جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "morphotectonic" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

In geosciences, morphotectonic indicators are used to investigate the effectiveness of land surfaces from neotectonic activities. In this article, the results of morphotectonic indices by tectonic zones of Iran, according to the energy released from the earthquake of 1900-2009 and the position of the basins relative to the types of faults (young seismic faults), Quaternary and pre-Quaternary) were analyzed. For this purpose, 110 years old Iran seismic data was extracted from the geodatabase, and during the programming process in MATLAB, it was converted from point-vector to surface-raster. In addition the results of the evaluation of morphotectonic indices of 142 basins of different zones were used; 8 inactive basins, 40 semi- active basins, and 94 active basins. Inactive basins are located in Alborz, Zagros, and Central Iran. . The results indicate that the amount of energy released can't examine a significant role in evaluating the morphotectonic indices of the basins. Basin’s location in the area of Quaternary faults and young seismic is of great value in the tectonically active basin. The lie of semi-active basins adjacent to active basins, or the lie of inactive basins adjacent to semi-active and active basins; and it should be borne in mind that the thresholds used to estimate the tectonic activity status of basins cannot be used as a definite and mathematical criterion in estimating the tectonic status of basins.

Badakhshan region, located in the northeast of Afghanistan, has a complex geology. A catalog from 2011-2021 was prepared using the data of the Middle Asia seismic catalog with updates (1909-2011) from the website of the American Geological Survey. Considering the last earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 in 2015, the coefficients of b were calculated to the maximum value of 1.0 and the value of 7.9 on the surface and in the depth, the increase in the numerical values of a and b in the central half has been completely evident. The results indicated that the current trend is opposite to the direction of the main fault in North Badakhshan (north-south direction). The most frequent earthquakes M≥4 occurs at a depth of 150-70 km, earthquakes M≥5 at a depth of 150-300 km, and earthquakes ≥6 at a depth of 150-300 km occur in the east-west direction. This area is exactly where the Pamir Corridor plate meets the center of Badakhshan. This shows that at the end of the Pamir Corridor from east to west, ruptures are being created at depths of 0-150 km. Two east-west and east-south trends are evident. Regarding the shallow earthquakes related to the upper 50 km of the crust, the dominant mechanism is of the normal type, which indicates the stretching of the crust in this section. According to the deep mechanism of earthquakes, the direction of the tensile force is in the east-west direction. This issue further confirms the issue of continental collision and then subduction towards the south of Badakhshan. The innovation of this research is the identification of seismic trends that have rarely been researched in the studied area, and its application is identifying high-risk areas for construction.

Khorram Abad plain is located in the folded Zagros zone and its River, as one of the main rivers discharging to Karkheh River, flows through this plain. This region is highly influenced by the neotectonic activities of this fault since Khorram Abad’s hidden and active fault is located in this region. Therefore, the current study aimed at the investigation of the effect of this fault’s activities on the morphological activities of Khorram Abad River.

This is an empirical study that is quantitative in terms of used data and calculations. Remote-sensing techniques, geometrical indices, aerial photos, satellite images, and field studies are used in the current research. For this purpose, the river’s route was divided into five subzones to be more precise. Then, the aerial photos taken in 1955 were compared to Google Earth’s 2016 images in GIS. Geometrical indices such as the gradient of the river’s slope and sinuosity of the mentioned five subzones were calculated by the digitization of the river’s route in AutoCAD; the profiles and the changes in the alluvial terraces were measured through field observations.

Khorram Abad River’s geometrical indices indicated that Khorram Abad’s anticline and its upstream regions are upheaving and the downstream regions are subsiding or staying in their previous positions. This ascending trend has been followed by an increase in the average riverchr('39')s slope has changed the number of the tributaries and geometrical properties of the river.

The primary reason for the morphological changes in the Khorram Abad River is the geological movements. Then, the movements of Khorram Abad hidden thrust fault were the most important factors changing the morphology of Khorram Abad River in the studied period.

