جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « geographical information system (gis) » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The increase in the population of cities and along with it the horizontal growth of cities has caused a change in the use of pure agricultural lands as well as neglecting the central and old fabric of cities.Among the approaches raised in criticism of these issues, we can mention the Infill development of the city, which seeks to exploit vacant lands, improve and renovate worn-out structures, and redevelop and use unused land capacities in the city. The main goal of this research is to analyze the potential of Infill development in the 4th region of Urmia. The research in terms of practical purpose and research method in this research is descriptive-analytical. First, by using studies and library and documentary sources, the indicators of intermediate development including 9 main criteria were determined and by using a questionnaire, experts related to the subject who were available, were selected to these indicators and the components were scored and the final weight of the main indicators was obtained through AHP. Therefore, by having the layer related to each index in the Arc GIS software and applying the weighting and layering of the layers, the weighted overlay analyzer has been used to evaluate the development potential of Infill development in the 4th region of Urmia city. The results of the overlay map show that about 10% of the lands in the region have very high potential (very suitable), 24% of the lands in the region have high potential (suitable), 11% of the lands have medium potential, and about 50% of the lands in the region have Low potential for Infill development.

Aerial photos are the basis of many researches, both applied and executive works, related to the earth. Applications of aerial photos, especially for GIS-based analysis, aerial photo georeferencing, and/or geometric correction are essential. Various methods have been proposed for georeferencing. The aim of this study was to achieve a suitable simple method with a low cost and acceptable accuracy. For this purpose, conventional georeferencing methods, including first- to third-order polynominal transformtions, spline transformtion, projective transformtion, and orthorectification transformtion were used in ILWIS3.3 and ArcGIS10.7 for two areas (flat area of Shahrekord and rugged area of Chaleshtor). Errors of the different methods were analyzed based on minimum and maximum errors, Mean of Error (ME), standard division, and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results showed that the errors of the varied methods had fewer changes for the flat compared to the rugged area. Yet, with the increasing relief of land surface, the errors increased sharply and showed a significant difference. Based on the results, the most accurate georeferencing method was orthorectification method (ME=35 and RMSE=38). However, considering the time and data required for the orthorectification method, the most suitable georeferencing method was identified as the spline method, which had acceptable accuracy, but not the problems of the orthorectification method, such as marginal information of the aerial photos and digital elevation models.

Energy is one of the primary human needs to pursue its goals. Traditional energy sources such as fossil fuels are exhausted and cannot be accessed everywhere. They also pollute the environment and cause irreparable damage. Decision-makers and planners should replace traditional energy sources with non-harmful environmental sources. Renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy and Biomass can be a potential alternative to traditional energy sources. Solar energy is converted into electricity using solar panels. but one of the most important things to be considered in this case is finding an optimal location for the deployment of solar panels. Geographical information system (GIS) enables researchers to perform various spatial analyses in a graphical environment and allow appropriate visualization of the results. There are various important factors and criteria that affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of solar panels so it is necessary to compare these factors together. Multi-criteria decision-making methods are one of the ways that allow researchers to make a preferential comparison at the same time on different criteria affecting a decision. The best-worst approach is one of the multi-criteria decision-making techniques. B-W is a new and efficient method and can effectively determine the priority of criteria on each other. Also Artificial Neural Network (ANN) capabilities can be used to solve site selection problems because it has been proven that ANN is capable of solving many decision-making problems.

East Azarbaijan province in northwest of Iran which is a mountainous region with no oil and gas reserves was selected as the study. The fuel needed for domestic and industrial uses of the province is supplied by pipelines of oil and gas extending from southern Iran. In this study eight climatic, orographic and economic criteria including GHI, distance from cities, distance from main roads, altitude, slope, slope direction, mean annual precipitation and mean annual sunshine hours were used. The GHI Criterion Layer for East Azerbaijan Province was extracted from the Iran Layer. Height, slope and aspect layers were also produced using the DEM product of ASTER sensor. The layers of sunshine hours and mean precipitation were also interpolated using the values of synoptic stations for the entire province using IDW algorithm. The values for the distance from the cities and the distance from main roads raster layers were also obtained using the Euclidean distance function. Since the defined criteria had different units and nature the criteria values were normalized between 0 and 1 using different functions. The best-worst method was used for weighting the criteria and determining the relative priority of the criteria. After calculating the weight of each criterion, the initial suitability values were obtained by multiplying the criteria by the weight obtained. Then, 751 samples were taken from the whole study area for ANN training. The values of each sample in the criterion layer as “input” and the values obtained by multiplying the layers in their weight as “Target” entered the ANN. Also, according to the laws and regulations, some lands such as rivers and their margins, cities and their suburbs, protected areas and fault lines are places where solar power plants cannot be installed. Hence, in this study, these places were identified as restricted sites.

