جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « نظام بین الملل » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Accurate and scientific definition of terms and vocabulary is one of the important of subjects various scientific fields. Therefore, the enrichment of vocabulary and the principled and correct use of words and terms, as well as the precise application of these concepts and their definitions in writing books and articles and other research fields, are important necessities. Especially in humanities and its sub-fields, conceptualization of vocabulary and implementation of concepts in their own place are among the duties of experts and researchers in these fields. Among the various fields of humanities, the fields of political science, international relations, political geography and geopolitics have commonalities in the topics discussed, in methodology, regional studies, etc., but it is certain that these two sciences are not the same and In philosophy, ontology, nature and epistemology are different from each other.One of the important concepts that has not been theorized well in humanities studies, especially in political sciences and political geography of Iran, is the concept of international order and world order. Various views and opinions about these two concepts have been presented by the authors of these disciplines , especially among researchers., it has been tried to discuss their differences and commonalities.The research is of developmental-comparative nature and its method is descriptive-analytical, information collection was done in the form of library (books, articles) and inferential analysis.The findings of the article indicate that from a philosophical point of view, the concept of the world order is different from the international order, while the world order, with a geopolitical approach, talks about the relations between powers. But the international order refers to the relations between countries or nation-states. Of course, besides the differences, the international order and the world order have common points from the point of view of economic, political, etc. goals.

One of the most important topics in international law is border disputes, which can be seen in various forms in most regions of the world and have a great impact on the type and level of relations between countries in the international system. Considering this issue, in this article we seek to answer the main following question: What achievements has international law made in resolving border disputes between countries? In order to answer the mentioned question, according to the nature of the research data, which is of a qualitative type, a descriptive method was used for data analysis, and after reviewing the documents and reliable scientific sources in both theoretical and analytical parts, the current research was developed. To prove the hypothesis that international law as an international mechanism has had important achievements in the resolution of border disputes, several examples of border disputes between countries were discussed and the findings of the research showed that the legal solutions and procedures provided by the International Court of Justice, which are derived from the laws of international law, has been effective in resolving border disputes between countries and also maintaining peace and stability in the world community. In the following, the conclusion drawn from the present research is as follows: Middle Eastern countries, especially the Islamic Republic of Iran, due to the existence of numerous territorial and border disputes with their neighbors, need constructive interactions with international legal institutions, because the best way to achieve the benefits and national security to be effective, is the path soft power and international capacities.

In international law, one of the topics that has been used to resolve disputes between actors of the international system is negotiation and constructive interactions between countries. One of the negotiation approaches among the aforementioned units is conducting border diplomacy in the form of negotiations between representatives of neighboring countries to resolve issues and problems related to border areas and stabilize peace and establish security in these areas. According to this issue, in the present study, the position of border diplomacy in international law was analyzed. In this article, by using the descriptive-analytical method and examining the valid documents and documents related to the research topic, to the question that; What is the position of border diplomacy in international law? Answered. The findings showed that negotiation is one of the most important resources provided in international law to resolve disputes between countries, and due to the existence of numerous issues and problems in border areas, it has the most efficiency and application among the units of the system. has had an international Border diplomacy in the form of negotiation is one of the most important approaches of international law to resolve border disputes and has a very important place in establishing peace and establishing security in relations between countries. Carrying out border interactions and preventing any formation of insecurity in the border areas between countries is a matter that takes place through border meetings in the form of border diplomacy on behalf of institutions related to border areas in countries. Considering this issue, the most favorable result that can be presented from the current research; Exploiting the resources of international law in the form of border diplomacy by countries with long borders and delegating authority to institutions related to border areas in order to protect and protect their borders and reduce tension and conflict between countries.

Since the end of the Cold War and vanishing the bipolar international system, different arguments have been made in order to explain the status of world order, US position in the international system and the US foreign policies and strategies in different regions. Some scholars have tried to explain the structure of the new international system. For example, Wohlfarth has called it unipolar while Huntington recognized it as a unipolar-multipolar system. Some other scholars have tried to explain US grand strategies as the only superpower left in the international system after the collapse of USSR. Selective engagement, off-shore balancing and strategic restraint are among strategies that they have recommended to the US, in order to maintain its position in the new international system. On the one hand, we should notice that new rising powers like China and India have changed international equivalents of contemporary era, so it does not seem wise to simply call the international system a unipolar or multipolar system. On the other hand, understanding US position in this complex system and explaining its strategies and policies is not possible without strictly clarifying the changes of its power after the end of the cold war.