Landforms and their response to environmental changes is one of the most interested topics among geomorphologists. One of the landforms that is most affected by tectonic and erosion processes is the rivers. Rivers respond to tectonic processes that increase the height of landscapes and erosion processes that try to reduce the height of landforms. This reaction can be well studied by analyzing the longitudinal profile of the rivers. One of the effective parameters in the study of tectonic and erosional status of regions is steepness and concavity. These parameters can be examined in the form of Stream Power Law (SPL). This function is related to incision power of streams.This relationship in the form of the linkage between slope and drainage area of the river in a logarithmic plot based on power regression, extracts the values of two parameters, the steepness and the concavity of the channel. In fact experimental studies by other researchers have shown that there is a direct relationship between rivers steepness and concavity with tectonic – erosive processes in the regions. It generally accepted that steep landscape are associated with areas of high uplift rate and active tectonic. Rivers system are well adopted to tectonic processes to provide useful information about the rate of uplift in landforms. The steepness of rivers which depends on the declivity of channels is fraction of uplift rate. So we expect that if the amount of the steepness in the longitudinal profile of the river is low, the uplift rate is slight too and if the steepness is high, the uplift rate is intense too. Concavity index usually depends on bed material. But erosion efficiency has direct connection with incision power law and its steepness. But weakness of bed material especially alluvial can increase rate of erosion efficiency in channels. Erosion efficiency is the volume of sediment that is completely removed from the environment after erosion. Erosion efficiency is a function of sedimentary flux. This parameter can be directly related to the tectonic processes and characteristics of the bedrock. If tectonic processes lead to an increase in the height of the landforms, it can increase orographic precipitation in mountainous areas, and it can lead to increasing sedimentary flux, then erosion efficiency also increases. The main purpose of this study is to analysis the effect of active tectonic and erosion on equilibrium profile of the main rivers of the Damghan Mountain based on the Stream Power Law. These steepness and concavity parameters are influenced by set of lithological, geological, topographic and erosion factors. All of these factors are effective in location of knick points of rivers and are able to provide useful information about the geological and erosion status of the area

In order to investigate the power incision law, the DEM map in 30m resolution was used to extract the channels. For extracting the rivers, the D8 algorithm method was used to calculate the flow direction. In this method, the flow path of each pixel that fall on the lower pixel with a lower slope was calculated and the flow directions was determined. In this regard, we first need to create a DEM map with the least inconsistency. This method focuses on extracting central flows in valleys and reducing parallel flows. After extracting the channels, their slope-area logarithmic diagram were plotted. The regression line considered for the logarithmic plot is the power regression, which is the relation of the river incision power. In this regression, the slope of the regression line is concavity and the intercept of line is steepness. To obtain information about lithological features of the area that are effective in analyzing the concavity and steepness parameters, the geological map of Damghan and Shahrud was used. The study area is part of the mountain structure of Eastern Alborz and has several active faults. North Damghan Mountain is located on the southern side of eastern Alborz between 36。14'0.3" to 36。18' 82" and 55。00' 26" to 53。59' 56" in north of Iran plateau. There are different outcrops of lithostratigraphic formations from Precambrian to Quaternary in this area. Geologically speaking, the study area is composed of set of over thrust blocks and nappes. The thrust faults and nappes within piggy back style have pushed eastern Alborz stratigraphy sequences on each other. The folds in the region have a strong connection to thrust structures and nappes. These folds are of different types and sizes but most of them are inclined and recumbent because of widespread compressive component in eastern Alborz.

The three main rivers of the region, CheshmehAli, Astaneh and Tepal, were studied. All three rivers flow on the colluvium bed in the upstream and alluvial bed in the downstream. And all three affected by faults in some areas. Some such as CheshmehAli River in the southern part, has flowed into a fault valley. The activity of faults along the rivers, both in the resistance and alluvial parts has led to uplift of the rivers. These effects are seen in the high values of steepness index and low values of concavity index. The increase in the stream incision is seen in both the upper and lower section of the rivers due to the activity of faults in the region. But the steepness is higher in the upstream which is made of colluvium sediments. While in the downstream due to weakness of alluvial sediments the rate of erosion efficiency is higher. Therefore the change in the rate of steepness, concavity and erosion efficiency, in addition to active tectonic, is strongly affected by the bedrock of channels. Each rivers that is most faulted also has higher values of the steepness index. CheshmehAli River, part of which is located completely in the faulted valley, has the highest rate of steepness compared to other rivers. The Astaneh River has been affected by the Astaneh fault in several parts, and the fault has led to the uplift of the river by cutting off the Quaternary sediments. The high values of steepness parameter in this river confirm existence of active tectonic. The Tepal River in its upper part shows high values of steepness parameter, but in the downstream part where the river flows on agricultural lands, the rate of erosion efficiency has increased and in contrast the rate of steepness parameter has decreased. This is due to human activities that have caused the rate of erosion to exceed the rate of tectonic processes. Therefore, human activities are able to transform the relationships between internal and external processes that are effective in changing landforms.

