جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "استان اردبیل" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Determining the extent of riverbank erosion and displaying it as a map in a GIS environment is effective in the optimal management of water and soil resources. The aim of the current research is to delineate the riverbank erosion zone from aerial photographs, perform regression modeling, and identify factors influencing the development of riverbank erosion using various spatial data including physiographic, hydrological, geological, and environmental data in different sections of the Balikhlouchai River in Ardabil Province. Initially, influential parameters in riverbank erosion in the region, including topographic, soil and land factors, hydrology, and land use changes, were calculated. Accordingly, the variables under study were obtained for four time periods: 1955 using aerial photographs, 1980 using TM satellite images, and years 2010 and 2013 using Google Earth images, and the effective extent of riverbank erosion was compared. Subsequently, multivariate regression analysis was performed using independent variables (including topographic, hydrological, soil erodibility, and land factors) and the effective extent of riverbank erosion as the dependent variable, using SPSS software, and suitable models were developed to estimate the amount of different riverbank erosion. Based on the results of regression analysis, environmental parameters such as slope of the river reaches, peak discharge, area under irrigated agriculture, concentration time, pasture coverage, and residential areas played a more significant role in exacerbating riverbank erosion.

Women’s status is one of the key indicators of development in any country. Despite comprising half of the global population, women account for only one-tenth of the world’s income and hold just one-hundredth of its assets. Tourism is a powerful tool for empowering women across economic, educational, and political dimensions. Given its significance, this study aims to explore the role of women’s empowerment in the sustainable development of tourism. The research focuses on female activists in the tourism industry of Ardabil province. Data were analyzed using PLS software. The findings reveal that empowering women in psychological, political, and social dimensions plays a crucial role in enhancing women’s participation in sustainable tourism development. Additionally, the study shows that these empowerment factors influence the dependent variable (sustainable tourism development) through the mediating variable of participation in tourism.

This research has been conducted with the aim of identifying heat waves in Ardabil province and analyzing their synoptic patterns using a circular method. For this purpose, the daily average maximum temperature data of Ardabil, Parsabad and Meshkinshahr synoptic stations were used in the statistical period of 1980-2020. The 95th percentile index was determined as a criterion for identifying a hot day, and its duration of at least 3 days was considered as the basis for defining a heat wave. Examining the trend of SLP, HGT and Tmax of these waves showed that on the hottest days of heat waves, the trend of SLP is downward and the trend of HGT and Tmax is upward. Clustering of heat wave generation patterns based on reanalysis data of sea level pressure and geopotential height of 500 hectopascals using cluster analysis method and Ward's clustering method led to the identification of 5 clusters which were presented in two main groups. In the first pattern, low pressure on the ground surface and high pressure in the middle level of the atmosphere, and in the second pattern, the location of the studied area in the west of the pseudo-Omega blocking of western Russia at the level of 500 hectopascals were identified as the synoptic factors of creating heat waves in Ardabil province. The common feature of both patterns is the high thickness of the atmosphere over the region on the days of this event.

Given the rapid pace of change we currently experience, adopting a sound approach to rural governance can lay the foundation for creating sustainable and inclusive communities. This study aimed to identify the key drivers and effective strategies for enhancing the performance of good governance indicators in rural management within Ardabil Province. Applying a future-oriented research approach, the study followed an applied and mixed research method, employing a sequential exploratory approach. In the initial phase, the qualitative Delphi method was used, involving a survey of experts (comprising 28 individuals) associated with the research topic. This phase extracted the factors and variables that contributed to good rural governance. Subsequently, the scenario planning method was applied, utilizing the weight approach in consultation with experts. The software tool of MICMAC was employed to identify the driving factors, while the Scenario Wizard software was used to analyze future scenarios. Initially, 12 key factors were identified, which were later consolidated into 10 factors due to overlap. A total of 26 potential situations were considered for these key factors. The software generated 902 scenarios, of which 16 were deemed valid with 3 scenarios demonstrating high compatibility. The results obtained highlighted the system's instability with the most significant impact attributed to the transparency index, central justice, and accountability. The decision-making influence exerted by influential groups in rural management created a critical situation across all three scenarios, emphasizing the crucial role of public oversight and participation of villagers in advancing the goals of good rural governance.

