. However, the phenomenon of ethnic migration is one of the most important factors whose influence on the formation of the uncoordinated physical-spatial development of the city is quite evident. In other words, the adaptation of the geography of deprivation to the geography of ethnicity, ideologies, colonialism, and also foreign interventions or the use of other tools. They have played an important role in the ethnicization of societies. Due to its geographical and economic location, the city of Dogonbadan is one of the most important oil and immigrant cities that the existence of different ethnic groups such as Turks, Lors, Kurds, etc. in the structure of the city in terms of spatial-physical, economic dimensions. As well as cresting a social multiplicity. In this regard, in this study, the main purpose is to explain the role of ethnic groups in the physical-spatial development of multiethnic cities (Dogonbadan city).

This article is descriptive-analytical and developmental-applicative in terms of purpose and nature. In this research, in order to formulate the generalities of the research from the library study, by examining the opinions, ideas, views related to the approach of physical-spatial structure and ethnic groups. SPSS software and factor analysis method have been used in order to identify the influence of the influencing factors on the integrated physical-spatial structure of Dogonbadan city.

Economic factors have had the greatest impact on the formation of the current pattern of development of Dogonbadan city, witnessing the instability of the city development model. Also, the extracted factors were clean and livable city, ethnic city, community city, body city and finally economy city, respectively, in terms of content and according to the review of theoretical texts were closely related to each other criteria and scope of study naming Has been a greater impact on the emergence and development of neighborhoods in the city of Dogonbadan.

Multi-ethnic cities are the centers of identity of different ethnic groups with certain characteristics. It can be said that these cities were once villages that were the place of settlement of tribes and nomads based on their potentials and characteristics, and with the passage of time, they became multi-ethnic cities. Therefore, these cities have a specific physical-spatial, socio-cultural and economic structure, and based on the knowledge of the characteristics of each of these structures, it is possible to explain the urban infrastructure in a balanced and sustainable manner for the settlement of each ethnic group. Also, by recognizing and paying attention to the socio-cultural structure of different ethnic groups, we can define a basis for creating a sustainable economy for different ethnic groups based on their characteristics.

The old texture of every city represents the history and identity of the past. It is one of the measures that can be taken to preserve it. The transformation of these roads into pedestrian paths can be an attractive destination for pedestrians and the growth and development of a sustainable city. help Therefore, the attention of most urban managers to urban movement spaces such as "pedestrians" is one of the most basic parts of urban policies to achieve sustainable development, especially in ancient cities with historical value

This research is "descriptive-analytical" if the topic is to investigate the relationships between the variables (descriptive) and provide suggestions that can be used in the practical field, and the measurement method is used if the variables in question are measured using a questionnaire. Methodology The questionnaire consists of simple, anonymous questions based on the scale and options in relation to the research hypotheses, with direct reference to the individuals. If the method of selection of statistical samples in this research, according to the subject and nature of the method, stratified sampling (simple random sampling in each class) is proportional to the allocation, the validity of the questionnaire will be determined in priority. The relevant experts have been used. Also, after the opinions of the experts, the Spearman's rank coefficient has been used to check the validity of the research if it has been accepted. According to the questions raised by the Likert spectrum, the indicators were divided into three categories, and the weighting of the indicators was carried out using the entropy method.

In this article, by examining various pedestrian indicators from the point of view of sustainable development in the city of Samnan, including sustainable development indicators, tourism indicators, in the process of pedestrian regeneration, based on questionnaires compiled using hypothesis testing methods, the average of a community t- test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and then ranking indices based on entropy weight and finally TOPSIS method. The data analysis is performed and the hypotheses are investigated. The analysis of pedestrian access, surface service and pedestrian services has been used according to the 2016 HCM manual.

The following indicators will be correctly defined in the process of pedestrian reconstruction in the city of Samnan and can be effective. But the level of service in this area is low. In order to have a sustainable development, the pedestrian axis in this street becomes important and requires higher level services.

If emotions are divided into six categories of anger, hatred, fear, surprise, sadness and happiness, then happiness is one of the most basic emotions that people need to achieve in their daily life. Happy city is a lively and dynamic city that facilitates social relations and creates a lively environment with high quality of life by increasing public participation. The purpose of the current research is to identify and explain the factors affecting the creation of a happy city in urban environments, especially in Behbahan city.