The results show that reaching the equilibrium profile in each river depends on a set of factors include erosion, tectonic and lithology. Fault in the channel path leads to an increase in the height and slope of the river channel and erosion accurse in response to this change. Tectonic processes increase the incision capacity of rivers as a result of increasing the slope of the channel, which increase the volume of sediments produced in the river. Of course, like that Tepal River, we must consider the role of human activities in increasing the rate of erosion efficiency. Key Words: Eastern Alborz, Damghan, Active Tectonic, Morphotectonic, SPL Model.

Study of geometric style of folding and their deformation analysis is one of the most important Geological topics of Zagros orogenic belt. Khaviz anticline is located in Khuzestan province and in the Zagros folded-thrust belt in the hanging wall of mountain front fault (MFF). This anticline is one of the most important anticlines of the Zagros; its importance is due to the Maroon's permanent river that passes from the middle of the anticline and divided it into two halves. This anticline has been studied by using morphometric forms such as triangular facets, win glass valleys and index of sinuosity of mountain front, Morphotectonic. The purpose of this study, is check the status of anticline Khaviz in terms of tectonic activity especially present age activities; with the help of the results of this study the status of constructed buildings on this anticline and in its vicinity, especially storage dam of maroon in terms of geological hazards can be evaluated. This shapes and indicators were studied in two anticline limbs individually; According to the results of this study it was found that mentioned Morphotectonic indicators has a direct relationship with the amount of tectonic activity and accordingly can be said that Khaviz anticline is in active status in terms of relative tectonic activity and also its northeastern limb than southwestern limb, it shows of own more activity. This feature can be due to existence Mansourabad subsurface anticline in the south west of Khaviz anticline and with distance less than a kilometer from it that has been leading to formation of back thrust in northeastern limb of Khaviz anticline and create more tectonic activity in this limb

Tectonic geomorphology is a knowledge that can determine the effect of active tectonic using the geomorphic indices as a quantitative description of the rivers form. Accordingly, quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. Active tectonic processes can affect the shape and performance of rivers. The extraction of geomorphic indices using digital elevation map (DEM) in the GIS in the past two decades has been a fast and accurate method for drainage basin analysis so that these indices are used for quick evaluation of recent tectonic activities in a particular region. Base on a natural theory, rivers are the first environmental forms that show a relatively rapid response to changes in the bedding or changes in the outflow of the bed. Regarding the proved reactions of rivers to the occurrence of normal changes, it is possible to analyze them by using geomorphic indices as the result of the effects of tectonic on the river's route. Geomorphic indices are especially used for active tectonic studies. With the study of topographic landforms and the model of drainage systems using geomorphic indices and the geological structure of each area, it is possible to evaluate the active tectonic performance and to determine the absence of active tectonic movements. The quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. Along with the advancement of tectonic science of geomorphology, scientists have found that active tectonic processes can affect the shape and function of rivers being one of the most important observations that occur rapidly. Consistently in respond to deformation caused by active tectonics at the surface reflecting minor changes in topography, thus examining drainage pattern and river diversion provides important information on structural expansion and evolution of the area. The study area is classified into four categories of very high, high, medium and low tectonic activities. Alborz mountain range is the result of two orogenic movements. One of them is Precambrian ores (Acinitic), the course of which is essentially a metamorphism that leads to the interconnection and hardening of the paving stones in the Precambrian, The second one is the Alpine orogeny movements that happens in Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods. This mountain range is approximately 600 kilometers long and 100 kilometers wide along the south side of the Caspian Sea. The northern margin of the Alborz line is usually sloping. General trend of study area is NE-SW. 

