جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "نئولیبرالیسم" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Since the 1970s, with the turn of industrial-production capitalism to financial capitalism under the process of globalization and in sync with neoliberal approaches, global cities have witnessed the influx of capital to accumulate and reproduce it in their spaces.This movement of capital from the production sector to space has caused the spatial structure of cities to undergo extensive changes in their spatial, physical, economic, social and environmental dimensions. The consequences of privatization and commercialization of the public spaces of cities in order to reproduce as much capital as possible and space competition and polarization of space can be considered as the result of applying such attitudes. In contrast to this prevailing thinking, urban critical theories have been formed based on the fundamental criticism of these approaches and the explanation of the root causes of problems and the consequences of these approaches on urban spaces. This research, with a fundamental approach and a descriptive, analytical method, and using documentary and library studies through qualitative analysis from the perspective of critical urban theories, explains the spatial structure of Tehran and the effects of capital rule on its spaces. And in the process of spatial data analysis, it uses a spatial model (GIS). The findings of this research show that the metropolis of Tehran, both in terms of urban development plans and urban management policies, has been significantly affected by these capital-oriented approaches. And it has faced challenges such as profit-oriented urban management, polarization of the physical and social structures of the 22 districts of the city, commodification of housing, exchange of land and real estate in the open market, change of use and privatization of space.

Many places around the world are increasingly facing water shortage and then water crisis. It is generally believed that water scarcity is a natural phenomenon, but water crisis is a managerial and governance issue. In other words, it is a man-made phenomenon, which is mainly related to poor management in the field of population growth and distribution as well as intensity and distribution of economic activities. Although some researchers consider climate changes as one of the causes of water crisis, part of this phenomenon is the result of human activities. Human beings always affect the geographical space, the quantity and quality of which is often influenced by their type of thinking and thought. At the governmental level, the collective and dominant thought of human beings, which is the criterion for action in dealing with all phenomena in all areas, is known as political thinking and ideology. Neoliberalism is an ideology that has emerged mostly in the economic sphere in the late twentieth century. The main context of the study is politics and space and from a theoretical perspective seeks to answer the following question: what is the effect of neoliberal economic policies on the occurrence or exacerbation of water crisis?

This research has been done using the descriptive-analytical method. Data collection is done through library data gathering from printed and Internet sources. The analysis was performed qualitatively and through inferential methods.

The research findings show that some major components of neoliberalism such as privatization, decentralized production, deregulation, and disregard for the public interest in the form of a wide range of actions, policies, and strategies can play a role in water crisis especially in developing countries. Although the occurrence of a water crisis due to the application of these policies is expected in both developing and developed countries, its manifestation and prevalence is higher in developing countries. The reason is that the adoption of the same policies in developed countries often keeps them away from water crises. Because, within the framework of this ideology, they preferentially try to transfer high water consuming and environmentally destructive production processes, industries, and economic activities abroad and to spaces where environmental regulations are less strict. Another notable point is that with the emergence of a water crisis in the geographical spaces of developing countries, which leads to a decrease in the competitiveness of these spaces, companies in developed countries leave those spaces and repeat this destructive cycle in new spaces.

Carl Schmitt, a prominent German philosopher and jurist who had always been accused of supporting the Third Reich throughout his life, was acquitted at the Nuremberg Trials and lived in general isolation until 1985. But Schmitt's isolation never prevented him from writing and disseminating his ideas throughout the twentieth century. Schmitt is one of the great thinkers whose views and thoughts have influenced various thinkers over the past decades, such as Hannah Arendt, Jürgen Habermas, and Giorgio Agamben. When Schmitt wrote the book Empress, he made it clear that politics must be defined in terms of the distinction between friend and foe. Today, neoliberalism, which firmly believes in downsizing government and market forces to regulate social relations and land management, has led to major social conflicts within and geopolitical conflicts outside the borders of countries. Neoliberal policies, along with the post-Fordist economy, have created a situation in recent years that has widened social divisions within countries as well as on a global scale. The increase in these gaps in the social strata has caused internal crises in countries and on the other hand has involved many countries in widespread social protests. According to great thinkers such as Fukuyama, such social conflicts have led to the formation of reactive identities within countries. Many of the works and writings of political geographers today show the attention of prominent thinkers such as Claudio Minka and Anaji Scor who focused on Schmitt's political philosophy, and the formation of reactive identities in relation to politics and the distinction between friend and foe. They search for globalization and post-Fordist economics. The main question of the article is why Schmitt's political philosophy and especially the political category in relation to reactive identities are at the center of the world's political geographical discourses? 

