جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « insecurity » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

will give necessary and at the same time will clarify the possibilities and limitations for them. Since there is a relationship between geographical factors and government policies, governments make policies according to the geographical situation of their country. For this reason, geopolitical studies are particularly important. In addition to examining the relationship between geographical factors and the politics of a country, geopolitics also deals with the interpretation of eventsand predicts the future and determines the political policy of the country. Today, one of the most important issues that make countries face fundamental challenges is geopolitics versus security. The security of people in a geographical space is dependent on the security of governments, and the more powerful and stable the governments are, the more secure they can be. One of the issues that has a fundamental position in relation to the discussion of international security is the discussion of failed governments, which pose a danger not only to its subjects, but also to international security and can challenge international security and This basis in the current decade is among the countries that are among the failed governments; The country is Iraq.

Part of the conflict in relations between countries relates to boundary disputes. Tensions and conflicts in the maritime boundary regions are one of the types of conflicts. There have been numerous cases of boundary tensions on the African continent from the past to the present. One of them is the maritime boundary regions conflict between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on Lake Albert. In the boundary regions of the two countries, the main conflict is in the region of Lake Albert and on the boundary line drawn inside the lake, as well as shoreline erosion and a change in the direction of the Semliki boundary river south of Lake Albert. This research is a causal research that uses descriptive-analytical method and using library resources and the geopolitical theory of boundary and territorial conflicts to study the boundary conflict between Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo on Lake Albert and analyze the causes of insecurity in this region. The study seeks to answer the question, what are the main causes of conflict in the maritime boundary regions of Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo? The results show that there are various causes of conflict and tension in the boundary regions of the two countries in Lake Albert; the most important of them include 11 main causes in the dimensions of identity, governance, history, boundary demarcation, river diversion, environmental and so on.

Food security is a challenge of the coming decades and the research necessity of today’s world. This study aimed to identify the status and factors affecting the food security of rural households in Bahar County. The statistical population of the study included all rural households’ heads in Bahar County (N = 1100) in which the number of 388 ones was estimated as a statistical sample using the Morgan table and selected through stratified sampling according to both criteria of population and geographical area. The standard questionnaire of Cornell was used to assess food security. The results showed that 51.8% of the study population were in secure conditions and 48.2% were in insecure food conditions. About 9.3% of rural households experienced food insecurity with severe hunger, and most of them lived in the western villages of Bahar County. The results also showed that food security has a significant, positive correlation with economic and personal factors such as education level, agricultural and non-agricultural income, and agricultural and horticultural area under cultivation, while showing negative correlation with geographical and social factors such as distance from the village to city and household size. The results of multiple regression also showed that income from agricultural activities was the strongest predictor of food security among rural households in Bahar County, followed by income from non-agricultural activities, the number of employed people among a household and the number of dependents respectively. As a result, income diversification can be a suitable mechanism for improving the food security of rural households.

Stealing is a form of misconduct with social and economic contexts that has a great impact on reducing the sense of social security of citizens. Currently, the increasing rate of thefts in North Khorasan Province has become an issue and concern in the minds of social and security thinkers and thinkers. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between theft damages and the feeling of fear and insecurity of the citizens of North Khorasan province has been investigated. The present study is of a quantitative type. Data were obtained through survey and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population of the study includes all citizens of North Khorasan province. The statistical sample was obtained based on Cochran's formula (384). Sampling was performed by stratified proportional method. Data obtained from the distribution and collection of questionnaires were entered in SPSS software and Pearson torque correlation coefficient was used to test the hypotheses. According to the results of Pearson correlation coefficient, all research hypotheses were confirmed with confidence (0.99) and error level less than (0.01) and between financial, human and prestige losses due to theft with fear and insecurity. Citizens have a significant relationship (0.252), (0.279) and (0.248), respectively. In summary, there is a significant relationship between the damage caused by theft and the fear and insecurity of the citizens of North Khorasan; Losses of life more than other damages reduce the social security of citizens, followed by financial and prestige losses, respectively.

The Horn of Africa includes four countries: Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti. One of the problems in this region is the border and territorial Conflicts and its insecurities in the border areas of the countries. Various factors are effective in creating this instability and border insecurity. Among them, history, historical mentalities, and the role of colonial history is significant. This research is a descriptive-analytical study that uses library resources to investigate the role of history in creating border insecurity with a case study of the role of colonialism in border insecurity in the Horn of Africa. The dependent variable of the research is border insecurity and independent variables are history, colonial history, and the Horn of Africa region. The main question is what is the role of history and historical changes in creating border insecurity in the Horn of Africa? In the Horn of Africa, the most important border conflicts and insecurities include border clashes between Ethiopia and Eritrea; Djibouti and Eritrea; and the insecurity has been caused by ethnic and tribal conflicts in the Somalia-Kenya border areas. The research results show that the history, colonial history, and actions of the colonial powers in drawing the borders of the countries, especially in the Horn of Africa region, which is based on colonial interests and not local interests, it has played an important role in border disputes between countries and instability and insecurity in border areas.</span></div>

