جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "community" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Research on the historical fabric of city centers has significantly increased among urban managers and specialists over the past two decades. This trend has led to the introduction of new approaches in the planning and development of these valuable urban areas, with one of the most prominent approaches being regeneration. A review of practical and theoretical studies shows that the process of regenerating historical and worn-out areas of cities often focuses solely on physical and objective aspects, neglecting the citizens’ subjective perceptions, which are rooted in their identity and culture. Accordingly, the present study aims to understand how citizens perceive regenerated spaces through a concept known as "mental regeneration." In this regard, after explaining the conceptual model of the research based on a literature review, a structured questionnaire was designed and distributed among the citizens of Hamadan to extract their perceptions of the regenerated central square of the city. The data were then analyzed using structural equation modeling in SmartPLS software. The results of the analysis indicated that two factors, physical environment and community, in a longitudinal mechanism, have had the most critical impact on the citizens’ perceptions in shaping their mental image of the regenerated spaces of the central square of Hamadan.

At the end of the 20th century, many socio-economic planners have introduced tourism as one of the reliable strategies with a very clear perspective for rural development, especially in developing countries. But the basic issue is that the local community has limited benefit from this tourism and has very little participation in this field. Therefore, community-based tourism can benefit rural people from tourism in addition to preserving natural and cultural resources. Thus, the aim of the present research is to find the variables affecting community-based tourism in the target villages of Markazi Province. The method of conducting this research was qualitative and was done using the content analysis method, and the data was analyzed using MAXQDA version 20 software. The results show that the source of non-establishment of community-based tourism development in the studied area is the management-structural, environmental, socio-cultural and economic factors. But the most important factor for the development of this activity is the managerial-structural components. Because by using correct and principled management, on one hand, the local community can be educated and prepared to receive tourists, and on the other hand, by providing infrastructure (such as residences, roads, restaurants, parking lots, recreational spaces, etc.) the basic conditions for entry It created tourists. Then it is possible to help the development of community-based tourism in the studied area by observing environmental principles, socio-cultural sustainability and economic growth.

There are many resources and capacities for the development of nomadic tourism in Iran, which have been neglected in terms of implementation and research. The necessity of examining the process of scientific research in any field of knowledge is due to the importance of presenting a clear picture of the scientific course of these researches and identifying research gaps in that field of knowledge.Purpose of the research: The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the content of Iranian nomadic tourism researches.

The current research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of its purpose, in terms of the nature of the data, it is qualitative based on archival secondary data, and in terms of analysis, it is quantitative based on quantitative content analysis. The statistical population of the research includes all scientific articles and theses that have been published focusing on nomadic tourism. Upon receiving the files of these studies, they were combined and analyzed based on the research questions using SPSS22 and Microsoft-Excel 2016 software.Geographical area of research: The current research does not have a specific geographical area and with the approach of documentary-archival review, it has considered all the researches in the field of nomadic tourism.

The number of nomadic tourism researches is 68, and its beginning dates back to 1386. In 1400 and 1401, the largest number of it was published, but in 1402, it faced a significant decrease. 53% of the researches have been published in the geographical field. The most academic specialization has been combined (interdisciplinary) and geographical.The most subject trends are related to planning issues, capacity measurement of resources in nomadic regions and communities, and the effects of nomadic tourism, and most study approaches are related to scientific and knowledge-oriented approaches. Nomadic tourism is more related to the approaches of natural-cultural tourism, rural tourism and the construction of eco-residence. Qashqai and Bakhtiari tribes and Fars and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces were considered more than others in these studies. Most of the researches have used the quantitative method. The impactful role of nomadic tourism has been more pronounced and these researches have been conducted mostly from the supply-side.

As a general conclusion, the researchers of this field have taken the scientific and knowledge-oriented process in nomadic tourism researches and as a result policy making and the correct implementation of policies, but the process of these researches has suffered a premature decline in 1402. Practical suggestions based on findings and results were presented to the extent of adaptation by researchers in order to modify previous approaches or start new researches in this field.