In this research, with using the Arc GIS software and 1:100000 Geological maps, at first, rivers and basins shapes of the area were extracted using STRAHLER method using 30 m accuracy digital elevation model in Arc GIS software. Then the necessary modifications to the wells and extraction basins were carried out using topographic maps and satellite images and finally a part of central Alborz at Talar and BabolRud area was divided into 19 catchments. 5 morphotectonic indices such as hierarchical anomalies (Δa), Bifurcation (R), Form factor (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and Relative relief (Bh) were calculated in drainage basins. Using the Relative Active Tectonic (IAT) index, the study area was classified into 4 categories. Category 1 indicates a very high tectonic activity. Category 2 is the high tectonic activity. Category 3 shows the average geological activity and category 4 activities are low relative construction. A tectonic activity zoning map was prepared for each indicator in the study area and the results of the indices were analyzed.

Based on studies of hierarchical anomaly indices in sub-basins associated with North Alborz and Khatirkuh faults, this index increases and shows very high and high rates. Intersection between these faults and the sub-basins waterway has caused anomalies in the connection of low-grade waterways to several degrees higher. In sub-basins 11, 12, 13 and 14 which are dominated by the above-mentioned faults, the bifurcation index and the elevation changes are due to the activity of these faults are high.

Studies in this section of the Alborz mountain range using morphometric indices such as hierarchical anomalies (Δa), Bifurcation (R), Form factor (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and Relative relief (Bh) and using the IAT Index in this area, shows that recent tectonic activity is generally due to the faults activity in the region such as North Alborz and Khatirkuh faults are in a high and very high categories. Based on these studies, it was found that some other minor faults formed due to high tectonic activity and caused by major faults such as North Alborz, Khatirkuh and other major faults in the area affect the indices numbers. Tectonic impacts show that about 33.3% of the sub-basins associated with the major and minor faults

Fractal geometry is a method for describing a self-similar or a self-affine property in complex landforms and explanation of surface complexities and roughness. In the present study, the surface fractal dimensions (SFDs) were investigated by a cellular model by covering the divider method. Results indicated that geological and geomorphological processes change the character of the fractal dimension of the landforms. Changes in lithologic boundaries and faults influence changes in the fractal dimension and their mode of influence vary according to the topographic characters such as frequency, amplitude, and  types of formations. In lithologic units with hard limestone formations, the fractal dimension is low, while in alluvial formations, the fractal dimension increases. The drainage network density and tributaries margins affect the fractal dimension. Moreover, homogeneity of the lithologic units decreases the fractal dimension. In this study, the lowest fractal dimension is associated with the integrated units of Mesozoic orbitolina limestones on the border of the two structural zones of Sanandaj-Sirjan and High Zagros belt. However, friable and sensitive to erosion formations of the quaternary increase the fractal dimension. The succession of the hard and friable layers is effective on the local scale on the fractal dimension. Furthermore, mountains have lower fractal dimensions than lowlands. Generally, there is an inverse relationship between the fractal dimension and elevation and this relationship there is about the roughness index in the basin. The results illustrated that changes in the surface fractal dimension were dependent on a set of lithologic, tectonic, and geomorphologic factors. Also in complex topographic zones investigation of changes in the fractal dimension can be a useful and effective instrument for detecting and surveying of the surface anomalies.

Various morphotectonic landforms have been created by the activity of the Dehshir Fault and the 2nd and 3rd degree Riddle faults in Plio-Pleistocene. The most important of these can be the structural depressions of Abarghoo and Taghestan along the faults derived from the Dehshir Fault in the west and smaller and numerous other depression such as Rashkouieh, Ernan, Chah Shir and Chah Torsh along the eastern faults of the Dehshir Fault. The purpose of this study was to investigate the western depressions of the Dehshir Fault in the south and southeast of Shirkouh Mountain in the south of Yazd city. The results showed that these depressions, like many other closed depressions in central Iran including Gavkhuni, have been formed due to the transtension of a stretched-separated basin. The study area was located in a cutting zone between the two active dextral faults of Dehshir-Baft and Rafsanjan-Ernan. The counterclockwise rotation of the fault block between the mentioned two faults has created local extensional zones and reduced the crustal thickness. This has uplifted the geothermal curves and partial melting and created local post-Pliocene local volcanism. Following this phenomenon, several dacitic domes have formed along the fault strike and intersection in the south and southeast of the Shirkouh Mountains and the folding of Miocene sediments. The activity of the faults, along with the rise of the domes, has led to the fragmentation of the previous smooth surface, and has caused the subsidence of some parts of the area and created several structural depressions