Today, fine dust and dust storms have become one of the important issues and problems of Iran and other regions of the world. This study is conducted to identify synoptic patterns of the dust storms in Ardabil Province (Iran) and monitor the origin and pathway of its places. The studied period is 34 years (1979-2013). The data used in this work are from synoptic stations of Ardabil province and the NASA’s upper atmosphere database. To achieve the goals of the study, the Environment to Circulation, Hierarchical Clustering Methods, and HYSPLIT model were used. According to the results, three patterns of geopotential height at 500 hPa levels were identified. Pattern No. 1 and 2 are almost similar to each other and represent the occurrence of a deep trough that formed from Central Europe and extended to the middle of the Red Sea. Based on these patterns, the study area is located in the East of this trough. The third pattern represents the occurrence of cut-of-low pressure blocking over the Black Sea and adjacent areas and placement of Ardabil province in the East trough of the formed blocking. The origin of dust in patterns 1 and 2 is the Eastern regions of Iraq and West of Iran while in pattern 3 is at 500 hPa level of the central areas of Iraq and at pressure levels of 850 and 1000 hPa of the central regions of Syria.

Mental imagery is the brain's ability to create extraordinary images, smells, sounds, feelings, and events, similar to those experienced by other senses without the presence of an external stimulus, and is defined as a combination of all senses to create or shape It is designed to recreate an image or mental condition in the mind. The current research has been conducted with the aim of designing a positive mental image model with an emphasis on digital technology in the field of tourism in Ardabil province, and it is fundamental in terms of its purpose. The statistical population included all experts in the field of tourism in Ardabil province, according to the available sample and their declaration of readiness, 35 people were selected as the population. The number of statistical sample for identification and screening of indicators was used from the opinions of tourism organization experts, and 35 experts were identified and selected. The analysis method and data collection tool in the first round was the three-round Delphi method. The findings of the research showed that the final model of positive mental image with emphasis on digital technology in the field of tourism in Ardabil province is confirmed according to the opinion of experts with 23 indicators and 3 dimensions of semantic image, physical image, and social image.

Ardabil province has a very convenient geographical location, as a border province, for trade with neighboring countries. By improving the level of economic interactions with neighboring countries, we can benefit from the significant capacities that exist in this area. By providing special facilities for export and import neighboring countries, developing non-oil exports, creating tourism facilities, developing tourism services and appropriate advertising, attracting investment in transformation and complementary industries, it is possible to develop economic interactions with neighboring countries and expand commercial relations. The export amount of Ardabil in 1400 was 516 million dollars, the volume of trade between Ardabil province and Azerbaijan was more than 1.3 billion , the non-oil exports of Ardabil to neighboring countries were more than 64 million , the production of transformation and complementary industries in Ardabil was More than 2.4 billion have been collected and more than 105 thousand tourists from neighboring countries have traveled to Ardabil province, as well as the export of various goods and products from the customs of Ardabil province in the first seven months of 1402 to Azerbaijan 39 million, to Armenia 172 thousand And Turkey has 12,000, which has had a leaping and growing trend, which shows the importance of developing trade with neighboring countries. To develop economic interactions between the two countries, solutions such as export and import development, infrastructure, transportation, tourism promotion, cross-border cooperation, etc. can be used. Considering the positive signs that exist in the field of economic interactions with neighboring countries in Ardabil province, it can be concluded that the development and deepening of economic interactions of Ardabil province with neighboring countries, including Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey and the Republic Nakhchivan, can have a significant yield.this development can be considered as one of the main ways for economic development and increasing economic growth in Ardabil .