Belonging is one of the key themes of urban studies. In the redevlopment of neighborhoods located in the Inner city, the participation of residents in redevlompment is a key factor. Belonging provides a platform for participation. Given the prevalence of Service industry and consumerism in cities, belonging is more symbolic and pragmatic. Most of the research in this field also pays attention to the social and pragmatic nature of belonging in the process of neighborhood change and neglects human agency and subjectivism (sense of place) in this issue. This study seeks to fill this gap and examine the correlation between the two. Thus, the purpose of this article is to show that despite the cultural, social and economic diversity in the neighborhoods, the mere emphasis on symbolic and pragmatic belonging causes social segregation and moderates the sense of place (being in place). And it makes for more coherence. The statistical population of the study is the residents of Bagherabad neighborhood of Rasht, the area of which is determined by the comprehensive plan of Rasht and the neighborhood development document. Using Morgan table, 375 people were selected as the study sample. Data were collected by surveying and completing a questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between sense of place and belonging and sense of place affects belonging at a moderate level. Honestly' personal feelings are always influential in the actions and behaviors that express their belonging. This means that a person's personal and sincere feeling of belonging to a place must always be consistent with the words and forms of socio-spatial demands. The results also show that the most important indicator sense of place is the Neighbourhood sentiment, which is 84% of the variance, and the most important indicator of belonging is the Influence, which explains 64% of the variance.

Lake Urmia has been one of the richest national parks and the most attractive natural habitat for animals, which is currently facing a water shortage and drying crisis that has had many consequences in various dimensions in the surrounding area. It can be said that the socio-economic consequences of the drying is one of the most important aspects affecting the people and settlements of the region. Indeed, with the drying up of Lake Urmia and its subsequent decline in income, investment, and employment, there are other social problems, such as the migration of people from the region and the depletion of settlements in the region, particularly rural areas that are heavily dependent on the natural environment for socio-economic aspects. And given the importance of rural areas and the importance of these areas and the pursuit of sustainable socio-economic rural development caused by natural crises, it is very important. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Lake Urmia drying on socio-economic development with a case study of North Anzal Village. In this study, the statistical population was all residents of North Anzal, 328 of whom were selected as the sample population by Cochran formula and selected by random sampling method. The tools used in this study include a researcher-made questionnaire and statistics available in the field that validity and reliability of the presented questionnaire can be confirmed. Then, based on documentary statistics and statistical analysis using Pearson, regression and Friedman methods, the effect of drying Lake Urmia on socioeconomic development is investigated. The results of this study confirm the research hypotheses and have a significant impact on the drying up of Lake Urmia on socio-economic development. Consequently, to reduce the crisis caused by this phenomenon, we must control and reduce the human and natural factors affecting the drying up of Lake Urmia, and to understand the consequences of this crisis, we must be able to identify strategies to mitigate these consequences in the areas affected. To make an impact.

From ancient times until now, roofs have been an important space in Iranian cities, with many functional and meaningful roles. However, nowadays, in most Iranian cities, these significant capacities have been completely neglected. On the other hand, Iranian cities have always been attractive destinations for tourists due to their unique spatial, social, identity, and cultural characteristics. But with the arrival of modernism and its belongings in Iranian cities and fundamental changes in their texture, these cities have lost many of their attractions to tourists. According to the authors of this article, roofs give quality to urban spaces. Therefore, by examining the roof space of buildings in a special way, this article aims to answer this question: How roof spaces can develop and strengthen tourism in Iranian cities? In this regard, the background of this field and library sources were examined. For this purpose, documents, including travelogues, cinema, and images of urban spaces were scrutinized. The results indicate that due to the increase in the number of high-rise buildings, especially in big cities like Tehran, paying attention to the capacity of the roof space of these buildings gives visitors better views of the city. Due to their spatial integrity and location at a height, they also allow their users to have all kinds of events and create social interactions in direct connection with the nature of the city. This, in turn, creates a lasting image of the destination city in the minds of tourists,                    tied to natural elements, various activities, and social interactions. Therefore, in general, the main roles of roofs for the development of tourism in Iranian cities can be expressed in the four factors of developing social interactions, strengthening the connection of tourists with the nature of the destination city, creating a suitable mental image of the city, and increasing the quality of the experience of the urban space.

This research looks at the issue of "social sustainability" from the origin of urban development and at the scale of "neighborhood" and tries to compare the indicators of social sustainability in different urban areas. The most important question posed in this research is  that; What are the indicators of social sustainability in urban neighborhoods with different forms? In the following, during the research process, we try to answer this question and achieve the goals of the research.