In most cases, faults can be detected by signs; however, in many cases, the outcrops of these structures have not reached the surface of the earth, or deposits have been buried with evidence and indications. Such conditions, although the surface of the earth's crust on both sides of the fault is displaced and drifting up or down, however, the surface out crop of the fault is not observed at the ground or is limited to stacks and mild folds in sections along the fault. To identify these types of faults, geophysical methods, CO2 and soil radon measurements, seismic reflections and electrical imaging, lidar, penetrating ground radar or air geophysics can be used. Researchers who have studied the buried faults of the earth's crust have generally used geophysical methods. According to Giving and colleagues, the results of aerial geophysical data in order to identify hidden faults, if accompanied with evidence of geomorphology and topographic data, have higher scientific value. In this research, the aim is to find hidden faults through geomorphic interpretation methods.

Among the areas where active tectonics and faults have been buried and the river sediments have buried their works, the east of Kermanshah province is in the Harsin and Bisetoon plain. First, geological maps and topography, geomorphology, and geostructral were explored and interpreted. Based on the hypothesis of the separation of the Shirez anticlinal from the nape as one of the geostructural and morphotectonic evidence, and the flow of the Gamasyaw river and the morphology of the Tsetonic plain of Harsin, the overall boundary of the hidden faults was identified and mapped to geology. In the next step, by studying the data of aeromagnetism and the use of return-to-pole filters, vertical derivatives, analytical signal and tilt, a more precise location of the faults was maped. Then, on the 4 main faults identified, 5 sections of VLF As and Mg As were taken and the results of the previous steps were verified using the geoelectric method.

What is obtained from the results of a total of three methods used to identify hidden faults is a number of faults that have been scattered across the region. The first fault in the almost west to east direction from west of the Taqbostan elevations in the north of Kermanshah plain extends over the Taqbostan elevations, and after passing on the Prao and Bisetoon elevations, with the shift of direction from southwest to northeast to Barnaj, and from there with change the almost east-easterly direction enters the plain and continues in the south of the Khaneh-khode mountain, and after passing through the Sahneh plain, it again extends to the north-east by changing the trend. Between the Bisetoon elevations to the Sahneh plain, 5 faults along the north-south direction extend approximately from the first fault to the shores of the Shirez anticlinal. These faults have been driven by the sliding motion. Another fault that seems to play an important role in the region's morphology and history of geomorphology in the region has started from west of Kermanshah and in the south of the Paro elevations it continues along the southeast to the Harsin plain. Comparison of the results of the three stages of the research showed that what the aeromagnetism and geoelectrics identified as faults, geomorphology, with a small spatial variation, and a negligible distance, as a fault that must exist to justify the region's morphology had identified. Geomorphology is largely capable of treating anomalies and movements caused by faults that are sometimes detected in the field by interpreting geospatial maps and analyzing the geostructural of the area along with simultaneous surveys of geomorphic, topographic, satellite images and remote sensing maps that geologists can not be identified. What is certain is that the effect of hidden faults in the region's morphology is observed only in some areas where the effect of the fault has reached the surface directly and in the expected form; otherwise, in the identification and tracing of the hidden fault by geomorphology, we must look for indirect effects and the effects of long-term faults on morphology, especially geostructural, on a larger scale than the usual methods of morphotectonic studies. It can be said that geomorphology can be successful in finding hidden faults that it has a comprehensive view on geotechnical and past geographic of region. In fact, a thorough examination of the geomorphological nature of the forms is based on the interpretation of the function of the faults, in particular the hidden faults, which themselves sometimes lead to the finding of hidden faults.