Climate is one of the environmental factors that plays a seminal role in human activities including tourism. In this research, the human-biometeorological climatic conditions of Ardabil province have been investigated using physiological equivalent temperature (PET) based on body-atmosphere energy balance and multivariate regression. The data was collected from the National Meteorological Organization for 8 synoptic stations over 30 years (1991 to 2020). The results suggest that out of 9 climate classes of PET index, only 5 classes of “very cold, cold, relatively cool, cool and comfortable” can be found in this region and 4 classes of “relatively hot, hot, hot and very hot” do not exist in this province. In this regard, it turned out that very cold conditions prevail over the entire province in 5 months of the cold season, i.e., January, February, March, November and December, and the spatial distribution of these conditions is fully homogenous. This is relatively heterogeneous in the summer and the climatic conditions of this area are more variable in the hot season of the year. In general, in June, July and August, ideal conditions prevail in parts of this province. As such, the it was found that the major controlling factor of comfortable climatic conditions among longitude, latitude and altitude was altitude, so that there is a strong inverse relationship between altitude and PET index in 12 months of the year at a significant level of α=0.05 and α=0.01. The multivariate regression relationship of longitude, latitude and altitude with the PET indicate that Adj.R2 value of PET from January to December for the reference period is 0.713, 0.820, 0.783, 0.807, 0.807, 0.559, 0.841, 0.693, 0.745, 0.731, 0.824 and 0.662. The highest variations in the dependent variable were observed in the regression model. In this model, altitude has an inverse relationship with PET so that its value declines as altitude increases. This is true for two variables of latitude and longitude, but the effect of longitude is less substantial than that of latitude, both of which are eclipsed by altitude.

This study aimed to assess the suitability of land for constructing an outdoor sports stadium in Ardebil Province, focusing on the climate.

Weather variables, such as mean temperature, snowfall, and rainfall, along with environmental factors, were considered. The evaluation utilized a combination of Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM), Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP), and Geographic Information System (GIS). A separate layer was created for each variable and after determining their weights, overlaying the layers with fuzzing was used to identify optimal lands for sports facilities in Ardebil Province.

The findings indicated that snowy days and average temperature were the most significant factors influencing the selection of land for sports stadium construction in Ardebil Province with fuzzy degrees of 0.241 and 0.163, respectively. Among the environmental criteria, land slope and elevation were the most important factors for selecting land for sports stadium construction in Ardebil Province with fuzzy degrees of 0.294 and 0.166, respectively. The land suitability results revealed that areas in the northern half of Ardebil Province, particularly Moghan Plain, Garmi, Aslandoz, and Beile-Savar, were highly suitable for constructing a sports stadium.

The expansion of sustainable agriculture and the proper use of the country's water and soil resources require the selection of suitable plant species that are compatible with the climatic conditions of the country. Therefore, the optimal use of natural resources through the planting of plants compatible with the conditions of the region can guarantee human health, the sustainability and progress of sustainable agriculture, in fact, for the optimal use of land, the issues of water, soil and air cannot be analyzed separately For such researches, a framework such as zoning is proposed to plan, operate and properly use homogeneous pieces of land. Rosa damascene has a low water requirement and is highly adaptable to dry conditions. Considering Iran's climatic and geographical characteristics, the expansion of the cultivation of the Rosa damascene plant has gained double value.

Ardabil province in the north-west of Iran, with an area of 17,953 square kilometers, covers 1.09% of the total area of the country. Its geographical coordinates are between 37 degrees 25 minutes to 39 degrees 42 minutes north latitude and 47 degrees 3 minutes to 48 degrees 55 minutes east longitude. In the current research, using climatic criteria (Growth Degrree Days, annual precipitation, precipitation of the growing season, average temperature of the growing season, sunny hours of the growing season, and altitude) The growth of each plant starts from a certain thermal threshold, and the growth threshold of the rose is 2.5 degrees Celsius and the fuzzy TOPSIS method and the ANP network analysis process, the stations of Ardabil, Khalkhal, Parsabad and Meshginshahr have been selected for the cultivation Rosa damascene. The growth of each plant starts from a certain thermal threshold, and the growth threshold of the rose is 2.5 degrees Celsius. The steps of the TOPSIS technique include forming a decision matrix, forming a scale-free matrix, determining the Euclidean distance and choosing the best option, and the steps of the ANP method include creating a network structure between criteria, options and the goal, pairwise comparison of matrices and Formation of super matrix and selection It is the best option. In this model, each cluster and elements have a mutual relationship and the relationship of each criterion and clusters is checked with each other and they get a score between 1 and 9. The zoning and final drawing of the maps were done in the Surfer software environment and interpolation was done with the Radial Basis Functions method.

After weighting the effective parameters for the cultivation of Rosa damascene based on TOPSIS models and the ANP network analysis process and performing modeling and analysis of climate data, the final interpolation map for Rosa damascene cultivation was prepared based on the climatic potential and abilities. The results showed that in prioritizing the options for growing roses using the TOPSIS and ANP methods, the priority of the options is related to Meshgin Shahr, Khalkhal, Ardabil and Parsabad stations. In fact, the unrestricted lands include Meshgin Shahr station, which is the best place for cultivation due to its good climatic capabilities, and Ardabil and Khalkhal stations have low and medium restrictions for cultivation. The lands of this station have relatively weaker conditions than is the MeshginS hahr station , but good performance is expected from it. Parsabad station has very limited lands, which according to the assessment of climatic capability, this station lacks suitable potential for growing Rosa damascene.