At first, by examining the background of the research and studies conducted, as well as considering the summation of various theories and experiences, basic indicators in the field of creating a happy city were identified, and these indicators were identified using the Delphi method and with the opinion of experts in the field of geography and planning. A familiar urban planning of Behbahan city (25 people) was modified in two stages and the general model was adjusted in most cases.

The results of the research showed that the basic factors in creating a happy city in Behbahan include spatial, physical, social, economic, aesthetic, environmental and cultural indicators. Also, in the continuation of this model, using the process of factor analysis in Smart PLS software, it was investigated and evaluated in Behbahan city, and the results showed that there is a significant relationship between each of the research indicators and happiness. Analysis using SmartPLS software showed the spatial index of creating security in urban environments, urban design (in order to create safety, accessibility, diversity and coherence of physical environments), physical indicators (including creating a safe environment for bicycle and pedestrian crossing, suitable urban design and the existence of happy elements) as well as the environmental index (including cleanliness and cleanliness in urban environments and the need to pay attention to green spaces, etc.) are considered among the basic factors of the need to create a happy city in Behbahan city, and more attention to these indicators in urban management and planning is necessary to create an environment It is a happy city in Behbahan. The results of this research are in line with the findings of Oriki and Samavati.

Among the examined criteria, the spatial, physical and environmental index are more important due to the higher path coefficient. This research, while introducing a perception of the concept of happiness in urban spaces, can be a suitable field for formulating policies and strategies for organizing and improving the quality of urban spaces in line with the state of happiness in the city. The innovation of the present research is because there has been no research on this subject in Behbahan city by studying multiple indicators and their relationship with children's happiness.

The rapid expansion of cities, the increase in the number of cars, and the dependence of societies and people on cars have caused negative effects on the environment, health, and safety of people. The approach of urban planning in recent decades is to make urban spaces human-centered, to increase pedestrian ability, and to improve the level of safety and human health. The main goal of this research is to investigate and analyze the role of spatial configuration parameters on walkability in urban areas.

The method of the present research is of a quantitative type and the nature and method of the work is part of the descriptive-analytical method, and library and documentary methods have been used to collect the required information. To analyze some spatial configuration parameters, analysis maps obtained from the use of DepthMap and GIS software were used. The geographical area of the research is the Ostad Sera neighborhood in Rasht, which has an area of 73 hectares and a population of about 9335 people. In this research, we are looking to investigate the effects and possibilities of pedestrianization on increasing the presence of citizens in the urban space, in the Ostad Sera neighborhood, for this purpose, we will first investigate the parameters of the spatial arrangement in the neighborhood to determine that the streets in the area that lead to How are they used on the sidewalk? The necessity of this issue becomes more clear considering that it has been neglected in our country and especially in urban planning studies.

according to the research related to the current research, the difference between this research and the previous research is that, unlike other research that has only investigated the impact of the sidewalk on one of the indicators of vitality and social interactions, this research is comprehensive. By emphasizing the health aspects of walking, there are ways to increase the presence of citizens using this space, as well as to examine the components of the spatial arrangement and the structure of the neighborhood in the structure of the metropolis. Also, this research examines the relationship between these indices to determine which index has the most influence over other indices. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the quality of sidewalks on the increase in attendance of citizens and also to explain the relationship between these factors. On the other hand, a quick look at the city of Rasht and most of the cities in the country, where the urban open spaces and sidewalks are not in a favorable condition in terms of responding to the needs of the citizens, confirms the necessity and importance of this research. Ostad Sera neighborhood of Rasht city is one of the oldest neighborhoods of this city. In this research, we are looking to investigate the effects and possibilities of pedestrianization on increasing the presence of citizens in the urban space. Let's determine how the streets of the area are used by pedestrians.

According to the main topic of the research and its goals, the research question can be compiled and extracted as follows: How do the movement and access system and the street network plan affect the walkability in the Ostad Sara neighborhood? The results of the research indicate that according to the problems in the pedestrian axes in Rasht and based on the library research that led to the extraction of the theoretical foundations of the research and finally according to the information collected using the technique The arrangement of space and their analysis, the permeability component has the greatest effect on the presence and social interactions of citizens, in other words, improving the components of spatial qualities in the studied sidewalks can have significant effects in creating opportunities to improve the level of social interactions of citizens. Have. By using the components and indicators related to the mentioned method and the discussion about walkability and according to the scoring, Saadi Street and Ostad Sara get the most points and have more walkability. This result confirms the fact that the spatial structure and composition of the road network of these neighborhoods in the whole city are such that the access to these neighborhoods is suitable and these neighborhoods have a suitable position in the structure and bones of the metropolis, which itself causes The promotion of economic and social activities in this neighborhood provides the conditions for physical, welfare and environmental development.