This paper is going to examine US power changes between 1989-2017 by using Power Cycle Theory. The research is based on quantitative method. First, we have distinguished all the major powers of the international system after the Cold War which are as follows: United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Russia, China, Japan and India. Then we have collected all of these players data for eight indicators of national power that is introduced by Kumar. These indicators are: Population, energy consumption, energy consumption per capita, GDP, GDP per capita, total trade, military expenditure and military expenditure as a percentage of GDP. In the third phase, we have calculated each countries’ relative power in each indicator for different years as the percent of the total major actor systemic capability on that indicator. At the fourth phase, we compute each countries’ total relative power by calculating the average of its relative power on each of the eight power indicators. At the end, the Power Cycle of US and inevitably other majors have been drawn by using SPSS software..

Research findings showed that the US has experienced its maximum relative power around 1998 and has entered the declining phase of relative power after that, though it seems there are still long distances between its absolute power and other major powers’ absolute power. The findings also showed that the rate of declining US relative power has changed from an increasing phase to a decreasing phase around 2012. This point is called inflection point 2 in Power Cycle Theory.

In conclusion, according to Power Cycle theory and its special definition of relative power, the rate of changes in the relative power is much more important than the exact amount of absolute power and the US power cycle shows that the relative power of the only super power of the international system is decreasing while China’s relative power as the US main rival is increasing, tremendously. In addition to showing the changes of US power, drawing US power cycle can also help us to understand the upcoming changes in the structure of international system in a better way.

Foreign policy is phenomenon and influenced by a combination of structural factors, internal political dynamics, regional and international.The structure of the international system is limiting behavior of states. Waltz argues, the international system to define behavior of states and foreign policy is mainly an attempt to adapt to the pressures of the international system. Waltz: international politics is the politics of the great powers, He believes that the structure of the international system after the Cold War unipolar structure in which America is the undisputed power. Despite the weakening of America's economic hegemony in the past three decades, Still USA is the most influential international actor, However, small and medium-sized states in the existing structure,are the relative able to pursue thier development goals. Among these countries,are Iran and Malaysia. Malaysia is located almost in the heart of the East Asian region, South-East Asia, has now become one of the Important region in the global economy, Living in peace and stability, And Iran is located in the middle east. Middle East is Regional with oeder's Hobbes, war of all against all.This status of regional , affected by the Influence of grate powers on foreign policy of the two countries; Conditions in the Middle East, In addition to the constraints of the international system, has failed Iran's foreign policy. The presence of several powers, China and Japan, along with America, In East Asia, Malaysia's economic competitive advantage they enjoy is the addition of the international system, the membership of Malaysia "ASEAN" A functional subset of the local conditions of access to capital and technology.. provided economic benefites for members, Unlike ECO is lacking of such strong subsets or are in the beginning.

In this study, the comparative method is used, Which means that the two countries of Iran and Malaysia have generally been compared and in the next step, the two countries in three dimensions, "the regional system," "benefit from the advantages of regional organizations", - stressed the ECO and ASEAN and "great power role" and the positive and negative effects its on economic development have been laid to compare.

The structure of the international system limitations and creates opportunities for policy. Many of the decisions and foreign policies, in response to the behavior of other international actors.International system of all activities that shape international relations are included.Malaysia is located almost in the heart of the East Asian region and is composed of two parts, East and West Malaysia an area that already has become one of the raised areas of the global economy and the peace and stability remains. Malaysia has a good and constructive relations with all countries of the world and In taking its own development policies, could have important role in economic development in the years approaching achieved and as a newly industrialized country to be identified.Iran is a country in Southwest Asia, the geopolitical and geostrategic up in the Persian Gulf, is located in the heart of the Middle East. Iran, the world's two major oil fields Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea is located. Iran is in the Middle East, a region critical and convulsions. The regional conditions, the impact of the structure of international and major powers over foreign policy between the two countries has changed. Conditions in the Middle East, America obstacles, particularly in terms of impact on Iran's foreign policy has limited the development process at the same time, while in East Asia, China and Japan on the side of America, in addition to adjusting the limits of this power, improved technology, capital and the Malaysian economy.