The BW results showed that the “GHI” criteria and the “distance from city” have the highest weight and the “average precipitation” criterion has the lowest weight. Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was used to train the network. 75% of the samples were allocated to network training and 15% to testing and 15% to validation. The number of hidden layers was set to 15. After 344 iterations mean squared error value for the network training data reached its optimum. Also, the regression value between the network inputs and the Targets was 1, indicating that the network training was performed best. After the network training was completed, the output values were obtained for the entire study area using the “net(y)” function. The results of ANN showed that 2,622,975 hectares of the province have a suitability of less than 0.5 for solar power plant deployment while only 92075 hectares of land in the province have a suitability rate of over 0.75. To make the results more accurate, the binary constraint layer was applied to the results obtained from the neural network. The results showed that this time the proportion of lands that have suitability of less than 0.5 reached 3,315,093.75 hectares and the proportion of land suitability rate of over 0.75 included only 69762 hectares of land area. This indicates that some of the initially high suitability locations for solar panels were located in areas where it is not reasonably possible to deploy solar power. So relying on the values obtained for "land suitability" without regard to the constraints in the areas may be misleading.

In this study, suitable locations for installation of solar panels were identified using a combination of multi-criteria decision making methods and artificial neural network. The best-worst method that is a novel and efficient MCDM technique was used for weighting the criteria. The results showed that the areas that are located in the proper distance with the cities and the main roads, provided they have a high GHI value, are more suitable for other solar plant deployments. In order to improve the results, constraints including rivers, cities, protected area and fault lines were defined and applied to the land suitability layer. In general, the western regions of the province were more suitable than the eastern regions, due to the proximity of the cities to each other, the high density of the main roads, the suitability of elevation and slope and aspect, as well as the high amount of GHI and sunshine hours and low amount of mean precipitation. Due to the high accuracy of the results, we can say The procedure used in this study can also be used in other mountainous regions of Iran to produce reliable results.KeywordsArtificial Neural Network (ANN), Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), solar energy, Renewable Energy (RE), Geographical information system (GIS)

One of the important problems in terms of sports spaces in Iran is not paying attention to locating. The aim of this paper is to investigate the place distribution of sports land uses in Ilam City and to determine proper arenas in order to present a good pattern. The method is analytical-descriptive and the research is an applied one. The data is gathered from the libraries and by the field study and also the questionnaires and GIS maps were used. The population includes the experts of urban management and physical education in all 4 districts of Ilam City that 20 of them were chosen as the sample by Convenience Sampling and were surveyed. To analyze the data, GIS and AHP softwares were used. The findings reveal that the sports spaces are improperly distributed in Ilam City. Moreover, there has been lack of attention to the important norms and standards of sports spaces’ locating in building sports facilities. Furthermore, the views of the experts in the norms of the population density are of high importance in the norms of determining the sports spaces. In this research, 11 hectares of Ilam City’s land pieces were introduced and suggested as the best places proper for building the new sports spaces based on the determined norms and standards. .

 change monitoring is generally used to evaluate natural processes such as the long-term effects of climate change, which is affected by the interaction of the climatic system’s constructive components such as the biosphere, lithosphere, or factors that control the climate changes outside the climatic system, over a long period of time, as well as the short-term processes that include vegetation sequence and geomorphological processes. Change monitoring is also used to evaluate the effects derived from human activities such as deforestation, agriculture and urban development. Remote sensing is a very useful technology, which can be used to obtain information layers from the soil and vegetation. 

Land Cover Product was used to process the MODIS1  Satellite data which is one of the most frequently used products designed relating to MODIS Satellite, and is used annually. This Sensor with 250-500 meter and also 1-kilometer spatial resolution has 36 spectral bands in the range of visible, reflectional infrared and thermal infrared wavelengths, which can well be used for various applications of the surface, the Earth surface, atmosphere and the oceans. MOD12Q1, which is one of the MODIS products, was used to investigate and analyze the profile of the vegetation changes in Mazandaran province using the NDVI and EVI indicators from 2005 to 2017. The related images have been prepared annually with 500-meter resolution and sine coordinate system in the form of a combination of Terra and Aqua data. Given the standards provided by NASA, the changes were investigated using the “decision tree” classification method, and the map for the prediction of its changes was calculated using the Markov Chain Model. The ArcGis software was then used to analyze these changes in order to determine which use of land with what percentage of changes has been allocated to which area.  