 Introduction:

 Entrepreneurial universities emerged in the second half of the 20th century as the third generation with the aim of training entrepreneurial human resources and connecting with industry, and providing opportunities for student employment is one of the important missions of universities. According to some criticisms which are university graduates, including geography, who are not aware of the necessary efficiency in real employment conditions, and geographical researches are not in line with the real needs of the society, so the feeling of gap expressed in this case became the basis for the aim of this research to investigate the causes of the gap academic geography and community needs. In this regard, by using the grounded theory model, and relying on the triple helix model, it was tried to determine the existing gaps and why there is a gap between the knowledge of geography in universities and the needs of the society.

Research Methodology :

The approach of this research is of inductive qualitative type, based on grounded theory model. Grounded theory is a theory that is directly extracted from the data that has been regularly collected and analyzed during the research. The statistical population included professors, students, and graduates of geography. The data collection method is in the form of interviews and includes 30 interviews with geography professors and graduates in Mashhad. The criteria of sampling and theoretical saturation and the selection of samples have been continued until the contents of the interviews of the listeners were repeated and the additional data did not help to complete and define a theoretical category and the interviews seemed similar. The interview focused on these questions: Is there a gap between academic geography and the needs of society? If yes, what are the gaps or challenges and what are the reasons? After the end of the interview process, based on the considered method, the data in three stages and separately It was coded by the authors of the article and verified in terms of accuracy in the selection of concepts and categories. In the initial coding, 94 concepts were identified, which were summarized to 32 concepts in the open coding stage after removing commonalities and aggregating them. Open coding is an analytical process with which concepts are identified and their characteristics and dimensions are discovered in the data. These 32 concepts were reduced to 10 categories in axial coding, which is the process of relating categories to subcategories, and finally became a central category, and the story line was formed by analyzing the categories based on the central category in selective coding. 

Results and Discussion:

 The results showed that among the 94 concepts identified in the interviews, in different stages of coding, it was reduced to 32 categories and finally to 10 main categories. In between, the central category or core was identified as the commodification of knowledge, both education and research. A category that has the appropriate interpretation power to include the five mentioned conditions, and the causes of the gap in academic geography and the needs of society. Commodity knowledge means knowledge that serves private interests, and these private interests may serve the government. When education becomes a commodity, like other commodities, need is no longer important and it is the demand that becomes important, and when higher education becomes a commodity, the only guide for the behavior of supply and producers of higher education is the measure of economic profit. The commodification of knowledge and universities, along with other processes that increase the demand for education and qualifications in society, strengthens quantification. In a situation where the applicants of the universities to obtain a degree, and besides that, the regulations of the universities regarding the promotion of the professors tend towards quantification and increasing the number of articles, as a result, in various fields, including geography, the quality of education and research that are two wings of Universities are reduced. In particular, in the system of centralism, where the laws are not amended according to the current conditions, and there is no sustainable policy in the direction of the universities to solve the real problems of the society, on the other hand, the unfavorable economic conditions and the lack of priority of science and research cause there are infrastructural weaknesses in universities and organizations. This also leads to a decrease in the relationship between the university and society. 

Conclusion:

 According to the findings of the article, and according to the three main sides of the triple helix model, the role of the government can be seen more in interventionist and causal conditions, society shows itself more in interventionist conditions, and the background conditions inside the university lead to the adoption of strategies It can have certain consequences. The effect of generalization of science in general, and the commodification of geography in particular, which is caught in a cycle of the mentioned causal factors, and on the other hand, intervening and grounding factors such as the inappropriate position of geography in the employment structure of the country, lack of trust and belief in research in the executive and operational field, the lack of up-to-date topics, the weakness of teaching the skills and skills of geography students, causes the quality of the education flow on the one hand, and the lack of a job market for the field of geography, and the preference of government and nongovernment sectors for fields It is connected with geography.