The present research is practical in terms of its purpose and has used a quantitative approach and a comparative study with the help of survey and questionnaire tools to achieve its goals. The studied samples are three neighborhoods "Doctors' Cove", "Qaani" and "Ishaq Beyk", which are located in the new, middle and old contexts of Shiraz city, respectively. In order to conduct the survey, a questionnaire was developed based on the theoretical framework of the research, whose indicators can be seen in Table No. 2. In this selection, an attempt was made to select the most frequent and appropriate indicators according to the conditions of the investigated areas. For each index, two to three items were set and the survey was conducted in the months of October and November 2018 in the number of 150 people and a total of 450 people in each neighborhood. In the survey and sampling process, for each urban block, according to the area, the share of the desired questionnaire was determined and distributed and collected in the same proportion. In order to ensure the validity of the questionnaire, three professors of urban planning reviewed the questionnaire and compared it with the investigated indicators, and their opinions were applied in editing the questionnaire. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, with the help of a pre-test with 30 samples, Cronbach's alpha test was used, and the result of this test was 0.846, confirming the reliability of the questionnaire. The data obtained from the questionnaire after being entered into SPSS software have been analyzed with the help of t-test and one-way variance statistical tests.

The findings from the data at this stage show that the level of "social interactions" in Ishaqbek neighborhood is higher than the other two neighborhoods. This neighborhood also has a higher level of social participation according to statistical findings. It seems that the  organic texture and the age of residence in the neighborhood have had an impact on the promotion of these two factors of social stability. On the other hand, according to the findings of this survey, this neighborhood does not have a good situation in terms of "security".Doctors neighborhood has the highest level of security among the three neighborhoods. Also, the situation of "social justice" and especially the fair access to services in Doctors' Coy is better than the other two neighborhoods. In the case of the "spirit of the local - community" factor, even though the doctors have a higher level, there is no significant difference in the statistical findings between the three areas. The "good residence" factor, which indicates stability and residential satisfaction, is higher in the doctors' neighborhood than in the two neighborhoods of Qaani and Ishaq Beyk. In total, the result and the average of the factors obtained from the descriptive findings show that Doctors' Quarter has a higher level of social sustainability factors than the other two neighborhoods. Picture number 2 also compares social sustainability factors in three neighborhoods in the form of a diagram. In the graph (number 2), the average factors affecting social sustainability are shown separately by locality. in four factors; "Sense of security", "social justice", "local community spirit" and "good living", doctors' coy was significantly better than the other two neighborhoods. In the two factors of "social participation" and "social interactions", the condition of Ishaq Beyg and then Qaani is better than that of doctors.

The results of the data analysis in this research show that more compact and organic structures, with a long history of construction and a longer history of residence and a higher population density, have better opportunities for friendship and communication with neighbors in the form of "social interactions" as well as the desire to participate in local events. And it provides the desire to solve neighborhood problems in the form of "social participation" factor. The presence of traditional cooperative groups such as religious groups or ethnic groups as well as uses such as mosques and hosseiniyehs in these neighborhoods leads to the improvement of both indicators of interactions and social participation. But the wear and tear of these tissues and the lack of variety of urban uses have challenged the feeling of security at different hours of the day and night. Also, the establishment of extra-local services in some of these contexts and the low level of local services in them has reduced access to services. The problem of access to public transportation has also fueled this issue and has overall reduced the index of "social justice" in these neighborhoods. In addition to that, the feeling of satisfaction with life in these neighborhoods has declined due to livelihood and economic problems and "good living" which is one of the effective factors in promoting social stability has decreased in this category of tissues. The establishment of local uses and night uses, as well as the expansion of public transportation, can improve the access situation and "social justice", and also improve the feeling of security in these contexts. Also, improving the physical condition of housing and establishing open and leisure spaces in these contexts can also increase residential satisfaction and improve the "good residence" factor, as well as improve the sense of belonging to the neighborhood and the "spirit of the local community" factor, and in general, improve social sustainability in these tissues help a lot.