The international system and the major powers as "independent variable" and the sub - region to "intermediate variables" foreign policy of Iran and Malaysia have been affected. Political and economic cooperation in the region of limiting the power of Malaysia's foreign policy adjustment and have taken advantage of the competitive power in favor of economic development so that despite the harsh positions and especially during the critical Malaysia Mahathir Mohammad, has a foreign policy worthy successfully pursue its development-oriented. While America's hegemonic supremacy in the Middle East and the impact of the sanctions and the use of existing multilateral in the present world order as the independent variable, limiting Iran's foreign policy and alongside the independent variables, between "area is characterized by tension and internal competition", lack of economic integration, the independent variable in the international system creates limitations for Iran's foreign policy has strengthened and Iran's foreign policy has prevented from reaching the development goals. America in the Persian Gulf is the main power is enormous and its impact on the region, including Iran. Using a tool such as sanctions, multilateral pressure and encouragement from international organizations and countries, especially Iran's neighbors in southern boundaries, limitations and obstacles in the way of Iran's foreign policy has left many. But the dominant power in Southeast Asia with other major powers such as China and Japan and strong institutions "such as the ASEAN" into equations to be competitive and balance, That is why countries like Malaysia with a more suitable space can advance its foreign policy towards economic development

The end of the cold war has changed world order in terms of the distribution and structure of power in international system. Following the growth of regional powers and international system’s shifting from bipolarity to multipolarity, regional powers, undertaking key tasks in the crisis management, are likely to play an active and determining role in new world order and change world management trends with a view to securing their region as well as their own interests. According to this article, the end of the cold war between the East and West and transition to multipolar structure has carried opportunities for the newly emerging regional powers as regards the enhancement of the their capabilities in the management and establishment of regional order as well as entrance to the global decision-making structures. This article reviews the nature of regional powers, their reasons to support regionalism, and the role of the regional order in re-defining the world order.

Strategists of the U.S government have engaged in a new range of threats to the national security after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The United States has attempted to take maximum advantage of these attacks to impose a mono-polar system on the international system. Thus, it puts the doctrine of preventive war and preemptive operations. In support of this doctrine, it is claimed that war against America will occur in the future. Although it may not be immediate, but it is inevitable and reactions must be made beforehand, because delayed reactions will contribute to more costs and risks. The Americans mention issues such as terrorism, extremism, Islamic fundamentalism and weapons of mass destruction as threats that could affect the national strategy of all countries.The application of the doctrine of preventive war and preemptive operations in Afghanistan and Iraq by the U.S shows the importance of a careful investigation of the dimensions and the results of this doctrine. So, this article investigates “the nature and scope (requirements and contexts) of preventive war of the United States in Southwest Asia". The research is descriptive- analytic, and data gathering procedure is based on library and filed-finding methods. The statistical sample of this research is 170 experts. To calculate the sample size, "Cochran" was used, and of 63 persons was selected. Quantitative variables were measured through inferential statistics (parametric and nonparametric), and measures of central tendency and dispersion were used. Content analysis was used in order to investigate the qualitative variables.Discussion and Following the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, the United States changed its national security policy. President Bush and officials in his administration announced that under special conditions in future, the U.S would attack before it is invaded, because prevention and defense will no longer protect America against attacks. The 2002 National Security Strategy codified this doctrine and specified that preemptive war will be an important tool of US foreign policy against terrorists and rogue states that develop NBC weapons. Fukuyama believes that Islamic fundamentalists and their access to weapons of mass destruction technology are the most significant danger for the United States. According to this strategy, the preventive war is the same as a preemptive war and America is allowed for a military intervention in order to halt terrorism. The atmosphere that was created after the September 11, attacks led to the foreign policy of coercion and threat in the political sphere of the United States of America. Finally, the U.S attacked Afghanistan in 2001.During a relatively long period of political confrontation between the U.S. and his Western supporters and the Baath regime in Iraq, the West intensified measures against Iraq during a period of approximately six months before the invasion of the U.S to Iraq. This can be named the transition period of America’s cold war against Iraq to hot war. The incidents which happened during this period are of great importance and can be regarded as the evidences of the United States’ invasion to Iraq. The most important of these events include the issuance of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441 on Iraq, highlight of the threat of Iraq in America's national security documents in 2002, transfer huge armed forces to the northern Persian Gulf, organization of the Iraqi opposition groups, regular meetings of the Security Council. The researcher believes that in order to understand the nature of preventive action, attention has to be paid to the nature and context and to the discourse of literature in academic societies of the West. Accordingly, the nature and context of preventive war can be expressed as follows:Military actions conducted under the title of preventive war have a combined nature that uses political, economic, social, cultural and military tools to reprocess the formation of regional powers in such a way that they meet the common interests of the allied forces especially the United States. The accompaniment of other global powers like Russia and China, which are in competition with each other, for the purpose of ensuring their natural interests, is predictable. It is also note-worthy that considering the justifications of this doctrine (terrorism, extremism, Islamic fundamentalism and WMDs), the aim of the invasion could be the state or non-state actors.Preemptive strike has dimensions that are mentionable in the form of already-mentioned contexts, conditions and requirements. The mentioned dimensions can provide the defense strategists of the Islamic Republic of Iran with the indicators required for the supervision of the evolutions of the national, regional and international environment to use in national defense planning with a comprehensive approach in the form of a general model.