Social Security is one of the criteria is very important in urban life and somehow one of the main needs of cities for the life of its citizens. Usually, in urban environments, physical factors play the most role in increasing or reducing self-esteem.Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of physical and environmental standards on social security in urban neighborhoods trying to Improve and enhance the level of social security in urban neighborhoods is a positive step in order to achieve a high level of urban security. The type of applied research and descriptive - analytical method. The sample size for two selected neighborhoods of Rokni and Khezr as the neighborhoods were identified by using Arc GIS software and Hot Spot and Cold Spot maps of Hamedan, respectively (245 and 345) using the formula Cochran was obtained. The sample size is calculated by residents of these two neighborhoods in Hamedan. The sampling method is also simple random. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. One-sample analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression analysis (HMR) was used. The main question of this research is that which criteria for physical impact on social security more residents and citizens. The results of this study show that the type of structure and organization of urban communities and, most importantly, the permeability of urban neighborhoods in reducing urban crime and increasing social security has a great effect. For this reason, the suggestion of this study is to provide solutions in general, increasing environmental monitoring and ultimately leads to the promotion of social security in urban neighborhoods.

Main purpose of recent research is to survey of deferent aspects of military and security measures of authoritarian regime of Israel and focusing on environmental consequences of actions of this regime. Because, in despite of several research that has been done on measures and policies of Israel regime but in term of environment or environmentally, destructive actions and todays impacts of its security and military measures of this regime on the environment of occupation territories of Palestine and Israel neighborhoods and middle east has not studied in detail. This recent article tries to analyses this issue from deferent aspects in comprehensive. Findings of the research show that settlement-making and military measures of israel on environment of Palestine territories caused destructive consequences such as pollution of water resources of Palestine, destruction of plant and animal life, air pollution and transform of natural environment of Palestine by Israel settlers and as result creation economical insecurity and health problem for people of Palestine and other people of the region. It also causes destruction of cultural heritage of Palestine by road-building and constructions of Israel, pollution of dangerous solid garbages. Israel military and security actions of Israel also cause the pollution and threat of the Middle East environment. Military measures, canal construct, drainage of swamp, transport of heavy military vehicles, application of chemical, biological and conventional weapons against its neighborhoods(Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Somalia, Jordan and other countries of middle east region) caused erosion of soil, remove of plant cover, air pollution and destruction of water and dry ecosystem and climate change of this region. Huge amounts of organic deposits has raised on soil surface and inflammation of this deposits led to development of new zones of deposits and in its subsequence, spread of soil and sand particles in air and spread of them in the regions countries. Also, warmongering of sad am and Americans and drying of swamp by sad am and transform of land surfaces and west hegemony on this region are another important factors of the environmental, social and economical threats in this region. Method of this research is causal- explanation method and method of data collection is use of library –documental resources.

Addition to the physical security One of the main needs of urban life safety concept that is referred to as a sense of security. This concept further highlights the mental security. Not only due to security threats and protect the city's police and judicial But the geographical and cultural, economic and political factors have a great impact on. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of environmental design in urban spaces and feel safe from it.The main question is how environmental design affects the sense of security? The hypothesis is that sense of security concept is fragile and brittle and, therefore, somewhat like a mirror that reflects the image of the surrounding environment and sustainable on an ongoing basis and as close. And so largely affected by these environmental factors. According to this Introduction In this article by using library and scientific and research papers domestic and Latin Analyze and explain the relationship between environmental design of urban spaces and a feeling of security.