Feelings of security is one of the most important needs of citizens and one of the indicators of urban quality of life that is influenced by several factors. One of these factors is sense of community.In this research, the relationship between the sense of community and the security feeling of the citizens of Ashkhaneh is considered. In this research ,sense of community includes 4 components of membership (belonging), fulfillment of needs, shared emotional connection and sense of influence, and the sense of security is people's evaluation of the security of their neighborhood.This research is a survey research and a questionnaire was used to collect data.. The statistical population is citizens over 15 years of age in Ashkhaneh city . The sample size is 377 people and the sampling method is random simple.The data analysis method is one-sample t-test , Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis.According to the findings of this research, the mean of feeling of security and sense of community in the neighborhoods of Ashkhaneh city are 3.7 and 3.52, respectively, that are higher than the average.Also, according to the correlation coefficient of 0.45 at a significance level of P-value<0.1 it can be said that there is a significant and positive relationship between the sense of community and the sense of security of the residents of Ashkhaneh city, and the intensity of the correlation is moderate.The results of multiple regression also show that among the indicators of community sense, the two indicators of fulfillment of needs and shared emotional connection, respectively, have the greatest impact on citizens' sense of security.

The tourism industry is one of the largest service industries in the world, which is called ‘invisible exports’. Its economic, social, cultural, and even political effects are evident in different regions. Religious tourism is one of the most common types of tourism and is one of the most important motivations for tourists. As a social phenomenon, religious tourism arises from the interaction between tourists and local communities. These interactions play a decisive role in the local communities’ cultural and social dimensions. Religious tourism is a means of connecting people with different religions and cultures. The present study was an attempt to investigate the position of tourist attractions and their effects on the cultural and social dimensions of the region. This study used an analytical-descriptive approach and questionnaire. The sample size was 100 and comprised of the region’s residents, tourists, experts, and city managers, who were selected through a random sampling technique. The data was gathered through questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed a significant relationship between religious tourism attractions and their effects on social and cultural dimensions.

Neighborhood as a "spatial" and historical phenomenon has usually had two dimensions: explicit or implicit territory, and the other is a "special social group".Spatial matching of neighborhood and the local community, especially in metropolitan areas, was discussed in the urban literature. Explaining the process of this divergence and the impact of urbanism on it in the scale of Tehran metropolitan neighborhoods has been the main issue of this article.

This research was of the survey-analytical type, and the method of data collection was documentary-field. The statistical population is Tehran's metropolitan neighborhoods that, based on a classification, five neighborhoods have been selected by purposive sampling. Quantitative and statistical methods including one-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, and multivariate regression were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that despite the changes caused by modernity, it is still possible to distinguish a range of neighborhoods from the community's characteristics in the metropolis of Tehran. The level of neighborhood identity in Tehran's sample neighborhoods has been relatively high; however, this situation has not led to the formation and improvement of their residents' interactions and internal social solidarity. The results also showed that all indicators of urbanism as an independent variable had significant relationships and negative effects on the community's characteristics in the sample neighborhoods.

However, the findings of this article indicate the existence of fields and capital of the community in the sample neighborhoods of Tehran; However, based on the basic idea of the research, it should be noted that promoting and strengthening the spatial matching of community and neighborhood is the basic condition for creating, improving and recreating existing neighborhoods within the framework of modern metropolitan discourse and urbanism of Tehran metropolitan scale.

The neighborhood as a "spatial" phenomenon has both explicit and implicit boundaries and as a "social group" has homogeneity in the social, economic and cultural characteristics of its inhabitants. Unlike the pre-modern era, with the advent of the modern age, the divergence between the two concepts of "neighborhood" and "local community" began and increased over time, especially in large cities. Urbanism and the mother city lifestyle have been among the factors influencing this trend This research, while emphasizing its applicability, has been done by survey technique and descriptive-analytical method. The method of data collection was documentary-field. The statistical population was the residents of Shemiran No neighborhood of Madarshahr, Tehran. Qualitative and quantitative methods including one-sample t-test and multivariate regression were used to analyze the collected data. The results of experimental tests showed that the degree of adaptation of the physical territory of Shemiran No neighborhood to the characteristics of the local community has been assessed as moderate, so that the level of neighborhood identity in Shemiran No neighborhood has been moderate and high; However, this situation has not led to the formation and improvement of interactions and internal social solidarity of neighborhood residents. So that the level of social solidarity among the residents of the neighborhood has been below average. The results of multivariate regression test also showed that all most of the indicators of urbanism as an independent variable have negative relationships and effects on the components of local community.