In 2005, land-uses associated with dense vegetation dominated an area of 398.77 m2. These land-uses include wasteland, dense vegetation and scattered vegetation. The estimation of the changes occurring in the aforementioned land-uses showed that the maximum changes relating to the low density vegetation with an average of 55.62% are in the northwestern and the eastern parts, and the minimum changes relating to the in dense vegetation with an average of 77.21% are in the central parts of the region, respectively. Furthermore, the observations of the images of the year 2005 show that the use of dense vegetation which has turned into low density vegetation in the image of the year 2017, has had the minimum changes. Finally, considering the prediction of the observed changes, it can be concluded that these changes were more related to the altitude range of 1400 m to 2260 m with the slope coefficients of 15% to 99%. The prediction carried out using the Markov Chain also suggests that the low-density land cover, which was over 864/80 km2 in 2017, will turn into barren lands in proportion to the changes occurringin 2022.  

A major part of the vegetation changes in the area is due tothelack of job opportunities, extra labor attraction and the economic poverty of the inhabitants.In addition,the pressure on the meadow fields hasreached its highest limit by ranchers,which has resulted inthe reduction of grasslands. Eventually, it could be stated that the evaluationmethods and modelsof the vegetation changes have their own featuresand no method on its own is usable andappropriate for all cases, hence,the identification of an appropriate method for evaluating thevegetation changesneeds to be examined quantitatively and qualitativelyin order to provide the best result.

Abstract In the southern part of the protected area with an area of Karkheh about 4822 ha, the area around the city of Shush and the North-Western Province of Khuzestan province is located. This study aim to Evaluation of carrying capacity in ecotourism development in the southern part of the protected area. Therefore, in order to identify after the ecological, social and cultural pressures, in a scale of 1:50000 information to Arc GIS software environment were introduced, to produce maps of the criteria and the rating they were ere. First, to produce maps of weighted criteria, and gradated criteria the following criteria and ecological, social and cultural pressures with model analysis of networking (ANP) and Super Decisions software and with the integration of ecological carrying capacity map and cultural- social carrying capacity map and finally the ecotourism carrying capacity map was prepared. The results showed that the physical carrying capacity with the most appropriate amount in be (2398401 visitors per year) and with the medium amount (12946532 visitors per year) and the cultural- social carrying capacity with the lowest amount in the appropriate potential (33534 visitors per year) and in medium potential (1136499 visitors per year) to you Have assigned. The final map indicates that 32% (14058785 m2) of the region high carrying capacity, 42% (18131157 m2) of the region medium carrying capacity and 26% (11249151 m2) of the region has a low carrying capacity.