Defenseless spaces including areas with high vulnerability index in the cities due to the population growth and physical expansion on one hand and the exhaustion and destruction across the old areas on the other hand، nowadays are highly increased (Laidler، 2009). Urban defenseless spaces due to the high influence on urban life especially in order to the sense of fear of crime and insecurity in the city (Newman، 1996) have a high potential to research. The main property of the defenseless spaces is lack of social monitoring. In cities، where the traffic is low or if a crime occurs the opportunity to help someone who is violated is low، gives more audacity to criminals to commit a crime (Trancik، 1986). In addition، in this type of areas instability of population can be seen and is considered as one of the most important features of defenseless spaces. Thus undefended areas are one of the most suitable points for intruders and criminals. In other words because of physical structure defenseless spaces can have an important role in creating a sense of fear and insecurity (Mortazavi، 2002). This paper aims to clarify the concept of urban defenseless spaces and semantic analysis of experiences in the defenseless areas of Mashhad and revealing sense of fear and insecurity in these experiments around three axes: defenseless spaces، defensible spaces and the sense of fear and insecurity caused by undefended spaces are investigated. Systematic review of the records showed that defenseless spaces are defined with 4 physical and social characteristic including lack of visibility، lack of being surrounded and regulatory opportunities، beaten and old space، solitude and darkness. Study Area: Mashhad municipality is divided in to 13 regions and Zone 11 has selected as the study area of this research، this choice is according to the statistics of the transportation and traffic organization of Mashhad municipality that this region has the most underpass، and the reason can be clarified by the two purposed of the underpasses in this zone، one is for daily commute and the other one is because of starting Mashhad subway. The zone 11 of Mashhad Municipality in order to provide faster and easier access to civil services separated from zone 10 in 1995. This region is currently an area of 1. 800 hectares which includes 6. 16 percent of the entire city and is divided in to two areas and has approximately 222 thousand inhabitants which are about 7. 9 percent of the total population of the city. The research method is systematic review through records of the defenseless and showing the relationship between these spaces with a sense of fear and insecurity. Phenomenological approach is one of the most important methods of qualitative research. The main focus of phenomenological analysis is the study of conscious experience and its purpose is to describe the experience of social life as they are in real life. Phenomenology consider the person as part of environment and it helps creating a comprehensive description of the phenomenon experienced in order to understand its inherent structure. The experience of Pedestrians crossing some defenseless spaces and defensible spaces in Mashhad has been analyzed with the empirical phenomenology method. For this purpose 3 underpasses in zone 11 (one of them is before Esteghlal Square، one is in Vakilabad avenue، and the other one is in Kalantary Highway) in Mashhad which have had the maximum swing of defenseless properties and the opposite of defensible space، are selected purposefully and the experience of 12 participants under these underpasses has been analyzed. These experiences through in-depth interviews with passers has been readout، based on three methods of encoding text، (Open، axial and selective)، the resulting texts are analyzed. The first step in the process of text analysis is extraction of semantic units and then identifying their common meanings. The second step is identifying the Common points and Points of difference among the Passers which have had the experience of crossing the underpass. In addition، sufficient condition for the number of samples (limiting to 12 participant) was performed based on the principle of the data saturation. The phenomenological analysis of the experience of crossing the 12 participants of three underpasses which have had the maximum swing of the defenseless properties showed that firstly in these experiments 12 units of meaning including fear of violence، fear of harassment، feel a vacuum، feel unsafe exist. They can be found in the following categories overall sense as a sense of fear and insecurity categories. Secondly، in these experiences features of harassment occurrence، horror and dark are the subscription aspects in those underpasses which had the characteristics of defenseless spaces. And good light - the guard- crowd and high congestion are the subscription aspects in those underpasses which had the characteristics of defensible space and the use of underpasses and intense of fearness are the different aspects of the underpasses. Thirdly، lack of supervision، visibility، quiet and darkness، exhaustion and oldness are the most important elements of defenseless spaces (underpasses). Generally the results of this phenomenological experience of crossing the underpasses expresses the sense of fear among those who perforce or accidentally have used the underpass and their views and observations confirmed the defenseless of the space. Finally، according to the results of field observations in order to reduce sense of fear and to prevent the emergence of environmental opportunities for the criminals to commit a crime. It is recommended that in the design of underpasses color and light pollution should be avoided. Underpass should not be inscribed. In addition، the selected color in the space can help to feel comfortable or tension. Beginning and end of the underpass should be clear. It means that it should be balanced and be in a form of a straight line. U-shaped and L-shaped design of the underpasses should be avoided. Apart from all these aspects the most important principle in providing safety and comfort for Pedestrians passing an underpass is enough light. That''s why one of the fundamental principles of Oscar Newman''s theories is that، the crimes in day and night، have significant differences. So it is better that adequate consideration about lighting be given to the underpasses and burned out or broken bulbs be replaced on time. Phenomenological experience of crossing the bridge underpass in Mashhad among 12 passersby (Participants in the interviews) showed that Point against defenseless spaces، are defensible spaces that Newman introduced the defenseless spaces theory in 1996 (Newman، 1996:41). The features of defenseless spaces can not be generalized to all the bridges، but the results and the evidence suggests that the characteristics of the defenseless spaces should be visible in the environment. In the case of defenseless areas underpass and overpass bridges were also named، but the main problem is that every bridge underpass or overpass will not be considered as defenseless space. In terms of features، the continuous absence of people and activity disorder are effective characteristics in order to create a non-defense area and then a sense of fear and insecurity and because social factors in comparison to physical-social factors are more effective، Social factors also have a proportionally greater impact on creating defenseless areas.