In evaluating the ability of the habitat to plant a crop, not all criteria are equal. Some criteria play a key role. For this reason, factors are weighted in order to obtain a ranking of the value of decision criteria regarding suitable places for agriculture. The current research was conducted using TOPSIS and ANP methods and 6 effective atmospheric elements in the cultivation of Rosa damascene, standardization and formation of a ranking decision matrix based on these scores to determine and rank the Rosa damascene cultivation. These methods are more capable than other common methods. are doing the ranking more accurately. Finally, by interpolation (RBF) method, a map of the areas suitable for the cultivation of Rosa damascene was prepared. In the zoning map, there are very suitable areas for Mashgin Shahr station and unsuitable areas for cultivation at Parsabad station.

After apples and pears, the Quince tree is the most important fruit in the group of seed trees. Quince fruit has been of interest for a long time. In recent years, uniform planting of Quince fruit orchards has been developed in different provinces. Based on this, the zoning of Quince tree cultivation is required according to the climatic and environmental conditions. The purpose of this research is to identify the areas of Quince tree cultivation in Ardabil province with multi-criteria methods, using indicators; Rainfall, average temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, height, slope and soil depth in the GIS environment. To determine the weight criteria of indicators and zoning of Quince tree agricultural climate, AHP, ANP, Shanon Entropy, DEMATEL and WLC methods were used that AHP, ANP and DEMATEL methods played the most important role in determining the weighted value of indices and Antropy Shanon and WLC methods in agricultural climate zoning. In general, the results of the methods analysis showed that; The average temperature and the maximum temperature are the most important indicators during the growth period of Quince tree in Ardabil province. But the indicators of rain, minimum temperature, height, slope and depth of soil in some areas of the province create restrictions for the cultivation of Quince tree. The results of climatic zoning methods indicate that; About 27% of the area of Ardabil province is very suitable, 31% is suitable, 20% is slightly suitable, and 22% is unsuitable for the cultivation of Quince tree. The northern areas of the province and the city limits of Givi and Khalkhal provinces are known as suitable areas for the cultivation of Quince tree based on the studied methods.

AbstractSoil erosion is one of the most important problems in the watersheds of Iran, which causes the loss of thousands of tons of arable soil every year. The aim of the present study is to zoning the risk of soil erosion in Givi Chay watershed (northwestern Iran). In this study, first, the effective factors for erosion in the region were identified and then the information layers of each criterion were prepared in Geographic Information System (GIS). Valuation and standardization of layers was done using fuzzy membership function and criteria weighting, using critic method. Final analysis and modeling was performed using the Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison (MABAC) method as one of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. According to the results of the study, slope, land use, soil and lithology had the highest weight coefficient, respectively. Also, the results of the study showed; 283.89 and 414.93 km-square of the area, respectively, has a very high and high risk potential, and very high-risk and high-risk areas in unstable and erodible formations, agricultural uses and gardens and slopes of 25-40 % are located. It can be said that the results of this study indicate the high potential of the study basin in terms of erosion occurrence and it is necessary to control erosion and conservation measures on the agenda of experts and land managers. In addition, the results of validation of the results showed that the use of MABAC method has a high relative accuracy for studying the risk of erosion.

Regional planning is a collaborative effort for policymaking, organizing, exploitation and optimal use of regional resources and potentials, in accordance with needs and priorities, to raise the living standards of regional people with the help of regional institutions and structures. This study aimed to identify driving factors in regional development of Ardabil province. The study was done in three stages. The first stage was obtaining information from high-level documents and obtaining the opinions of 30 experts by using Delphi survey technique. The main driving factors of development were investigated in 9 areas and 50 factors were identified. In the second stage, using the cross-impact matrix, the identified factors were scored and completed by 30 experts, senior experts and specialists who were well-informed about the province's development issues. In the third stage, by using MICMAC software, the most key effective factors in the regional development of this province were identified. The results showed that among the 50 main variables, 14 variables, which had the highest score, were the key variables driving regional development in Ardabil province. Drawing the attention of planners and executive agents of the province to main roads, changes in the management style of the province, the transit network, and reforming the planning of the province can enhance the prosperity of people in Ardabil province.