Since the 1980s, with the ever-increasing superiority of neoliberalism views and declining government investment in public affairs, the functional and ownership roles of the government in the economy have diminished and the role of non-governmental institutions, companies and forces in managing and producing space has increased, which weakened the independent influence of government-affiliated institutions in the management and planning of the territorial space. The purpose of this study was to present a new classification of government functions and how to study it in the management and planning of the territorial space in the framework of the neoliberal perspective with reference to valid theoretical documents. This research is of theoretical type and the data were collected by documentary and library methods and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method based on inferential approach.

Since spatial planning is affected by profit-oriented economic motivation based on free trade, the government lacks an independent position and function in spatial planning management. In this regard, government institutions seek to expand and continue the cycle of making more profitable talented areas and facilitate the faster return of capital through tax policies and coordination with the wishes of companies and economic institutions only through spatial management planning. In the formulation of land management policies by governments in the neoliberal model, different regions in the subdivision of the land level do not have the same value in attracting capital, and spatial polarization in population, movement, and activity in the territorial space will always exist. On this basis, land management in the neoliberal model has led to the importance of the concept of leveling, ranking, and decline of the concept of spatial justice, which is considered in the Keynesian model in land management studies.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the concept of neoliberalism، globalization. Also، the effects of these concepts on space and geographical identity and also by focusing on globalization effects on geography science have been addressed. Finally by criticizing the present way that expands neoliberalism ideology is sought to be able to maintain human being dignity in of economic، social and cultural developments of countries and prevails social، spatial and geographical justice as a dominant ideology in the world. The research methodology is descriptive-analytic. By studying the field of neoliberalism and globalization area، we can come to this conclusion that neoliberalism and globalization has deep and significant effects on geography that can be pointed out such as: increasing spatial analysis in geography، especially analyzing spatial inequality، regionalism in combination to reinforcing ethnical identity seeking، destroying penetration and power of social institutes، decreasing west political tradition in studying geography، return of religious radicalism and etc. The influence of geography on the evolution and transformation of the digital information age، the studies in this field has been done by geographers، shows that geography is not only adapted to the evolution، that even to see clearly and simply realistic view of some scholars، the phenomenon of globalization، the new stand and attitudes towards scientific field، also provides insight as to other sciences and an invitation to look again at the issues that face. Geographers with researches their thoughts and reflections on issues of the age، geography could turn back the edge of the scene and it made a respectable and reasonable range. So geography maximizes increasingly its own importance due to augmentation of researches in the field of spatial analysis.

Urban environment has always been considered a context influenced by different economic-political processes, and a place for the emergence of phenomena like injustice, lack of healthcare, unemployment, class difference, etc. rooted in economic policies. In other words, human environment somehow represent the dominant idea of that society. In the background, dominant ideology guide these changes. Regarding the significant influences of these opinions on urban environment, it is necessary to investigate them. The present study explores the influence of neoliberalism policy on the urban environment focusing on cities in the United Kingdom. Neoliberalism emerged in 1970s and 1980s as a leading policy. This idea was born by the capitalistic world. Here, the concept of globalization is a context for this idea. What is known as neoliberalism first began in the United States of America and the United Kingdom. The present study seeks to investigate the influence of this ideology on British urban space. The research method used is descriptive-analytic.