جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "kamyaran" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Landslides are considered one of the most destructive natural phenomena. Landslides are dangerous natural hazards. Because of their threat, a comprehensive landslide susceptibility map should be produced to reduce the possible damages to people and infrastructure. The quality of landslide susceptibility maps is influenced by many factors, such as the quality of input data and the selection of mathematical models. The main purpose of this study is to presentation, a novel hybrid model namely Rotation Forest based Functional Trees (RFFT), which is a hybrid intelligent approach of two state of the art machine learning techniques of Functional Trees (FT) classifier and Rotation Forest (RF) ensemble, for landslide susceptibility Assessment prediction in Kamyaran city located in Kurdistan Province, Iran. At first, twenty-one factors affecting the occurrence of landslide in the study area including Slope angle, Aspect, Elevation, Curvature, Plan curvature, Profile curvature, Radiation, Valle depth(VD), stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), combination of length-angle of slope (LS), Land use, NDVI (normalized vegetation index), Distance to Faults, Faults density, Distance to Road, Road density, Distance to River, River density Lithology and Rainfall with total of 60 landslide locations have been collected for generating training and testing datasets. Then, based on the Information Gain Ratio Index, eight effective factors were chosen and used for modeling. Performance of the proposed RFFT model was evaluated using some statistical-based measures such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, RMSE and area under the ROC curve (AUROC). The results showed that the proposed model performed well in this study (AUC = 0.891), and it improved significantly the performance of the FT base classifier (AUC = 0.819). Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed RFFT model should be used as a great alternative method for better landslide susceptibility assessment in landslide prone area.Landslides are considered one of the most destructive natural phenomena. Landslides are dangerous natural hazards. Because of their threat, a comprehensive landslide susceptibility map should be produced to reduce the possible damages to people and infrastructure. The quality of landslide susceptibility maps is influenced by many factors, such as the quality of input data and the selection of mathematical models. The main purpose of this study is to presentation, a novel hybrid model namely Rotation Forest based Functional Trees (RFFT), which is a hybrid intelligent approach of two state of the art machine learning techniques of Functional Trees (FT) classifier and Rotation Forest (RF) ensemble, for landslide susceptibility Assessment prediction in Kamyaran city located in Kurdistan Province, Iran. At first, twenty-one factors affecting the occurrence of landslide in the study area including Slope angle, Aspect, Elevation, Curvature, Plan curvature, Profile curvature, Radiation, Valle depth(VD), stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), combination of length-angle of slope (LS), Land use, NDVI (normalized vegetation index), Distance to Faults, Faults density, Distance to Road, Road density, Distance to River, River density Lithology and Rainfall with total of 60 landslide locations have been collected for generating training and testing datasets. Then, based on the Information Gain Ratio Index, eight effective factors were chosen and used for modeling. Performance of the proposed RFFT model was evaluated using some statistical-based measures such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, RMSE and area under the ROC curve (AUROC). The results showed that the proposed model performed well in this study (AUC = 0.891), and it improved significantly the performance of the FT base classifier (AUC = 0.819). Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed RFFT model should be used as a great alternative method for better landslide susceptibility assessment in landslide prone area.Landslides are considered one of the most destructive natural phenomena. Landslides are dangerous natural hazards. Because of their threat, a comprehensive landslide susceptibility map should be produced to reduce the possible damages to people and infrastructure. The quality of landslide susceptibility maps is influenced by many factors, such as the quality of input data and the selection of mathematical models. The main purpose of this study is to presentation, a novel hybrid model namely Rotation Forest based Functional Trees (RFFT), which is a hybrid intelligent approach of two state of the art machine learning techniques of Functional Trees (FT) classifier and Rotation Forest (RF) ensemble, for landslide susceptibility Assessment prediction in Kamyaran city located in Kurdistan Province, Iran. At first, twenty-one factors affecting the occurrence of landslide in the study area including Slope angle, Aspect, Elevation, Curvature, Plan curvature, Profile curvature, Radiation, Valle depth(VD), stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), combination of length-angle of slope (LS), Land use, NDVI (normalized vegetation index), Distance to Faults, Faults density, Distance to Road, Road density, Distance to River, River density Lithology and Rainfall with total of 60 landslide locations have been collected for generating training and testing datasets. Then, based on the Information Gain Ratio Index, eight effective factors were chosen and used for modeling. Performance of the proposed RFFT model was evaluated using some statistical-based measures such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, RMSE and area under the ROC curve (AUROC). The results showed that the proposed model performed well in this study (AUC = 0.891), and it improved significantly the performance of the FT base classifier (AUC = 0.819). Therefore, it can be concluded that the proposed RFFT model should be used as a great alternative method for better landslide susceptibility assessment in landslide prone area.