The natural hazards are impossible to avoid, and infrastructure elements and communities cannot be made totally invulnerable. The only viable solution is the complex risk analysis and subsequent development of combination of mitigation and adaptation strategies Floods are the most common natural disaster type worldwide. Between 1995 and 2015, 2.3 billion people were affected by floods, con siderably more than any other type of natural disaster event. In general, the Givi Chai basin includes two cities, Khalkhal and Kausar. In recent years, floods have caused damage to gardens and facilities due to spring and summer rains to the extent that the villages that are located under the Sangur Chai basin because of being located at the source of the rivers and mainly in the course of the rivers are affected by floods; also in the whole basin due to droughts and the destruction of vegetation and the increase of man-made areas, the amount of impermeability has increased. Considering that Khalkhal is a mountainous area and is one of the areas sensitive to landslides in Azariaijan region, heavy rainfall and floods can wash away the slopes of this area.

The Givi Chai basin in the south of Ardabil province with an area of 1554 square kilometers is one of the 3rd degree basins of Sefidroud, which is located in the geographical coordinates of 48°4' E longitude to 48°38' E longitude 37°27' N latitude 37°55' N latitude. In order to achieve the goals of this research, firstly, the theoretical foundations and the works done in connection with flood zoning of basins in Iran and outside Iran were examined. Many variables are effective in the flood of basins. In this research, from the 1.100000 geological map, the slope maps were obtained using the digital height model map; the land use map was obtained through the classification of the  Maximum Likelihood  in ENVI software. In addition, using the digital model of the height of resolution  to extract, a drainage density map was prepared using the Line density tool. In this research, using the FAHP fuzzy hierarchical analysis model, Expert CHOISE software was used for weighting the layers, and finally, a map was prepared in the Arc GIS environment using gamma 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9The basin was flooded.

After preparing the effective factors for zoning the flood potential of the basin, the gamma fuzzy operators of 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 were used. 37 floods have occurred in the studied basin from 1365 to 1399 in different parts and villages, which caused the destruction of rural houses, gardens, agricultural lands and livestock. In order to determine the final flood map, points were randomly selected on the zoning map, then the correlation level was obtained based on the specified points with each of the criteria in the ARC GIS software. Based on the results obtained from the correlation, the highest correlation level is related to gamma 0.9. Vegetation has the highest correlation of 0.5 and lithology has the lowest correlation with gamma of 0.9 and 0.062. Also, the last flood occurred in the studied basin in the villages of Mustafa Lo, Bolokan, Morestan and Khoda Qeshlagi, which are located in the high-risk zone according to the final flood zoning map.

In this research, using the FAHP model, flood potential zoning has been evaluated in Givi Chai basin. The data of height, slope, lithology, precipitation, vegetation, soil hydrology, distance from the river, drainage density and land use have been used for flood zoning. After preparing the zoning map, the studied basin was divided into five classes based on the severity of flooding: very low, low, medium, high, very high. The results obtained from the flood zoning of Givi Chai basin have shown that the largest area of the studied basin, which is 0.9 gamma scale, has the highest correlation. The strata with very low, low and medium potential, gamma 0.5  0.7, were showed. cover the area of Givi Chai basin. Also, the final flood map of the basin was validated with the villages that have been damaged by floods in recent years. The areas which are more exposed to floods are in the regions that have very low permeability in terms of lithology and hydrology of the soil and in the areas where the vegetation cover as less as.

Heatwaves are one of the natural and intrinsic phenomena of the climate in different parts of the world whose frequency of occurrence as a result of global fluctuations in climate over recent years is similar to other climatic phenomena. Rising air temperatures due to periodic droughts or because of heating The world is very likely in the coming years .To evaluate the temperature in Ardebil province data on the maximum daily temperature of the stations of Ardebil Parsabad Khalkhal and Meshkinshahr for the years 1991 to 2016 were obtained from Ardebil's meteorological conditions. In this study in order to study the heating periods in different months of Ardebil province also to illustrate the changes The period of continuity and the return period of heat waves have been identified and the Markov chain has been usedAccordingly in no fish the waves are the most frequent and the short and long wave were the highest in April and the lowest in September.Using these tables of the period of continuity and the calculated return period of the heat wave during the warm year the level of stations in the province of Ardabil we find that in April May and June Parsabad station has the least heat recovery period and the months of July August And in September Ardebil station has the shortest period of return. The most frequent return periods were observed in April May June July and August at Meshkinshahr Station and observed in Khalkhal Station in September.Also, the existence of Azores dynamic high pressure in Iran has caused a strong heat rule in our study area.