Nowadays, energy is considered as one of the basic needs of humans. Given the limited resources of fossil fuels and increased level of energy consumption in today’s world, the remaining sources of energy can no longer be relied upon. Exhaustibility, environmental pollutions, and fluctuations in fossil fuel prices are the major driving forces behind the effective efforts in using various sources of renewable energy. Accordingly, solar energy is a free and one of the most important and cleanest types of renewable energy. Given to the presence of air pollution, numerous vehicles, high population of tourists and pilgrims, and a different urban context with diverse buildings in Mashhad, urban managers are seeking more sustainable development for this metropolitan city; consequently, conducting studies to identify suitable locations for the solar panel installation throughout the city is necessitated. In this regard, the present study seeks to assess the potential of building rooftops for the solar panel installation at a section of zone 2 in district 8 of Mashhad. To this end, first, the effective factors in the production of solar energy were identified; then, the operation and installation conditions were specified according to the present standards. Finally, the locations with the highest potentials were identified.
Photovoltaic systems (PV) are one of the most common applications of new energies. There are a variety of systems with different capacities installed and operated across the world. The significance of using photovoltaic technology is due to the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity with no need for the dynamic and chemical mechanisms. Rooftops are very ideal for PVs since the power supply for photovoltaic cells is the direct sunlight. Moreover, there are considerably fewer factors producing shadow on rooftops where a vast, unused surface is available. In this regard, selecting a proper location as well as incorporating effective criteria and indices for finding a location to install and operate this technology is of considerable importance. The present inquiry is a descriptive-analytical study with applied purposes. Data collection was carried out through library and field studies. Multi-criteria decision-making models including Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Ordered Weighted Averaging model (OWA) were employed using the ArcGIS 10.3 software for data analysis. The potential for the solar panel installation on building rooftops at a section of zone 2 in district 8 of Mashhad was assessed in the present study. The investigated region had an area of 40 hectares with 923 blocks and a population of 1870 according to 2010 census. Multi-criteria decision-making models including AHP and OWA model were used to analyze the data of building use, building height, population, income over 20 years, tilts and their direction, potential power, shadow producing factors, rooftop area, and the extent of produced electricity in kilowatts. Given the initial cost for the installation of solar panels which should be economically viable, four factors including use, produced kilowatts, potential power, and income over 20 years were assessed. To prioritize and assign weights to criteria, 25 questionnaires were distributed among the experts. Ultimately, AHP was used to specify the final weights of criteria. The obtained weights for indices including use, produced kilowatts, potential power, and income over 20 years were 0.141, 0.483, 0.101, and 0.276, respectively. The Consistency Rate (CR) in this study is 0.8 which demonstrates the consistency of employed judgments for comparison. Then, OWA technique was used to assess each building’s potential for the solar panel installation. To perform OWA, spatial information on use, produced kilowatts, potential power, and income over 20 years were entered in MCDM4ArcMAP tool in ArcGIS software followed by the application of OWA. The results obtained from the OWA model were classified into 5 groups in terms of priority using Jenks’ method (1967) which is based on statistics in map production. Values 1 and 5 were assigned to the unsuitable and most suitable blocks for the solar panel installation, respectively. The results of the study show that of the available area in 923 blocks assessed within the region of study, almost 19000 m3 of the rooftop spaces have the best conditions for the solar panel installation. Given the residential-commercial background and the high electricity consumption of the region, such a worthwhile potential could be considerably effective in the provision and sustainability of producing the required energy of the region. The presented method in this study can be employed by investors and urban planners to assess and evaluate the potential of utilizing solar energy with the beneficial results for active organizations and offices as well as the public. Additionally, the method can also be implemented for all districts within the urban region.

The situation of hospitals, especially in comparison to other urban and street network from one side of and population density on the other hand of urban residents has an important role in the physical and psychological comfort. In addition, hospitals can to determine radius of performance and jurisdiction to determine the optimal location for this function to be effective. This research aims to evaluate the location of the existing hospitals in the city is the best place to deploy them. The research method is descriptive-analytic. To collect the required data from field studies used. For collecting required information and data is used field studies and According to information obtained, To review the study area in terms of access to communication road, green space, away from industrial centers, military, and the fault, as well as for weighting the criteria, is used the AHP model. Then, using a decision model of TOPSIS in GIS software, valuation of criteria in the study area and mapping in accordance with the selection criteria, finally The Intersect map of the standards that represent the best place for construction of the hospital in this range are extracted. The results of integrating layers, Land area suitable for the area for service users – treatment Classified in seven categories which finally lands a great right and good for the construction of health centers were identified. Analytic Hierarchy Process Model AHP with GIS can be used as effective tool in site selection of hospitals.

Population invasion of cities, is due to population growth and immigration from villages to big cities. Population growth means the increase in human need that usually is not coordinated with presented services. This issue occurs a lot of problem; Inequality in accesing urban services, the increase of traffic, air pollution and noise pollution are the examples. Educational centers are one of the most important services in cities. Lack of educational spaces in the cities has increased problem and inapproprate positioning of educational centers, has affected people’s convenience. This paper based on descriptive-analytical study and using library and field studies, attempts to evaluate Positioning of girls highscool in Raht city. In this research nine following data layers have been used in order to evaluate location of high schools in Rasht city; involving distance from main communicational roads, proximity to urban green space, proximity to residential centers, proximity to cultural centers, proximity to religious places, proximity to official centers, proximity to sport centers and proximity to therapeutic centers. Therefore, geographic information system is necessary for a great deal of information analysis. Also, geographic information system(GIS) have a high efficiency in the field of evaluation and locating of high schools.The results seem to show that two(18/18%) high schools are located in quite appropriate areas. Four(45/45) high schools are located in appropriate areas, four(36/36) high schools are located in inappropriate areas and finally one(9/09) high school is located in quiet inappropriate areas. The results are presented as geographic information system (GIS) plans using 1/30000 scaling.