Physical development of Kamyaran city and how it deals with various natural and geomorphic units, including hills, rivers, old alluviums and fault lines have brought important issues. This study seeks to identify factors influencing the location and development of Kamyaran and regarding these factors provide an appropriate model for the future development of the city. The method is descriptive – analytical. This study has used field observation, aerial photos, satellite imagery (Landsat) and DEM 27 meters, to extract much of the information and maps in the GIS software. Data sets were examined and analyzed in Analytical Hierarchy Model. According to the results, almost 33% of the Kamyaran current limits were built in areas with optimal fit. Lands with the proportion of medium and low fitness, respectively, are next in priority. Constructed parts of the city on the foothills and their surrounding areas, around river and creeks, all together show the ignorance of natural factors. The reason for this situation further is due to the willing of land owners and the interests of early migrants to settle beside the routes that head to their migration origin. Finally, it should be noted that based on the analysis of hierarchical model, within 34 square kilometers buffer around the city, nearly 29 percent of its area, has high and very high proportion for development, which are located in the Northeast, Northwest, West and Southwest of the current position of Kamyaran city.

Resilience is recognized and studied world-wide, as the capacity of a system to protect the identity of the system after a disturbance in the environment-in communities which are exposed to traumatic events such as earthquake. The aim of this study is to assess the resilience of Kamyaran against natural disasters like an earthquake. The research method in this study is analytical and the purpose is practical. In order to do this research, the Delphi method was used. In addition, a questionnaire among the 35 experts and scholars of urban affairs in Kamyaran was distributed and their comments about 7 components: environmental, socio-cultural, economic, structural-physical, infrastructural, management and educational-cultural infrastructure were collected. The questionnaire was Likert scale and had five points from very low to very high. To analyze the collected data, Spss.19, Excel software and one-sample t-test were used. The results of the study indicate that among seven components mentioned, environmental factors’ average is higher than the standard average of 3and it is equal to 3.54, average of socio-cultural component is almost equal to the standard average; that is 3.09. And other five factors’ average is less than the standard average; that is 3. The lowest is related to management index with the average of 1.8. Overall, average resilience of Kamyaran in all the above-mentioned components is 2.64; that is lower than the average standard (3), and it shows that Kamyaran is not resilient, and it is vulnerable against natural disasters such as earthquake.

One of the slopping processes which created much damage in many locations of Iran and the world is Landslide phenomenon. Identification of susceptible areas to landslide occurrence is one of the basic measures for reduction of the possible risk and management. The main goal of this research is to evaluate Landslide Susceptibility assessment using Support vector machine algorithm. At first, a landslide inventory map with 60 landslide locations for the study area was drawn from various sources. Landslide locations were then spatially randomly split in a ratio of 70/30 for building landslide model and for the model validation.Training and testing of RBF Function the SVM algorithm was evaluated over an assembly of spatial attributes, which included slope angle, elevation, aspect, solar radiation, profile curvature, plan curvature, lithology, land use, distance to fault, distance to road and distance to river with respect of the referent model. Finally the study area was classified into five sensitivity classes’ very high, high, moderate, low and very low. Then Performance of the method has been evaluated using the ROC curve. The results show that area under the ROC curve (AUC) using training dataset is (0/950) and using validation dataset is (0/931). Therefore, analysis and comparison of the results show that RBF Function SVM model performed well for landslide susceptibility assessment in the study area and the results from this the results from this study can be useful for land use planning, mitigate landslide hazards and decision making in landslide prone areas.