Nowadays, environmentalism has increased among consumers. For this reason, firms can use a concept called green creativity to respond to this trend. Also, since the development of the tourism industry in a region can lead to disadvantages such as environmental pollution or damage to local culture and heritage in addition to advantages, tourism firms should pay more attention to the concept of green creativity. The purpose of this research is to answer the main question: what role does green creativity play in the development of the tourism industry in Ardabil province? The type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of the nature of the method. The sample of the research was the employees of service businesses related to tourism in Ardabil province. For sampling, a simple random sampling method was used, and to select the sample size, Cochran’s formula was used, based on which the sample size was equal to 346. Collecting the required data was done using two standard questionnaires on green creativity and effective factors in the development of tourism in the region. Validity was checked and confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis and reliability by Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis was done using the SEM method and SPSS 26 and Smart PLS 3 statistical software. The findings of the research showed that since the variable of green creativity explains the variance of the tourism industry, green creativity has a positive and significant effect on the development of the industry. Also, based on the findings, among the dimensions of green creativity, green creative motivation is effective for the development of the tourism industry. The findings of this research can be effective in encouraging organizations and firms active in the tourism industry to pay more attention to green creativity.

Daily flow data are a prerequisite for water resources management, but it is not possible to measure it in many upstream watersheds. In this study, different optimization algorithms have been used to evaluate the efficiency of the SIMHYD model. Therefore, the discharge data of Kouzetopraghi rive gauge station was selected as the study data (805 km2) located in Ardabil province. The daily data of rainfall, evapotranspiration of the meteorological stations in the study area were used to simulate the daily river flow data. Optimization methods including genetic algorithm, comprehensive competitive evolution, search pattern, multi-start search pattern, uniform random sampling, Rosenbrook, multi-start Rosenbrook optimization were evaluated based on statistical efficiency criteria. The mean value of discharge values by genetic algorithms, multi-year pattern search, uniform random sampling, multi-start Rosenbark, Rosenbork, comprehensive competitive evolution, search pattern were 0.031, 0.023, 0.085, 0.032, 0.024, 0.032, 0.031, respectively. The results showed that the change of optimization algorithms has a significant effect on the calibration accuracy of the model, so that the values of the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency criteria for the employed algorithms were 0.42, 0.31, -8.55, 0.38, 0.56, 0.023, and 0.24, respectively. The Rosenbrook algorithm had higher accuracy in calibrating the SIMHYD hydrological model compared to other algorithms used. A part of the modeling error can be related to the inconsistency of precipitation and runoff data due to the multiplicity of stations.

During the occurrence of hydrological drought, the river flow will be reduced and the quality of the river ecosystem will be degraded. Determining the temporal and spatial variations of the hydrological drought makes it possible to plan for the optimal use of river water. In this study, temporal and spatial changes of river flow index (SDI) in watersheds of Ardabil province were evaluated. In this regard, daily flow time series of 28 hydrometric stations in Ardabil province were analysed. River flow drought index was calculated using DrinC software and then hydrological drought characteristics were analyzed and spatial variations of SDI index were determined in 1-month, 3-month, 6-month and annual temporal scales in GIS software. 1-month SDI values (short-term droughts) showed that severe droughts were more common in rivers with low discharge values. However, most rivers with low and high amounts of river flow discharge have experienced severe seasons. The annual (long-term) hydrological drought index in most stations was in the range of -1.5 SDI greater than or equal to -1, which indicates the occurrence of mild drought. Spatial changes of SDI showed that the spatial variations of drought index on a 1-month scale are completely different from the annual scale. The lowest occurrence of hydrological drought was in upstream stations and flowing rivers in Sabalan hillsides. Severe and very severe droughts occur in low discharge rivers. The higher the river discharge, the lower the incidence of severe droughts, and the greater its flow stability than low-discharge rivers.