Human behaviors and activities of individuals are created in urban spaces, and cultural and social relationships are formed in these spaces. Considering the main source of insecurity among citizens in the cities and the important factors such as the physical form of the city, urban structures and the shape of buildings in this case, the purpose of the study is to measure the effect of the sense of belonging to the place in increasing the level of social security of citizens City of Qom. The research method is descriptive-analytic, and the questionnaire has been used to collect the field studies. The results of the research indicate that spatial relationships and spatial arrangements in the neighborhood environment with the control and social abnormalities along with the physical and physical environment have a significant correlation. Similarly, the type of form and the size of space, which is another component of the sense of belonging to the place, has a solidarity with social abnormalities and freedom of movement. The texture and decorations of the neighborhood space have a correlation with physical and physical environment. Among them, the most correlation between dimensions of sense of belonging to place and social security is related to the freedom of movement component with the form type and space size of 0.980.

the expansion and development of tourism in rural areas is one of the current strategies considered by many countries for the development of rural areas. The community-based tourism was introduced in the 1970s, which guarantees a high level of community participation in development and planning with regard to the sustainability of tourism. Community-based tourism in search of economic benefits for the local community, local protection of natural and cultural resources, improve the quality of life and empowering the local community to meet the needs of present and future generations. In this article Gurab Pas District in the Province of Guilan have been selected, according to the prosperity and development of tourism in this area, the effects of tourism on the local community has been measured and Determine the extent to which tourism development and its effects leads to increased local community involvement in tourism activities. The research method is descriptive - analytical and data collection tool was questionnaire and number of questionnaire was determined through Cochran of 314 people. Analysis of the results using Factor analysis shows that among the factors for community-based rural tourism, Economic factors with 19/137 and 16/283 local community and conserving the best and the worst is operating in partnership with 9/786.

The aim of this study is, the study of role of Mediator Management and Planning in the Relations between the role of Resources, Community and Tourism with Sustainable Eco-tourism Development in Darre Rageh of Rafsanjan town.
The method of the research is descriptive - correlation method. Participants were 252 people of tourists entered in to Rageh canyon which selected by using available sampling method. All of them completed the scales of the role of sustainable eco-tourism development, community, resource, tourism, management & planning. In this research, the data analyzed with SPSS & Lisrel software.
The results of the study indicate that resource has the role of resources has a direct effect on sustainable eco-tourism development. The role of resources with mediation of management & planning has indirect effect on sustainable eco-tourism development, But with mediation of management & planning has an indirect impact on the sustainable eco-tourism development. Tourism has a significant effect on sustainable
eco-tourism development both directly & indirectly with intermediation management & planning. Also, management & planning perform a direct & significant effect on sustainable eco-tourism development.
Resource & tourism role can impact directly and indirectly on sustainable eco-tourism development. But, the community has only an indirect impact on sustainable eco-tourism development. Applied implications of results were discussed.

Neighborhoods, as one of the key elements of city management and a symbol of the traditional Islamic city have been considered to date for planners. Urban neighborhoods division has changed from the Islamic period to the contemporary period. Neighborhoods Division in the past has based on social and economic indicators but contemporary neighborhoods divisions based on physical, political and economic indices. The region 1 of Tehran which includes the old deformed villages and new urban neighborhoods that faces with the problems of new neighborhood division such as social segregation, spatial separation within the neighborhood, land clutter and constraint of services. Use descriptive and analytical methods used in the multi-criteria method (TOPSIS) is used to guard neighborhoods studied. The results of TOPSIS reflects the fact that Among the components of Mvrdsnjsh in between neighborhood residents and authorities, social and cultural characteristics have the most important role in border areas Integrating them with indicators of political, administrative and economic framework that will bring more efficiency in border areas. The result of his research after the studying and analysis in neighborhoods divisions changes in region 1 of Tehran municipality especially in Gheytariye and Darake neighborhood is suggested the creation of sub neighborhoods model with observation of social and cultural cohesion. Modulation of social and cultural Indices with administrative and political Indices has more efficiency in neighborhoods divisions. In neighborhoods boundaries is important the consideration of local conditions, emphasizing the natural elements (river valleys and mountains), the common features of cultural inhabitants, the socio-economic characteristics of neighborhoods, common material and spiritual interests, identity signs and consider the public participation in determining the limit of neighborhood.