The location of Settlements and other facilities created by humans is fully influenced by environmental factors, especially Geomorphology and Geology. Establishment and growth of cities, irrespective of the capabilities of the land and its talents, have many destructive and harmful effects, and increase the multiplicity of financial and mortal damages in times of crisis. From the hazardology and management point of view, most of the damages are related to the incorrect placement of buildings and structures. Therefore, the importance and necessity of recognizing the characteristics of natural environments to identify the appropriate points for the construction of buildings, is very noticeable. 
In this way, through the study of Geomorphology, effective steps can be taken to select the most appropriate location for the expansion of cities and take serious action to prevent or counteract with risk of natural phenomena.

The present research is based on a managerial and hazardology approach, aiming locating the areas susceptible to urban development using the forbidden areas method. For this purpose, to provide a theoretical framework, the existing literature have been reviewed. Then, along with the application of specific methods in the field of software, expert discussions were used. To select the areas prudent for the desired purposes, eight criteria and effective environmental parameters including elevation, slope, aspect, distance from the river, land use, lithology, distance from the fault and urban areas and their layers were provided. Then, according to the existing standards and experts’ opinions, the forbidden areas were identified. Other areas of study outside of the forbidden areas were identified as suitable zoned for future urban development. In doing so, the Fuzzy logic and ANP models, the value of each layer was calculated. Fuzzy Gamma operator has been used to modulate the high sensitivity of the Fuzzy operator. Finally, overlapping the layers, map which entails both forbidden areas and those susceptible for urban development, was created.

 In the first stage, the effective environmental parameters in the survey of the favorable areas of urban development of Kamyaran, include Geological parameters (Lithology and Fault), Geomorphological parameters (Slope, Aspect, Elevation), Hydrogeomorphological parameters (River) and, finally, Human parameters (Land use and Distance from Urban areas) as effective information layers were considered.  Then the layers were Fuzzy and the banned areas were determined. Investigating the parameters in the study area showed that in terms of lithology, most of the study areas is covered by Quaternary Sediments. The Location of urban areas in different parts of the city is not significantly different. However, there are several fault lines in the northeastern range that limits the city's expansion in this direction. In terms of topographic parameters, apart from the northeastern mountainous masses with a height of more than 1800 meters and a slope of more than 30 percent, there are no special restrictions on other parts of the area. The surface water currents of the area are drained by the slope of the south and southwest of the area. Therefore, in relation to the risks such as urban flood and due to tissues of sediment of the area, respecting the buffer is essential that in this study, 200 meters of the river was estimated. According to the study of environmental variables and the application of prohibited areas, it can be concluded that suitable zones are mainly located at a close distance from the current urban areas. They all have low Slope, low Elevation, south Aspect and proper distance from the rivers and fault lines.

The findings of this research show that the area of research is 166 square kilometers. 37 percent, equivalent to 4.61 square kilometers of study area, were among the forbidden areas. In terms of Neotectonic, Lithological, Topographic and Hydromorphological parameters, it is in some way at risk. This range is often found in the northeastern part of the study area. Since the current area of the city is about 5 square kilometers, it can be concluded that the city has the optimal development space for several years on low-risk route. Therefore, it can be said that existing research based on the application of prohibited areas and system approach is the basis for efficient spatial management of urban and around cities development.

With the increasing development of cities, villages, industrial areas, roads, etc. the study of slope stability and determine of the risk value are essential. Among the methods for determining the relative risk of landslide and its zoning, quantitative and semi-quantitative methods gives better results. One of the semi-quantitative methods is Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) that uses the method of paired comparisons to analyze the multiple criteria. In this study, to remove ambiguity in the opinions of human, the combination of AHP and fuzzy system for landslide hazard zoning in Kamyaran County that is located in the south of the Kurdistan province, was used. In this research, in addition to usual factors in landslide risk zoning, two factors of slope shape, i.e. plan curvature and profile curvature, were used. The results show that the 52.03 percentage of area had a low and very low risk and the remaining area had medium to very high risk. Among the studied factors, slope, litho logy and land use have had maximum effect respectively, and slope shape had minimum effect on the instability of slopes in the studied region.

