جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « equity » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Extended Abstract Introduction The prosperity of cities was first presented in UN-Habitat report, 2013, as City Prosperity Index. The report is a response to the multi-dimensional crises occurred in the recent decades in the world. This report defined urban prosperity and examined some multi-dimensional indices for that. Instead of evaluation of the one-dimensional economic factors such as production and income, this report has a new approach to evaluation of infrastructures, equality, sustainability, and quality of life. Each dimension contributes to having a better understanding of the urban prosperity. The cities in Iran are also faced with rapid urban growth and unbalanced urban development. The prosperity index can help assess the development and find shortages to devise solutions. Given that any society is consisted of the unique cultures, believes, and characteristics of that society, development in any society appropriate to its own characteristics is different from any other societies. This research attempts to review the criteria and indices of the urban prosperity to explain the pattern in Tehran City and also develop the structure for this city. The purpose of this study also is to tailor the indices to urbanization condition in Iran, particularly metropolis of Tehran. Methodology Result and Discussion

1. Failure of policies and centralized approach forced planners and policy makers to using the decentralized methods to can lead according to regions and thus overcome the negative consequences of centralized policies (yasouri, 2011). So administrative division is necessity in order to decentralize the country and this is the cause of using the local ability in regional economic development, strengthen socio-cultural identity and improve infrastructure and services can be expected, finally this process led to the Development and regional balancing and in this regard, spatial organization and administrative division of territories in to geographical units in order to better governance that is compatible whit the new condition gained by governments (Etaat, Mousavi, 2010: pp. 1-3).
In other words, spatial planning of countrie's political system, implemented in the frame work of administrative division and management without smaller units is not possible (Alimohammadi et al, 2009, p. 177).
In Khorasan region as case study, before administrative division, Mashhad city as the capital province, has a very high share of infrastructure and services compared to the other city of the region. Administrative division with the aim to reduce the centralization of infrastructure facilities and services and creating regional balance and development in 2004 took place and after it, the region divided to three provinces of provinces of North Khorasan, Khorasan Razavi and South Khorasan.
It seems that after the administrative division of country and to achieve the province's relative development, regional iniquity during 2006-2011 has reduced and with respect to decentralization in the region, is expected to increasing level of development in new provinces. So the present study investigates the role of decentralization in the framework of administrative division in development Khorasan region.
2. Theoretical basis: In definition of political divisions, could be said to facilitate the administration of each political unit, the divisions occur to all sectors to manage better (Mirheydar, 2001, pp. 10-11). The aim of the governments of divisions and changes in the political situation, is improving the management of regions and making sustainable development and allowing the provision of services and basic need of people (Hafznya, 2002, p. 159). In other hand, division of land and administrative division with the local government system can be cause of decentralization and distribution of power and in general, all effects of divisions is decentralization (Karimipour, 2002, p. 1).
In other word, if the decision made in more divided geographical areas, the degree of decentralization will enhance (Ahmadypoor, 2014, p.8).
Surveying the global viewpoint about decentralization, Egziabher (1988) said the process of decentralization is the step to empowerment of local people and is cause of regional development and balance (Egziabher, 1988). Henderson (2002) believes that all dimension of economic, marketing and political/ institutional will be affected by decentralization (Henderson, 2002). Bahl and Linn (1992) also believe that decentralization is associated whit the higher level of economic development and is an important part of development strategy (Bahl, Linn, 1992). In the other side, the reason of multiple part of governments is providing public infrastructure and different levels of service according to the priorities of local units (Hennel, 2012, Kaiser, Biela and Tanzi, 1995). Also Hayek (1993) says that central government has no enough time and information about all of the country (Hayek, 1993). Therefore if decentralization occurred appropriate, it the way to promoting efficiency of allocated resources (Jütting et al., 2004). Steiner also says that if the power of decision making transfer to the local level, we can expect the positive effect on social services and infrastructures (Steiner, 2005). Also we can say that decentralized planning, facilitates equitable distribution of human and material resources (Semboja and Therkildsen, 1994). Maro (1980) has said that decentralization is main cause of promoting the accessibility to school, pure water and health services (Maro, 1990). Weimer also said that local governments can provide public services (Weimer, 2009). Parker presented the effective factors of decentralization in rural scale (Parker, 1995).
Studies at the department of international development show that the outcomes and output of decentralization can be multiple. In the first phase, the services provided at regional and local level and continue to reduce poverty and improve living condition for residents. In the second phase is expected to improve transparency and accountability in local government and consequently also reduce administrative and financial corruption and further present technical training in order to provide better services (Local Development International, 2013).
Related Global experiences also show that decentralization process in the framework of administrative division, has positive effect in many dimension of development. For example decentralization process in Croatia, Bolivia, Ghana, India (West Bengal), Paraguay, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam was cause of power distribution and promoting the infrastructure and services (Bird and Rodriguez 1999, Timberman, 1988; Local Development International, 2013; Alibegović et al, 2013; Egziabher, 1988; Altman and Lalander, 2003; Von Braun and Grote, 2002; Mathew, 2003; Ciesin, 2003; Semidei et al., 1996; Turner; 1997, Vijetunge, 2001).
Some of failure experience is like china that decentralization occurred with an emphasis on the financial and economic and its consequences was increasing economic disparities between the cities and villages of country (Von Braun and Grote, 2002).
3. According to the model outputs of FANP, observed that in both period of 1385-1390, the city of Mashhad located in the highest level of developing and the point is promoting the level of development of new province's center of north Khorasan and south Khorasan. Also the consequences of cluster analysis also shows that the number of city located in the deprived cluster has decreased along five years and increases the number of cities that located in developed cluster. Also along 1385-1390, the differences of development score has been reduced between Mashhad and Birjand and bojnurd (New provinces) and it means that the intra-regional differences are reduced. In conclusion we can say that the region of Khorasan has been experienced the equity and balance after the administrative divisions.
In 1385, the Importance coefficient of economic and health index was 0.263 and in 1390, the numerical value of this index divided to economic and financial index with 0.246 and health value was 0.249.
4. In this study, after surveying the theoretical basis and global experiences about administrative development and regional equity and balance, variables in different dimension was selected. With de model of FANP, the number values of development index determined and this index shows with the map and clustered by cluster. The consequences shows that In 1385, the Importance coefficient of economic and health index was 0.263 and in 1390, the numerical value of this index divided to economic and financial index with 0.246 and health value was 0.249. In other word decentralization in frame work of administrative division in Khorasan region, cause of shaping the relative balance in this region and the infrastructures of economic and health dimension were promoted.
Also the new provincial centers (Bojnourd and Birjand) promote development level and reduce disparities between them. Also in the period under review, number of counties which are in the deprived cluster, are promoted to the upper cluster and this is the reason of development of region’s counties. It means that the intra-regional differences are reduced. In conclusion we can say that the region of Khorasan has been experienced the equity and balance after the administrative divisions.