Rural environmental protection are considered, including rural development requirement. One of the most important issues in rural areas, is the perfect place to dispose waste. The main purpose of this research is spatial analysis operation using GIS technology and FAHP techniques in order to locate the optimal range waste disposal of Zarrindasht city. For this purpose, in the first stage, using nine information layers which includes layers of information , distance to fault, distance from the canals, geology, soil type, distance to roads, distance from settlements, altitude, slope and land use was formed. Then, a questionnaire was designed for this purpose, and was prepared by the consultant engineers responsible for Rural Guide Plans, and finally experts of Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution were completed that, twenty people have answered the questionnaire completely. The results show that the most optimal landfill sites were near roads and most inappropriate places were near the human settlements. The results obtained from FAHP also suggest that the measure of distance from human settlements was dedicated the most weight to themselves by a coefficient 0/232 and measure of the height was dedicated the lowest weight to themselves. The area of 4626-square-kilometer city of Zarrindasht, 3.83 percent was quite suitable, 48/98 percent was suitable, 35/82 percent was fairly suitable, 9/03 percent was unsuitable and 2/33 was completely unsuitable for landfill.

South Khorasan is a less developed region in Iran and due to long distance to the center of the country and being located at the endpoint of energy transmission networks, energy transfer to this province is unstable and expensive. Hence, South Khorasan is a suitable region for the deployment of renewable energy (RE) technologies. Solar energy has a higher priority among other RE-based resources in this province because of the climatic and geographical conditions of this region. In this research, the optimal sites for PV power plants in Birjand County are determined.
First, the set of factors and criteria influencing the site selection of PV power plants was defined. Having prepared and processed spatial data and maps, unsuitable areas were eliminated using Boolean logic model. Remaining areas were rated based on technical, socio-economic, and environmental criteria by means of different fuzzy membership functions. Then, these rated areas were mapped. To identify the optimal sites for the on-grid installations of PVs, fuzzified maps were overlaid by fuzzy gamma operator. Finally, the pixels of the final map were classified into five groups based on their fuzzy values. The results show that 0.5 percent of Birjand County areas are optimal for the establishment of PV power plants.

Given the high importance of housing for human, predictin of locations for temporary housing of the people damaged from the events is inevitable. Meybod city with its historical background and a narrow passage network is placed in a zone with relatively high degree of risk. One of the most important duties of the planners of crisis management part is serious predictions for emergency accommodation, because the affected people with no conventional housing are on the verge of serious physical, mental and psychic serious damages.with respect to the location nature of this subject and fuzzy nature of parameters and facing with a great deal of parameters for decision making, it is possible to use a combination of GIS and Fuzzy logic together with multi criteria decision making methods for making an optimum decision which leads to specifying the promising areas for temporary housing. The required statistics and information were gathered by library and field method and satellite images of the under study area were updated in the map of Meybod city. The aim of this study is the presentation of an effective, flexible, logical and strong method for locating temporary housing by using GIS. In this study, firstly the most effective parameters were selected and by using hierarchical process and Fuzzy logic, the places for temporary housing were obtained. Then, the recommended locations were compared and prioritized and the considered sites were ranked and the best one was specified among the selected options. In AHP method, six places with relative importance of " very appropriate" and total area of 347,071 square meters and six places with relative importance of " appropriate" and total area of384,369 square meters were determined as the best locations for temporary housing. Baharan park and bare lands of the south east of the Governory stadium were selected with relative importance of " very appropriate" in Fuzzy method.