Community-based tourism, has different positive and negative effects on local communities that host tourist. These effects include a wide range of economic, social and environmental Due to the extent that they need to be considered in tourism studies. The present study investigates the perception of village residents ChmASman (Lenjan city, Isfahan) the effects of community-based tourism. To answer these questions, and to collect views residents of the local community, questionnaire include Likert range was used. After collecting data using SPSS software, phi, Kramer and Pearson tests, was used to analyze data. The results show that resident's perceptions of tourism impacts on local communities in order to raise awareness of local residents, increase revenue, enhance quality of life, and increased cultural interaction among residents and tourists, higher than average. And resident's perceptions of tourism impacts on local communities receive the same benefit, it is undesirable.

Disaster is a sudden and unusual condition happens as a result of natural and unnatural hazards. Community preparedness toward disaster is a cost effective method that decreases damages. Shiraz city located in Zagros folds with high tendency to earthquake. According to this, we did the analysis of differences of perception- mental of Shiraz communitie's preparedness in order to plan effectively in future disaster. Therefore, research hypotheses offered. So, the operational definition of perceptional- mental preparedness concept offered in three indexes and eighteen indicators, and combined by AHP and SAW methods. Needed data gathered by households, experts and field questionnaires. For testing hypotheses used causal-comparative and correlation methods. Sample size calculated by Cochran's method. Sampling has done by cluster and random methods. Gathered data were analyzed by: One-way ANOVA and Tukey-test at first hypotheses; and correlations methods at second hypotheses. Results showed that perceptional- mental preparedness of households is low in the Shiraz city. Also, perceptional- mental preparedness did not have any significantly difference in the three neighbors (high, middle and low). So, the first hypothesis was not confirmed. On the other hand, the results of correlation test showed that Mental-perceptinal preparedness has significant relation with age, income, occupation at 95% and education, socio-economic status at 99% of confidence. So, second hypothesis was confirmed. According to the findings, preparedness at society scale has socio-economical aspects. So, we must pay attention to this point seriously.

Simultaneously with changing the definition and interpretation of poverty، the policies and anti-poverty programs have been changed and altered their attention from classical theories of economic growth to focus on the involvement of local communities in the planning process، implementation and combat with poverty. Unfortunately such process has received less attention in the programs for combating the urban poverty in the country. firstly this article has tried to develop a theoretical framework for analyzing the relationship between local community- based planning and poverty reduction efforts. In this regard، the concepts of collective action، social capital، and neighborhood as a location for community planning have been used. The research variables have been also extracted from this three areas that represents the capacity of local community development in dealing with poverty. Descriptive methods (documentary) were used in this research to obtain the theoretical literature، surveying، questionnaires and deep interviews in the two districts of Zanjaiha and Meyaneha of Nemat abad located at the south part of Iran (which is called poor areas). The results show that six factors including fear of more benefit of others in teamwork، spending time on the activities of the local environment، the tendency to aggregate، and the economic activities of women، fear of less participation of others in teamwork and finally connection with the state organizations about the issues of community are the most important and distinguished factors of two neighborhoods in social development. Also، though the underlying variables such as age، education، ethnicity، and language among two community are not different، but Meyaneha have a better social capacity for collective action which this collective action leads to economical change and exit from poverty and brings a proper economic prosperity for this district in comparing with neighboring districts. Generally، it can be concluded that، this approach with respect to its basic features including empowerment and enabling the local poor people، leading the decision makings to the lowest geographical level and relying on social learning can be a suitable strategy for combating the urban poverty and even other fields.

