جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « هزینه » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Cities face a number of problems that undermine the quality of urban life, social inequalities, urban crime, poor environment, and traffic congestion (Psatha, 2015: 2). The rapid growth and expansion of urbanization and urbanization of the world has created many problems and difficulties in different countries of the world, especially in developing countries. Cities in these countries are facing the spread of various social anomalies, housing shortages, the spread of suburbanization and informal settlement, all kinds of pollution and environmental crises, spatial inequality, reduced quality of life and welfare, and so on. In recent decades, the literature on measuring inequality has increased significantly (Mussard & Xu, 2004: 201). One of the important suggestions in the field of measuring poverty and welfare by age (1976) has been presented. The age index is a suitable model for applied research (Mussard & Xu, 2004: 201). Measurement of poverty has been active in research since Amartia Sen proposed an obvious approach to welfare research in 1976 (Xu & osberg, 2000: 2). The aim of this study was to analyze the cost factors affecting quality of life and well-being in Iranian metropolises. Using the quantitative age index and taking into account the variables of food and tobacco costs, clothing and footwear costs, housing costs, water, fuel and lighting of a residential house, costs of accessories and furniture and services Household use, health care costs, transportation and communication costs, entertainment and cultural services costs of households and costs of miscellaneous goods and services in the metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj and Shiraz to evaluate the effective factors The quality of life and welfare in these metropolises should be addressed. The research sought to answer the question of which of the cost-effective factors on quality of life and well-being in the studied metropolises had the greatest effect.

The research has a quantitative-analytical nature and the statistical population of the research consists of the first five metropolises of Iran in terms of their population. The studied variables are the official data of the first group (food and tobacco costs); The second group (clothing and footwear costs); The third group (housing, water, fuel and lighting costs of a residential house); Fourth group (costs of furniture and services used by households); Group 5 (health care costs); Group 6 (transportation and communications costs); The seventh group (the cost of entertainment, entertainment and household cultural services) and the eighth group (the cost of miscellaneous goods and services).

In the metropolis of Tehran, the housing, water, fuel and lighting group of a residential house with the amount of 1.4092 has affected household welfare expenditures more than other groups in this city. Expenditures on household appliances and services are in the last place with 0.0353. In the metropolis of Mashhad, the second largest city in Iran, the group of housing, water, fuel and lighting of residential houses with the amount of 0.9202 more than other groups of household welfare expenditures in this city has been affected. The eighth group, the costs of miscellaneous goods and services, was in the third place with 0.1694. In the metropolis of Isfahan, the third largest city in the country, the housing, water, fuel and lighting of residential houses with the amount of 0.7911 has affected the welfare costs in this city more than other groups. The group of food and tobacco costs with the amount of 0.7003 after the housing group has the most impact on welfare. In the metropolis of Karaj, the fourth largest city in the country, housing, water, fuel and lighting of a residential house with the amount of 1.278 more than other groups of household welfare expenditures in this city has been affected. The group of food and tobacco costs with the rate of 0.6915 after the housing group has the most impact on welfare. In the metropolis of Shiraz, which is the fifth largest city in the country, housing, water, fuel and lighting of a residential house with the amount of 0.8599 has affected more than other groups of household welfare expenditures in this city. The group of food and tobacco costs with the rate of 0.6561 after the housing group has the most impact on welfare.

In the metropolises of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj and Shiraz, the costs of the housing sector have affected the welfare and quality of life of the family more than other sectors, and solving the housing problem of households in these metropolises is the main priority of the government.

Enhancing product and service quality and reducing vulnerability and costs have a direct relationship. Therefore, considering that recently organizations managing focused on Total Management(TM), the survival of Total Quality Management(TQM) can’t be ignore in organizations.

The purpose of this study is identification and review obstacles of the successful implementation of TQM in the banking industry in order to reduce vulnerability and risks. For this purpose, Tejarat Bank as one of the largest private banks in Iran with more than 2,400 active branches is selected as an example for this study. There were 47 society branches and Morgan Sample Size(MSS) cases is intended 42 samples that are covered 62 persons of managers and supervisors. Research tools are general questionnaire (personal information) and dedicated questionnaire(With five main components of the cultural and employees, infrastructure, managers, competitiveness and organizational characteristics). Statistical software SPSS.16 and Excel is used to data analysis.

Factors affecting on unsuccessful implementation of TQM and the impact of these components and factors is asset, ranked, and result is discussed. Respectively organizational, infrastructure, cultural and employees and managers aspects had the greatest impact on unsuccessful implementation of TQM.

Due to the direct impact of successful implementation of TQM on the quality and a direct impact of vulnerability reduction on increasing quality, quality not only should be as a target but also as a hazard-less progress and by controlling the obstacles of successful implementation of TQM, vulnerability for this industry can reduced, cost control, growth and continuous improvement.

Traffic crashes are a major cause of human fatalities and their burden, both in social, quality of life and economic terms, create considerable emotional and real costs to society. The severities of these losses are much greater among “developing nations” being several times higher than those in “developed societies”. Inter-urban vehicle crashes due to high populated cities in developing regions cause high losses. In developing countries these accidents are mostly caused by insufficient and low standard transport infrastructure and equipment, their poor maintenance and law enforcement shortcomings. Based on increasing dialogue among the world community, there have been signs of increasing interest about developing countries’ road safety issues among researchers in developed nations. As there has been little information available with regard to Iran, this paper will be a contribution to the overall understanding of accident costing in developing countries. Inter-urban traffic fatalities in both developed and developing societies are on the top of the list of human-being losses and these accidents are the most important cause of death in the age categories of 15-25. Recent research indicates that in Iran 25 per cent of fatalities amongst this age group are caused by road crash. Transparent road safety funding decisions require an explicit value to be placed on life to allow projects with a range of outcomes in terms of saved lives and reduced injuries to be compared. As the value of lives lost and also the indirect elements of costs are the most important and at the same time the most complicated elements of road crashes’ costs, different methods have been proposed for their calculation. The methods described as “willingness to pay”, “life insurance” and “implicit evaluations” are frequently employed in developed countries for the calculation of these complicated elements. But these methods are not suitable for developing nations because almost all of them are based on the evaluation of the price of safety in the eyes of people living in a specific society. In developing nations the evaluation of safety prices among people is different “before” and “after” the crash. However in many situations, in these societies, people do not address the right value of safety “before” the incident. Thus, they bargain the safety of themselves and others with cheap prices. Therefore the best method for the calculation of the costs of road crashes in developing countries is not the “willingness to pay” method. The other two methods (gross income and court verdict) will be discussed and used in this study. The “Gross income method” and the subject of “potential years of lives lost” [PYYL] will be also considered.The comprehensive cost of Iran inter-urban motor-vehicle crashes was estimated almost equal to 2.12 billion US dollars in 2003. Comprehensive cost adds the value of lost quality of life to economic costs. This paper estimates costs by injury severity for eighteen severity classification systems. It also estimates the functional capacity loss and probability of permanent work related disability resulting nonfatal injury. In this paper theories for estimation of the cost of road crashes are discussed. Different methods and their relevance to different societies are presented. Then the elements of the cost of road crashes are introduced and estimated for Iran as an example of the developing world. Using only highway costs in safety decision making inappropriately favors mobility over safety. Comprehensive costs are one appropriate choice. Another acceptable choice is to use years of functional capacity loss plus direct costs to perform cost-effectiveness analysis.