In several perspectives including geographical determinism, possibilism, exceptionalism, ecological and other views, it is discussed about understanding how human and the environment interact. Human in dealing with different environments, depending on the capabilities of environment and existing tools and techniques, adopt themselves with the nature or interfere in it. Karst landscapes are one of the most sensitive and fragile environments that any interference by habitants could led to irreversible conditions. These environments are one of the most valuable resources of fresh water. Nearly 25% of the world population lives in karst areas- landscapes that are characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage (Veni, 2001). The interaction of human and karst has been regarded in the many studies mostly about the impacts of human activities on karst. In general, there are few studies concentrated on the various effects of karst on the human societies. Andrejchuk (2005) and Lovász and Gyenizse (2012) have regarded karst landscapes as a settling factor. These studies show that comparing with non-karstic areas because of the specific hydrology and geomorphology of karstlands the population mostly has concentrated around karst springs and in the other parts settlements are highly sparse. In fact, the history of human settlement dates back far into the past in karst environments. A significant number of protected areas as the world heritage belong to karst areas (UNESCO, 2008). Many of them, such as Yunnan, Guizhou and Chongqing in south western China, Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site in South Africa, Lascaux cave in France and Shanidar cave in Zagros Mounts in Iraqi kurdistan have been protected for their archeological and historical values. Karst areas are spread in substantial parts of Iran. About 90% of the Zagros Mountains contain carbonate rocks (Afrasiabian, 1980). Karst features are common along this mountain belt. The oldest evidence of human settlement dates back to Paleolithic era. The evidence is found in the karstic caves and rock shelters of Zagros. During the history, Zagros Mountains and their surrounded areas have been the cradle of many civilizations. Karst morphology has an important role in this respect. Zagros is still one of the highly populated areas in Iran. In this paper, based on the effect of karst landscape, three patterns of human settlement including caveman, cemi-nomadic and sedentism have been studied in the karst lands of north western High Zagros in Kamyaran area. This area is characterized by karst landforms. Karst features have been mostly formed in pure and thick limestone of Biseton Formation (Jurassic to Cretaceous) and younger carbonate rocks of Tertiary. Comparing with tertiary karstlands, the karst features of older Biseton Formation are more developed. More development of karstification results in more developments of conduit networks and the concentration of groundwater that decreases the number of karst springs at surface. In the more developed karst systems like Biseton Formation the karst springs are sparse and have a high discharge and the dryness of the surface is a major problem for settlement. On the contrary, in less developed settings like tertiary limestone the number of karst springs is more and the discharge is not comparable with those of more developed formations. In the area, the less developed Karstlands of Tertiary limestone with more number of karst springs have had a great potential for settlement development. In this research, in addition to some archeological and historical data, the data mostly were derived from geological maps (1:100000), topographic maps (1:50000), SRTM 27 meters, Google Earth, Flash Earth and field works. Data processing software was Global Mapper15 and ArcGIS 10 and the final maps were produced in ArcGIS 10. GPS, compass and camera were used in field works. A descriptive-analytical method has been applied in the research and the comparison of karstic and non-karstic areas was used as a technique. In this method, after collecting data, different data layers including elevation, geology, Karstlands, the distribution of caves and karst spring, the distribution of summer huts and rural and urban areas were prepared for further analysis. The layer of Karstlands was overlaid and compared with each layer and the relationships between the layers were analyzed based on info tables. It should be noted that the analysis of the caves and rock shelters was according to the existing historical and archeological studies about the area and surrounding places. In the area, three patterns including caveman, semi-nomadic and sedentism as a major and dominant kinds of settlements have been studied. Many of the world’s greatest archaeological sites have been found in caves, where fragile materials that would easily be destroyed in other settings have been preserved. Caves were reliable sources of water when other