Today, along with morphometric and distance-based methods based on the use of satellite imagery and digital elevation model (DEM), several algorithms have been developed to evaluate tectonic activities in the form of land-based software applications. This includes TecDEM software. (Shahzad and Golghoun, 2011). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the morphotectonic analysis of the catchment areas of the Karkas Mountains by using TecDEM-based geomorphic components and analyzing the digital elevation model and field evidence from the analysis of morphotectonic data. In this research, we tried to study the geomorphometric methods and comparative analysis of geomorphic phenomena in catchment areas. The effect of each of these basins on the tectonic movements of Qom-Zefreh's fault system by quantifying landform phenomena using the features of the single program, Check and evaluate. Concerning the right-angled motion of the right-strike motion components along with the vertical components of the fault system (QZFS), is the study of the research problem, have the surface dynamics and catchment areas in the studied area been uniformly affected by the tectonic processes of this system? On the other hand, have the changes of the pattern tectonic processes have affected the hydrogeomorphological model of catchment areas? Therefore, in this research, using the basic principles of geomorphic tectonics, the adaptation of land surface changes to changes in their shaping processes has been investigated.

Salt domes of Hormoz Formation has outcropped in large areas in south and southwest of Iran, Persian Gulf, and Eastern Saudi Arabia, with their extension delimited by major faults such as Kazeroon, Zagros, Minab, and Oman-Ural axis. Today, these domes have found various industrial applications such as radioactive waste disposal, gas storage, and tourism. In the meantime, these contribute to such problems as increased salinity of water and soil resources. Even though researchers have referred to the faults and density difference between salt and overlying sediments as the reasons behind the outcrop of the salt domes of Hormoz Series, the domes are significantly different in terms of morphometric indices and outcrop location. The present research is aimed at identification of the effects of tectonics on the form of the salt domes by calculating some morphometric indices (roundness, elevation, area) and analyzing them in Zagros and Persian Gulf zones while detecting the trend along which the domes have outcropped. In this research, 1:250,000 geological maps, satellite images and digital elevation model (DEM) were used to identify locations of salt domes and digitize the areas where the domes outcropped followed by the calculation of morphometric indices (roundness, elevation, and area) using ArcGIS Software. Subsequently, through elevation-based classification of the outcrop area on the basis of elevation and physiographic similarities and separation of salt domes based on host fold and local outcrop surface (onshore or offshore), the morphometric indices were analyzed in each area. Moreover, trend diagram was utilized to identify trend of the salt domes. The results indicate that, the farther one moves from Persian Gulf region toward higher latitudes and higher onshore areas, the lower is the roundness of the salt domes while their elevation increases, so that the salt domes exhibit larger area and further roundness yet lower elevations in expansion zone of Zagros folds and synclines. This is while, the domes within the trust zone, contraction zone of folds, and high lands show higher elevation yet smaller area and lower roundness. Investigations based on the trend diagram and the researchers’ work show that, the domes outcropped at levels higher than Jahrum and Fasa and High-Zagros Faults follow the trend of the major faults, i.e. a northwest-southeast trend. However, the domes outcropped at levels below these faults tend to follow basement faults and form along a northeast-southwest trend.
All of the outcropped salt domes of Hormoz Formation within Oman, Persian Gulf, and Zagros zones have been developed along basement and major faults. However, the faults are not visible in Persian Gulf zone because of the presence of water bodies, and also the basement faults in Zagros-Fars and Hormozgan areas are commonly buried because of erosion of the respective anticlines. These have made it somewhat difficult to explore the relationship between the faults and salt domes. For the bare salt domes outcropped within the contraction and high zone of Zagros, it is easy to detect their connection to the faults. An investigation on the roles of height and volume of overburden sediments along with the role played by the faults show that, in general, the higher the elevation of the outcropped zone, the lower is the number of outcropped salt domes. In the Persian Gulf zone, sea dynamics effect and burial of the salt domes have contributed to lower number of outcropped domes. Increased volume of overburden sediments on top of Hormoz Formation have hindered the outcrop of salt domes within high lands and contraction zones in Zagros. However, the large fracture generated by major faults set the stage for outcrop of the domes onto the surface. Regarding roundness and area of salt domes, it can be stipulated that, the salt domes could better develop and grow within Zagros-Fars and Hormozgan zones because of the expansion of folds, where those exhibit not only more extensive area, but also further roundness. In high Zagros zone, however, the anticlines and areas where folds are in contraction mode, lack of adequate space for dome development has resulted in a situation where the domes have been mostly developed longitudinally. This has ended up with elongation and smaller area of the outcrops, as compared to those of Fars and Hormozgan zones as well as plain areas.