The purpose of this study is to investigate a new standpoint in area of geopolitics, which is based on information power and growth of modern combat indicators in the contemporary system. Thus, the basis of this study is the importance of geopolitics, its role in the international system, and its developments. By analyzing indicators of this context, we can find that the term “info sphere” (information resource) has an important role to obtain the answer of hypothesis proposed in the introduction and material and methods of this research due to its delicate nature. Given the analyzed data on the above content, it is clear that present geopolitics concepts are related to this new context.The results show that, information processes of contemporary abstract goals have a superior position among other common geopolitics contents. It means that, its key role in information industry and its direct and indirect contact to the geopolitics have time capabilities. The title of this study proposes a new reality in the geopolitics. Although geopolitics as an old content in geography, politics, and martial arts have solved numerous problems and political, martial, and security impasses of governments for centuries, but nowadays it finds a more complicated and extended function in relation to the nature of changes and developments in international system, especially in three fields of politics, security, and war. Today, world economy and long-term strategies or martial planning of most countries are designed and administrated on the geopolitics system.* so, the question is: as the technological complexities and increasing power of information move forward with time, can geopolitical measures play a role in its fifth dimension of effectiveness? And if it can, how these roles should be?Geopolitical quotations are the indicators of flourishing literature of geopolitics, which play a direct role in complex information deductions that is considered as an effective and strong pillar whether in setting internal or external power. Some of geopolitics scientists, such as “Lansdale” call this process as the fifth dimensions of geopolitics. Because of it, we chose the title for our article.However, this theory was considered after some Blitz and effective events had happened within international system. 11 September in New York and some events in other cities of US, Afghanistan war (that is continuing) and martial occupation of Iraq in 2003 cause that geopolitical concentration of US goes to East and Middle East.Several West theorists in geopolitics believe that the reasons of martial proceedings in early years of Third Millennium refer to the high military power which is come from info sphere. This matter gets the Eastern competitors of US in struggling position, and even European allies of US are concerned.Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the efforts that several countries, especially those who have geopolitical super position, has make parallel to these changes and developments, to strengthen their military and information-security power, so that they can defense in the offensive and defensive positions.* The hypothesis of this study are as follow:a) Information power has a different role from other indicators in terms of geopolitical growth and development indicators.b) There is a significant relationship between military power and information power in this age, and the most important aspect of this, is its geopolitical function. According to the introduction and the necessity of explaining subjective dimensions of this article, we can propose that; basically, national benefits of the countries in the 21st century, which is a mesh and complex century and full of geopolitical unrests, have a different trend from past periods. So, national benefits are defined and designed based on a chain of internal fixed and variable needs and based on regional and international occasions, which is also changed.However, one of the major reasons for this changing in approach is the technological progresses in the world, and the developments in some fields were as fast as we cannot imagine. We might say that, the developments in communication technologies are the superior of industrial and technical fields, and this increasing trend is going on. For instance, using aero spaces in this century cause an important complication in strategic world. And most of the geographers knows that how this trend voided land borders!On the one hand, massive influx of West information patterns, and on the other hand, disability of several developing countries and countries with valuable natural resources and energy in the area of competition of products and tools, has make an endless race in military and information power, that we should run after them. However, even countries with super geopolitics are not exempt from information and software tools of effective and redeveloped west countries. It seems that, the better geopolitics is on the siege of fifth dimension and its new form; information power. All above factors make the individual (national) identity weaker, and geopolitics mobile elements (human) look for their selves in the other. Now this question arise that, do geopolitics deal with secession in this century? Or, do historical events get the geopolitics to the retrospection? Or, do it increase its role in 21st century? And what is geopolitics in fifth dimensions?This article tries to answer above questions and forward hypothesis. Of course, because of the novelty of this context, it should be interpreted and analyzed