sources went dry, and minerals and clays were mined for both practical and ceremonial use (Veni, 2001, 22). Pure carbonate rocks of Biseton Formation and also the younger limestone of Tertiary have a significant extension in Kamyaran area. Therefore, the area is dominated by karst features specially cave. Vertical and horizontal caves are common landforms in the area and have been formed at the bottom of sinkholes, along fault lines and bedding planes. However, all of the features were not interesting for caveman. Positions of archeological caves show that they are mostly distributed at the margin of Karstlands of tertiary limestone where the karst springs are available. Because of the dryness of karst lands of Biseton formation the caves were not interested by caveman. Throughout the territory in Zagros a way of living is common that is known as semi-nomadic life. This way of living that exists even today, has tied with sedentism. This means that the semi-nomads are groups that spend a part of their lives in highlands nearby and in the cold seasons return to their villages. In the Kamyaran area, the semi-nomadic life is intimately linked with karst region. It starts from early spring and lasts to early autumn. It takes almost more than half a year. During the immigration, semi-nomads live in specified places that are called Hawar or Hawargah. Hawar is a hut, usually with dry stone walls more than a meter tall and their roofs are covered by branches of trees or Rshmal (black tent). As it gets warmer this way of living depends more on the karst region. The nomads follow snow patches. When it retreats toward the highlands they change their Hawar. Thus, there are a lot of Hawars in the karst region distributed between piedmont to the summits and each group or village has several Hawars in different elevations. Karst sinkholes play a critical role in preserving snow. By the midsummer the snow cover at surface is almost melted and the only places which still have snow are inside the Noors (a local term for Aven) and sinkholes. The nomads also cover some snow by patches of local vegetation for preserving it. Kamyaran is a fertile region in the south of Kurdistan province and has a long history of residence. This area is one of the most important passages between Western Iran and Mesopotamia. There are several ancient mounds, forts, inscriptions and prehistoric caves in this area that represent a long history of human habitation. Karstlands in terms of security, water and rich pastures have had a significant role in habitant’s life. The sedentism has been affected in a different way by karst. As mentioned above inside the Karstlands are dry in general. Karst springs are rare and spars. At the margin of karst lands that karst springs are mostly discharged, the number of villages is plentiful. Because of dryness, there is not any village or settlement inside the karst lands. In this respect, the number of villages (141) in different settings has been compared. The results show that the villages have been mostly constructed on the quaternary alluviums and other non- karstic formations. The key reason behind this condition is water. Throughout the area, only 6.33% of villages belong to marginal parts of the karst lands. At the same time because of the presence of karst springs at the contact line between karstic and non-karstic settings the number of villages is excessive in this part. Although these villages are on the non-karstic setting but they exist because of the karst water. Many of the most populated and important villages in the area use karst water. Surveys in the karst lands of Kamyaran show that humans settled in the area in the far past. Inside the caves and rock shelters of the area, traces and remnants of human presence from the Middle Paleolithic era to contemporary periods were obtained. Therefore, topographical and geomorphological features of the region had provided very favorable conditions in the distant past and even in the Ice Ages for caveman. The presence of rich pastures and vegetation and also the important role of karst geomorphology in preserving snow for a remarkable time, has led to forming a semi-nomadic life in the area. This study shows that the pattern of caveman is completely and semi-nomadic pattern to a high extent dependent upon karst system. In contrast, sedentary pattern has been affected differently by karst system. Settlements are rare and sparse inside the karst lands. They have mainly been distributed around the karst lands. Compared with non-karst and quaternary alluvium this condition represents that karst has had a coercive effects on the sedentary living. Rich aquifers in quaternary alluvial and easier access to the water via springs, wells and canals in these areas have resulted in a high density of rural areas. Despite the widespread use of modern technology to overcome nature, the complicated structure of karst system seems to be a great barrier for interference of human.