1. lack of control on wastes and inattention to qualitative and quantitative condition of all productive waste, collecting method, transportation and their correct and hygiene removal result in special problems, threatening the health and environment. in any rural and urban centers, study on waste condition is differently Done because of various factors including waste management manner, type of the services presented by medical-hygiene centers, admission numbers, cultural and economic condition of The society, etc. wastes and their distribution in the environment Is one of the most Important problems of Human society and Its extent is increasingly increasing with regarding to rubbish production rate.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Locating in the sciences related to earth is an operation In which by presenting the needs, aims and information about the existing condition to the other experts and summing them in his/her aims and opinions, an individual tries to attaining at the best choice among the available alternatives for the intended operation. Optimum locating is possible when the researcher can establish a scientific and logical relationship between the data and information obtained by the related experts in location area. Man chooses his activity place in order to attain at bearing less cost, more earnings and easy access to the resources. However, as the effective factors on locating become complex, we have to use scientific and modern methods (especially after world war2). In this respect, different theories, assumptions and Models have been presented, each one has its own advantages and disadvantages and is intended for the special operations. In term of approach and problem analysis, locating theories are divided into three groups: 1) theories based on minimizing the cost,
2) theories based on access analysis (most emphasize on demand and market factors a maximizing the intended earning),
3) theories based on maximum earning and in fact they are the result of two above methods.
As more local models are employed for finding the optimum locations or optimum design, they are called as site selecting models or locating models. the aim of these models is to find the best location for an activity or settlement.
3. this investigation is in applied type and descriptive-analytical method. The aim of this study, the optimum locating for the waste rural landfill in shahrekord. In this respect establishing the required installations and equipment’s in order to locating the hygiene burial of the rural wastes requires using many various criteria. Then, in the present study, hierarchical analysis process model has been used for pair comparison by the experts and determining the final weight of sub-criteria. Then, by creating the information layers of sub-criteria and integrating them in arc Gis environment with regarding to the final weight abstracted from this model, the best sites for the final locating of the hygiene waste landfill have been prioritized.
4. in this investigation, the best location for the establishment was identified by integrating 13 information layers in GIS environment. In the identification process, three locations were chosen as the proposed locations. AHPF model was used to select the best location.
5. in the analysis, three proposed sites (first site 18.2 km2, second site 12.6 km2, third site 6.7 km2) were identified as he best places for waste rural waste landfill which were located in the west and east regions of county sharekord.
With regarding to the results of the investigation, some suggestions can be presented as the following:in preparation step of information layers, if possible use the figure data provided by mapping organization which should be update as much as possible, so that in addition to assuring the geometric accuracy and precision of the input data, excess costs and longtime spending for providing the information layers will be prevented.
it is necessary to study the ownership type and land cost in the located places so that final decision will be made about the intended ownership.
present the selected place characteristics in the form of an intelligent model.

Nowadays, while there are a number of definitions have been introduced for the concept of zoning, there is no general consensus due to different disciplines adopt this term. In the field of planning, the zoning is a conscious and contemplative process to detect homogenous areas by an authority to allocate certain kinds of resources to them. Therefore, the process of zoning is an essential task to allocate and monitor the development projects for different type of territories. In this article, zoning is took into consideration from the rural transportation point of view to find what would be the homogeneous zones of rural transportation for Iran? To answer this question, an in-depth spatial analysis through the Geographical Information System (GIS) is performed with regards to a descriptive-analytical method. Based on four main indices which are fully explored in the paper (i.e., access to the link road, distance to urban hierarchical levels, rural density and land use), five homogenous distinct zones for Iran is emerged. The resulted zones which are presented on a country map would be useful for future rural transportation planning in Iran.

The main findings are:- Mashhad, with 51% of the resident population of one million and 450 thousand people located in an area with very high risk.- From late 1981 onwards, more than two-thirds of the area with high and very high risk of spread.- 63% of distressed areas and 55 % within the density of more than 120 people in the city of Mashhad in the area is high and very high vulnerability.- 81 percent of residential and 86 percent commercial applications / office / residential area of the city is high and very high risk.- 76% of buildings four stories and more are in the range of high and very high risk.

Inconsistent and non-normative growth in Mashhad, especially in recent decades, Construction in the vicinity of faults and areas prone to geological instability, Lack of adequate operational capacity to manage crises, tissues are vulnerable and many others show that. In the event of a severe earthquake in Mashhad, losses and irreparable damage to the city, will. Regarding the debate and assess the vulnerability of Mashhad during an earthquake should be noted crisis management in this range correspond to the idea of school behavior and school structure.

Jahrom city with a population of over 129,213 people, as one of the medium cities of the country, is located at Southern part of Fars Province. This city is faced with some problems in the field of optimum and desirable access to urban services, especially health care services. The access to urban services are so important issues that affect different aspects of urban affairs. The purpose of this study is to identify the current situation from the view point of spatial –location distribution of health care services and its optimum locating.To this end, Geographical Information System (GIS), Expert choice software and Excel have been used. The required layers including proximity with compatible uses, access to communicating network, closing to fire stations, population density, distance from existing hospitals, distance from flood ways, distance from fuel stations, distance from the educational centers, land slope, closing to city center and green spaces were created in GIS. Paired comparisons were performed by Expert choice software, weight of criteria was determined and the final map was prepared by combining informative layers.Findings of this study shows that the current location of Jahrom hospitals is not compatible with the scientific criteria and necessities of this usage, and the present need of Jahrom city with respect to urban per capita is at least five hospitals.