Social Capital could be considered as one of the indicators in the concept of Sustainable Development; hence، in a sustainable society، a higher degree of social capital would be expected. But Social Capital is the product social interactions (both quantitatively and qualitatively)، which could be mainly obtained through the Social Networks in urban communities. Meanwhile، the sense of Social Cohesion، Social Trust and Social Control، all of which are today considered as the significant components of Social Capital، especially in the theoretical and literature debates، are formed and organized in Urban Communities. The best known means to build Social Capital components in urban neighborhoods and communities، would be the physical and spatial qualities of the place through which the Social Network would occur at the community as a result of the formation of more desirable Social Interactions. The local mosque، central plaza and park، sidewalks، streets، shops، etc. are some kinds of places in which we could expect these interactions to happen. Therefore، the physical quality of urban space would be obviously a decisive issue in the formation of these relationships. In other words، the Social Organization in Urban Communities would be considered as a spirit blown into its corps، its physical aspect and undoubtedly، its health and state would therefore depend on the physical aspects of the neighborhood. Reviewing and analyzing the literature for the concept of Social Capital and its components، in this paper، we would be expressing the role of the urban communities’ physical structure in creating Social Capital in order to achieve some guidelines based on researches and queries.

In the present process of urbanization and urban development, the utilization of participatory strategy and bottom-up planning has been agreed by most of urban planners and managers to be essential. Realizing this kind of urban planning and management, we need the subdivision of the urban space into smaller units. Neighborhood can be considered as the basic unit for participatory planning. This concept has some similarities and differences from the meanings of the words such as community, society, local community, space and place. In this paper, it has been tried to describe the definitions of neighborhood and its dimensions with regard to various suggestions and definitions based on different points of views, to reach common principles and consensus of opinions for neighborhood. Also, it is intended to get an overall glance of scientific suggestions on the concept of neighborhood conformable to historical investigations and legal basis in Iran cities, in order to reach a concept closer and more common to the present reality of urbanism and urban development. The present study has been done based on qualitative method. Since the aim was to understand the neighborhood conceptual changes in different scientific fields and scientific urban & urbanism literature, documentary observation was used. Also the analysis of the documents of the study was done in two a) internal analysis, b) external analysis. In internal analysis, the sources and documents containing a view to subjects, recognition measurements, scientific fields and theoretical & philosophical thoughts were considered. In external analysis, the connection between container documents and social and political reality of society was considered. Resource and The result of this study has shown that, Neighborhood is a term which different fields such as sociology, geography and urban planning have defined and utilized in different ways on the basis of theoretical and contextualized differences. However, there are common issues in these variations which help us to draw the concept of neighborhood. Neighborhood has some aspects in common with concepts like community, society, place, space, vicinage and etc. Community and society, as basic concepts in social geography and sociology, have some characteristics. Specific geographical territory and interrelationships between its residents are considered as their common aspects. The distinction between these two concepts is that the ''community'' is formed upon emotional and organic linkages and the ''society'' is formed upon thoughts and conventional relationships. The concepts of space and place, also similar concepts, have some characteristics which are important in the clarification of the concept of ''neighborhood''. The change of views from mere physical perspective to social and physical perspectives of space and place is the cause of social activities running in the figure of city. This view is noteworthy in defining and conceptualization of neighborhood. In this sense, the concept of local community is formed upon common relations and interests and also place and specific geographical borders, which clarifies some principles for defining the concept of neighborhood. From the urban sociology point of view, neighborhood is a social unit including people with similar social, cultural and economical characteristics and residents who have social solidarity and local interrelationships. From the social sciences point of view, a ''neighborhood'' signifies a residential area with residents who have interrelationships between them. The approach of urban and social geographers in defining the concept of ''neighborhood'' is based upon having specific place and social relationships between its residents. Urban planning, in a different framework, defines neighborhood as an identifiable area of a city which has several land-uses for supplying the needs of its residents. Also this concept has considerable aspects in frame of functions and characteristics expected from neighborhood. The study of the concept of neighborhood in different scientific areas indicates that having clear borders and boundaries, sense of solidarity and reciprocity among residents, collective identity and sharing goals, integration of space and activity, relative independency and proportion of the population, are common themes in the defined neighborhood; Although based on expected characteristics and criteria, population concepts, infrastructure, political, sensory, social and environmental principles are to be considered as basic concepts. Recognition of neighborhood in cities of Iran indicates that ethnic, religious, racial and other characteristics and criteria in the past and the present official and formal principles have a determining role in definition and determination of the boundaries of the neighborhood. An integrated spatial area, existence of physical boundaries based on subjective and/or objective cognition, sense of place, social belonging and face to face relationships, as well as containing daily facilities and services, could be expounded as common elements in the redefinition of the concept.