The rural-urban relations in Iran have been examined from different perspectives, but what is less well studied, is the everlasting of urban centers with rural centers. This phenomenon determined not only the historical differentiation between East and West, but had a meaningful contribution into the meaning of spatial terms, such as area and region, in the historical past of Iran. The main feature of this historical interface was the dominance of city over their surrounding villages. Over the past decade, socio-economic and political changes in global and national levels have led to transformation of underlying nature of old relationships and establishing new relations; although some traditional relations, here and there, are still traceable. With these new relationships, have emerged several flows through urban and rural areas; among them, flows of people, innovation, and production, perhaps most importantly, flow of capital. To study these flows by many researchers is vital to understand the nature and expanse of the rural-urban interface. Based on field studies, this article tries to show how the flow of capital in the study area have influenced not only the scope of urban- rural relations, but have contributed to the inner transformations of rural sphere. Examining the consequences of capital flow and urban investments shows, though these new trends underlying some physical, ecologic-environmental and socioeconomic changes, but failed to improve properly the economies of villages and an active contribution of rural people in investments.

One of the common ways to prioritize the options which has become increasingly developed in recent years, is using multi-criteria decision-making methods. In multi-criteria decision-making issues, the targeted options are prioritized with regard various indicators that may sometimes conflict with each other (Poortahery, 1393: 20). These methods provide simple and intuitive tools for decision-making about issues that involve non-conclusive, and mostly subjective data. In fact, these methods have developed since the early 1970s which today has become quite prevalent (Jin & lei, 2005,61-64). The reason can be seen in the fact that such techniques are easily understandable for different users. Moreover, unlike mathematical models of planning and decision-making that do not include qualitative variables in the modeling, these techniques have the ability to include both qualitative and quantitative variables simultaneously in the decision-making process which in turn expands the scope of application of these techniques (Ataei, 1385:87). The research method used in this research is descriptive-analytical. Documentary method has also been used for collecting the data in the study. The population of the study includes the districts of Kamyaran County in Kurdistan Province. On this basis, the theoretical principles related to the subject matter have been investigated using the secondary research method. In order for investigation and comparison of methods of assessing the level of availing, four methods of TOPSIS, taxonomy, simple analytic hierarchy process, and weighted sum model have been utilized. These methods have also been used to determine the degree of availing of the districts of Kamyaran County. To assess availing level of the districts of Kamyaran County, 16 indicators have been used.Research To determine the level of availing of the districts of Kamyaran County, after doing the three aforementioned stages, the findings that resulted from these stages were analyzed using multi-criteria methods which were mentioned earlier. The findings resulted from the above methods are as follows:Table 1: Results of application of TOPSIS modelGavrood Avalan Sorsor Amirabad Shahou Chavrood Bilvar District0/475 0/262 0/311 0/382 0/377 0/702 0/443 Coefficient of expansion 2 7 6 4 5 1 3 Rank Table 2: Results of application of WSM modelGavrood Avalan Sorsor Amirabad Shahou Chavrood Bilvar District126/79 41/34 53/79 84/54 79/56 207/97 116/61 Coefficient of expansion 2 7 6 4 5 1 3 Rank Table 3: results of application of SAW modelGavrood Avalan Sorsor Amirabad Shahou Chavrood Bilvar District0/2163 0/0671 0/0848 0/0776 0/1331 0/2950 0/1406 Coefficient of expansion 2 7 5 6 4 1 3 RankThe results of applying multi-criteria methods in this study showed that regarding the ranking, the districts of Kamyaran County do not have fixed and similar positions.Prioritization Strategy In using different methods of prioritization, decision-maker may be confronted with a situation that in a real issue, a united ranking is not reached from application of various methods regarding alternatives. In that case, it is necessary for the decision-makers to use integrated approaches, such as mean of ranks, or Breda and Cap Land Methods for final decision making. In this study, mean of ranks method has been used for the final rating. Final rankings of the districts under study can be calculated using the mean of ranks method. Mean of ranks can be calculated from the sum of rankings and dividing them by the number of used methods (Poortahery, 1393,182).Table 5: Calculation of mean rank of multi-criteria methods under studyDistricts TOPSIS SAW WSM Mean RankGavrood 1 1 1 1Ghavrood 2 2 2 2Bilvar 3 3 3 3Amir Abad 4 6 4 4/66Shahou 5 4 5 4/66Sorsor 6 5 6 5/66Avalan 7 7 7 7Reference: author's calculations The results of applying four multi-criteria decision-making methods in this study indicated that the positions of the districts of Kamyaran County are not the same with regard to the availing; for example, the district of Amirabad in taxonomy and weighted sum models had the first rank whereas in TOPSIS and SAW models had the second rank. The results of this study have shown that the position of each of the districts studied by multi-criteria methods of Numerical Taxonomy, TOPSIS, WSM, and SAW, is not the same. Moreover, in the above mentioned methods, TOPSIS and simple WSM methods with 14/28 had the lowest percentage of changes and SAW method with 28/56 had the highest percentage of change among the methods under study. Regarding the level of availing, districts of Amirabad, Gavrood, Bilvar and Zhavrood are in the praprofiting level, district of AmirAbad and Shahou is in the mesoprfiting level, and the districts of Avalan and Sorsor are in unprofitinglevel.