Urban comprehensive plans، as the most significant instruments for systematically directing and coordinating cities، are considered the most apparent manifestations of modern urbanization in Iran. These plans have been used since the mid-1960s in response to spatial-structural deficiencies seen in cities in Iran. Despite almost half-a-century history of having urban development plans and the ups and downs faced for designing and implementing them، the Evaluation process، which is a management tool for realization of objectives and accomplishments of comprehensive plans، has not acquired its necessary position in the planning system yet. Therefore، it could be said that the strengths and weaknesses of the urban development plans have not been scientifically identified and no feedback has been provided to the planning system. Therefore، the aforementioned shortcomings، resulting from the missing link of assessment in the country’s planning system، persist despite continuous efforts for designing different urban plans. Hence، in order to achieve a dynamic، constant، flexible system of planning those accords with realities، assessment of urban development plans is a necessary step which could not be ignored. This article aims to investigate deficiencies of comprehensive urban plan in achieving their objectives and to assess the Implementation of such plan. It attempts to apply modern methods to assess comprehensive plans. In this method، Goal Achievement Method (GAM) is used along with tools of geographical information systems and per capita adaptation to adapted or non- adapted with location if physical fabric objectives. Results obtained from this study indicate that expansion of cities all over the period has flown in the face of the proposed plan in different aspects، including urban boundary، directions of development، location of different uses، urban densities and the administration organization of plan has failed to match the expansion of the city with the proposed plan.

In the past decade we encountered the population growth of our country، resulted in demand growth. Perhaps there are not much service centers in this city، but the efficient distribution of these centers is important. One of the service centers which has a significant role on city and is safety insurance for human life، is firehouse center. Fast and on time access of firehouse vehicles to the accident location is very important، because on time access of vehicles to accident location results to lesser damage. On the other hand، this on time access to accident location is related to efficient distribution of firehouse centers. In order to evaluate the current situation of firehouse centers regarding fire accidents، the Noorabad city was chosen as the study issue، and by using GIS function، network analysis and multiage analyses of Thiessen، the current situation of Noorabad firehouse centers were studied. After recognizing the improper distribution of these centers using AHP model and index overlaps، the proper location of firehouse centers of Noorabad city was identified using GIS software. The current research method is descriptive-analytic. The required information of this research were collected from field observation، comprehensive design study and descriptive data of Noorabad city، 1. 5000 maps of current situation and also field observation

With regard to natural and human urban threats and risks which endanger security of the residents, ensuring urban safety and passive defense issues, especially before being hit by crisis and in peace situation such as natural disasters, war, etc., are the most significant duties of urban practitioners and planners. The main criterion of passive defense Viewpoint is to increase the defense factor in time of war and its related crises in a city. Due to aggregation of human, decision centers, and monetary and cultural capitals, the criterion has an active role in stability and cohesion of spatial regions of the country. These issues, along with report of human settlement released by United Nation in 2007 concerning safety and security reinforcement of cities, precisely defined the necessity of focusing on aspects of safety and passive defense enhancement in design system and urban planning (Mahmoudinejad, 2009, 53). On the other hand, components and indexes by which we can identify vulnerable urban areas and zones from passive defense Viewpoint are provided only through design system and planning framework. Accordingly, the major concern of the present article is failure in identification of urban areas and zones from passive defense Viewpoint in Shahid Bahonar district of Mashhad which cause vulnerability against probable damages of human and natural risks and disasters. The main objective of the study was to identify vulnerable zones of passive defense in Shahid Bahonar district of Mashhad city. In this regard, theoretical principles of the research were presented using analysis of the related literature, and then Shahid Bahonar district is evaluated. Since it was a qualitative analysis, analytic spatial maps were provided in accordance with extracted components and indexes of the literature. By weighting the data layers using the Delphi and AHP techniques, vulnerable points and zones of the desired area has been identified via evaluation and analysis of weighted overlay method and based on the obtained results the related strategies were drawn up
Shahid Bahonar district of Mashhad Metropolis, as a discrete urban zone, with 152 hectare area is located in sixth region of Mashhad municipality. In terms of pattern and tissue combination, the area is formed organically and is considered as a worthless worn-out tissue around Mashhad city holy shrine. The existence of a passing lane (Mashhad-Sarakhs road) tears the zone apart and brings about physical rupture of the tissue. Strategic location of metropolis of Mashhad in east of country have doubled the necessity of attention (Asas Shahr Shargh, 2010). Location of residence like Shahid Bahonar district in the vicinity of such a metropolis directs a special safety and security attention to this region. It is worth mentioning that Shahid Bahonar district, after being recognized as a part of Mashhad city in 2008, has went through renovation process. Therefore, paying attention to vulnerable zones of passive defense could have positive effect in development and renovation process of the district.