In the field of security studies, whether comprehensive studies including political changes and academic endeavor, or classic methods laying emphasis on military issues, or modern theoretical studies, any geopolitical hypothesis to study the international security issues requires a scholarly revision due to the international developments. The present study is an attempt to describe the international security perspective and the variables of the current era through a new and realistic approach based on the nature of security developments in the world and also by relying on the modern geopolitical ideas which play a very important role in the strategic planning and foreign policy of the independent political unites. The main questions of the present paper are: 1- Why the security of the world today and consequently the security of the regions is a function of geopolitical variables? 2- How far the changes in the geopolitical models influence security? 3- Do the geopolitical similarities change permanently?

Without any doubt geographical factors play an important role in the political processes, affecting power as a basis of politics. The political processes that are manifested in different forms of policy-making change the geographical landscape of the globe. From theoretical point of view there is a complicated interactive relationship between geographical factors and political phenomena, constituting the subject matter of political geography and geopolitics. The present paper is an attempt to elucidate the concept of geopolitics and analyze the nature, structure and functions of global geopolitical system and introduce it as a scientific theory. The new geopolitical regions in the post-cold war era in Southwest Asia can be studied within this framework. Among the sub-regions of Southwest Asia, the Middle East has drawn the attention of the international system and also enjoys a high status in the international system. Hence in the present paper the status of the Middle East in the third millennium has been studied.

Early in the 1990s. The world was faced with a new and unusual of incidence, known a collapse of the soviet union, that occurred not because of interference of any foreign power, but simply on the basis of ruptures in the inter political, social, military and cultural structure of the union at the same time changing the bipolarity and balance of power to lake of polarity and fluidity in international relation. Under the circumstance every one of the great powers, having in mind. Their own interest tried assume responsibility abilities of the disappeared power they filling the vacancy created by its abs sense. The desire for superiority confided. The clash of interest and the resulting anarchy created irregularities such as American invasion of Iraq on the exclude of the liberating Kuwait-occupied by Iraq the September 2001, etc. Consequently, the study of the results of the breakdown of the eastern black and the geopolitical development, of the 1990s, particularly their impact, in the middle east, remain the main point of interest in the minds of treachery, of the middle east problems. The present article having in mind the studying the effect of the development upon interests of the Iran in the area put forth the following theory:1- After collapse of the Soviet Union the geopolitical frontiers of the us. Has reached the geopolitical frontiers of Russian.2- The spatial expansion of America has resulted in physical siege of Iran, thus increasing its security expenditures. In the opinion of the author, in order to reduce the security cost it is advisable to consider adoption of alliance and collation policies.

This paper examines different interrelations between geopolitics and religion in international arena: what are the impacts and implications? In new approaches in geopolitics we can find the new traces for religion. Many scholars have discussed the issue from different orientations. Religion revivalism in the international system is moving forward: meanwhile secularism witnesses a decreasing role. The main argument here is to see how religious strategies can affect Westphalia system of nation-states, and transform the international system. So, it seems that understanding the system of interaction between religion and geopolitics can pave the way for understanding conflict management and confronting challenges and threats. The role of religion would be discussed in US as a case study.

After the collapse of the U.S.S.R, NATO not only didn’t collapse but extended in it’s mission and geography. This article through the survey ot theorize and approaches which have tried to describe this phenomena, is analyzing the role of American hegemony, NATO as a valuable asset for the U.S, has a considerable role in the consolidation of American hegemony, and continuity of American influence in Europe. it gives America necessary means to impact on the regional and World events and Trends. The U.S has tried to strength this transatlantic organization and through which it prevents the rise of similar, but independent organizations in the Europe. Accordingly NATO has found further role in the security environment of West Europe, Est Europe and other neiboring regions and is becoming effective in the consolidation of American hegemony.