The measurement of urban segregation patterns and trends is often taken place by relying on the indices which show clearly the spatial patterning of the population distribution in a city. In this paper، the new approach of measuring Spatial segregation between several groups has been presented. This approach allows the researchers to measure the segregation at any scale. This research from the objective point of view is an applied one and its method is descriptive-analytical method، the data and information of this research has been collected by field surveying method and the selected samples were gathered by spatial random stratified method. In this paper، social segregation of Kamyaran city has been measured in the form of three variables of income، language and religion by using the introduced indices. The results of the indices by using P-Value test shows the high reliability level of segregation measuring at this study. Based on the results of the case study، by increasing the study scale، the value of segregation indices will decrease. Intensity of segregation at the three indicator limits (the northeast، northwest and south part of the city) at each three under study variables is more than the other points. Also dissimilarity value of religion variable is more than the other ones at local scale and the three variable of medium income، Soran group and Sunni religious group have the highest degree of spatial segregation.

This research quantitatively evaluates the role of active tectonic in the development of landforms and zoning of tectonic vulnerability in Kamyaran County, south of Kurdistan Province. Study area, includes two basins called Sirwan and Razavar. The extracted data from topographic and geologic maps, satellite imagery and field work, were analyzed by means of Arc GIS and Excel software. For quantitative assessment of the role of active tectonic in the evolution of landforms, the morphsotectonic indexes ( river longitudinal gradient, mountain- front sinuosity, the ratio of valley floor width to valley height, and asymmetric index of watershed) were used and the results were presented as the relative index of tectonic activity (Iat). For providing tectonic vulnerability zoning, the maps of natural variables (slope, water table, lithological resistant, distance from faults) were overlaid and data was analyzed using AHP model in Arc GIS software. The results indicate that due to geographical position of the county in both Sanandaj-Sirjan and High Zagros zones, variety of lithology and existence of faults, geographically and geologically is of great importance. The results of morphometric parameters in both basins indicate that the area tectonically is active. Based on the Iat index, both northern and southern basins are in the class of intense tectonic activity. According to the vulnerability map of AHP model, highest relative risk areas are located in the north, south west and some parts of north east of the area. The central parts of the northern and southern basins have a moderate vulnerability. Most of the study area is rated as the more vulnerable and the lowest relative.

Most of the methods designed for the analysis of poverty have two limitations: i) they are one-dimensional, i.e. they refer to only one proxy of poverty, namely low income or consumption expenditure; ii) they need to dichotomize the population into the poor and the non-poor by means of the poverty line. Nowadays, many authors recognize that poverty is a complex phenomenon that cannot solely be reduced to monetary dimension. Thus, the need for a multidimensional approach, which consists in extending the analysis of variety nonmonetary indicators of living conditions, is tangible. Due to second limitation, fuzzy sets can be used to identify those households that are absolutely deprived and poor, those households that are slightly less deprived, and households lying on the threshold of poverty. As poverty levels that have space and time components, a cartographic approach within a GIS environment allows the display and representation of poverty which aids the understanding of the causes of poverty. This study uses fuzzy approach and geostatistics techniques to identify reliable methods to measure multidimensional poverty and uses a poverty mapping in urban areas. The data of this descriptive-analytical study is collected by a survey technique via questionnaire. This survey uses a stratified random spatial sampling to determine and select samples. This study is based on the fuzzy multidimensional poverty measurement that proposed by Costa (2002) and geostatistics techniques (Kriging and Cokriging). Some factors such as economic and income; housing; property and finance; health; and knowledge and skills as criteria are taken in to consideration in the process of data analysis. According to results, spherical and exponential models suite with fuzzy membership of poverty more than the others. Poverty mapping clearly shows the spatial heterogeneity of poverty in this study area.