The project was conducted in mixed method. Various models and techniques have been employed to investigate and evaluate the urban vulnerable factors and elements of passive defense. Analytical models and techniques of this research included spatial link method, analytical model of weighted overlay, Delphi model, and hierarchical analysis model (AHP) which will be explained later.
Space syntax with spatial arrangement is one the useful techniques of urbanization for understanding complexity and spatial-functional relationships of a city. Based on existing spatial relationships and behavioral patterns (movement in spaces) and amount of integration of lines, this technique analyzes the structure of a city (Abbaszadegan, 2002) and investigates walking movement in the district.
Using Delphi, as a systematic method in research in accordance with extraction of experts or panellists opinions on a certain problem via questionnaire, will provide the areas of optimal decision making and improvement of effective strategies (Ahmadi, 2008, p. 177). Experts’ opinions determine the level of significance of vulnerable factors and elements of the city.
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a flexible, powerful, and simple method for making decision in situations that decision making criteria make it hard to select among the alternatives (Zebardast, 2001, p. 13). AHP is initiated by identification and Prioritization of decision making elements. These elements include objectives, criteria or indexes and probable options being used in the prioritization (Zebardast, 2001). In this method, significance weight of criteria and sub-criteria in each vulnerable section of the district is calculated according to binary comparison and significant factor of each criterion is determined.
The method of Geographical information system (GIS) is by analytic function of weighted overlay (WO). This method has been applied for interpolation of weighted layers in environment with the aim of obtaining comprehensive analysis of various and heterogeneous inputs (ArcGIS, 2013). The method is used for determining urban vulnerable zones of passive defense based on information layers of vulnerable factors and elements of city.

In this section, after realization of corresponding significance of vulnerable factors and elements of Shahid Bahonar district by specialists and experts' opinion in a group judgment using Delphi method, AHP is used for weighting and prioritizing of existing criteria and sub-criteria. The final score of this analysis indicated the importance of each criterion and sub-criteria in weighted overlay process and concerning these scores the overlay of existing layers was evaluated in databank by weighted overlay analyzer. By applying this method, vulnerable areas and zones of passive defense is shown based on the amount of vulnerability in the form of final map. Regarding factors and elements and vulnerable zones of passive defense and high vulnerability range of the district (26 percent) in status quo, it can be said that:- Passive defense principles were not regulated in locating land uses and operational canons.
- Major and leading centers were located in areas with high population and traffic.
- If the case of damage to main access of the tissue, communication system is totally paralyzed.
- The existence of only one communicative access from passing stream at the east of district.
- Mono central structure increases the vulnerability degree in critical situation.
Generally, it can be said that spatial organization of the district cannot properly manage and tackle with crises and military and security risks.

Based on the obtained results of the previous section, following strategies could be formulated for enhancing safety and passive defence in Shahid Bahonar district of Mashhad:- Building new peripheral access to improve the link of existing tissue with the main access according to the map of vulnerability rating
- Improving distribution, combination, and placement of functions and urban spaces (urban spaces).
- Designing shelters and open spaces in the city concerning existing surrounding open spaces.
- Locating relief centers with regard to existing vulnerable zones in middle zones and around the district.
- Paying attention to modification of access and communicative network to enhance integration (regarding mono central structure that increases range of vulnerability in critical situations).
- Locating elements and major infrastructure of the city regarding passive defense criterion to change the mono-center pattern.
- Building capacity and prioritizing of access to services and critical facilities (water, food, etc.) in crisis regarding map of vulnerable zones.
- Forecasting and locating of alarm systems regarding map of vulnerable zones.
- Increasing urban accesses via existing stream of the city based on map of vulnerable zones.
- Informing and creating the culture to enhance public participation as central core of passive defense.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is dynamic, efficient, and powerful system in collecting, managing, and analyzing data. Using this system in relation to new analytic techniques like spatial arrangement analysis, facilitate the possibility of strategic planning in passive defense. In addition, by applying the employed methods and processes of this study, we could identify factors and elements of passive defense damage and prioritization regarding the existing criteria.
Identification of vulnerable zones of passive defense of the city, in the case that improve the existing damages and risks, is useful and operational and the prerequisite of that is pre-crisis management. By placing in an active and overall process, Pre-crisis management must engage all related urban institutions and organizations. It is only in this case that we have the possibility of formation of safe cities consistence with passive defense principles or in other words, resilient cities, against possible crises