Alluvial rivers react quickly and consistently to active tectonic deformation and by studying the relation of river with tectonics; the recent activity can be shown. Geomorphological analyses allow the study of modifications that affect river basins, particularly modifications due to active tectonics, and investigate the morphotectonic evidence of the area such as, bisected alluvial fans deflected streams basin and cut Quaternary deposits. Morphometric indices are useful to analyze the influence of active tectonics in large areas. Considering that the study area is extensive and has numerous rivers and main faults, the study of Morphometric indices is useful. The aim of this paper is to extract information on tectonic activity and landscape evolution of the study area. This study focuses on the morphotectonic indices of the west Alborz and includes three principle streams the polrud, safarud and chalkrud. The study area is located in the west Alborz. Alborz, a part of Himalaya-Alp mountain range, has formed by convergence between Iranian microplate and Eurasia since Triassic Period and it is divided into West, Central and East Alborz. The study area comprised of a series of active faults and the mostly faults are reverse and thrust type with few normal faults. Main faults of study area include Khazar fault, samamus fault, kashachal fault, soheil fault, deylaman fault, zarinraje fault, lahijan fault. The DEM data of 30 m have been used to generate the drainage basins of all the catchments. The seven indices: Hierarchical anomalies (Δa), Bifurcation (R), Drainage density (Dd), Stream length–gradient index (SL) Form factor (Ff), Relative relief (Bh), and hypermetric integral (Hi) for each subbasin were measured and a unit index obtained as index of active tectonics (Iat). Afterwards the relationship between indices with morphotectonic characteristics and active faults of the area was investigated. In this study we use of survey satellite image1:100,000 geological maps of Geological Survey of Iran, digital elevation model. The field observations show that this study area has been active tectonic and the Basin morphometric indices to evaluate the active tectonic activity of river basins. In order to evaluate the active tectonic seven morphometric indices were used as follow: Hierarchical anomalies (Δa), Bifurcation (R), Drainage density (Dd), Stream length–gradient index (SL) Form factor (Ff), Relative relief (Bh), and hypermetric integral (Hi) and finally tectonic activity Index (Iat) was measured in 38 sub basins in the study area. Anomalies of the stream length gradient are associated with the faults Including Khazar fault, samamus fault, noosha fault, soheil fault. The drastic increase in SL occurs at the subbasin 35 related to kashachal fault. The High hypsometric integral and convex hypsometric curves indicate younger stage of landscapes and relate to neotectonic rejuvenation. The hypsometric Integral (Hi) index is calculated in range between 0 and 0.6, high values of the hypsometric integral are convex, and these values are generally greater than 0.35. The results of our study indicate that the highest mean value of Hi in subbasin 35 has undergone the highest intensity of neotectonic activity of kashachal fault. By using relative tectonic activity Index (Iat) the area was divided into 4 classes of tectonic activites as very high, high, medium and low. In the study area, about two thirds of the total area, Iat is classified as 1, meaning high to very high active tectonics In this research Various geomorphic features and landforms were observed in the study area where fault scarps ، unpaired terraces،V-shape valleys. Triangular facets, hanging valleys, deformed alluvial fan deposits, and deep gorges incised near mountain fronts exist. Results obtained show that central and south portion has the highest rate of tectonic activity and moderate relative tectonic activities level, has been found in the Nw and Sw part of the study area. While in the northern parts of the coast the value of this indicator is very low and tectonic activity is low.The results indicate the recent tectonic activity by movements of several faults such as Khazar fault, samamus fault, noosha fault, soheil fault, deylaman fault, zarinraje fault and lahijan fault of the study area.

  The active deformation in Iran is caused by Arabia- Eurasia convergence. This agent creates morphotectonic landforms in each part of Iran. The importance of understanding the tectonic regime in the direction of morphotectonic studies of each district, and the potential hazards of land area and thus make their management and preventive measures necessary to reduce their effects on the role of human structures. In the in most studies related to the recognition of the status of the first step in the morphotectonic region, paying special attention to the superficial geomorphic evidence and linear, then the data of Geophysics supplement and seismicity region. The evidence of active tectonic regime in the dominant understanding of the tectonic and mechanism of folds – fault is extremely helpful to identification of it. Study the evolution of the Quaternary, including geometric geomorphologically drainage action; and alluvial fans are factors that can help them to the position of the land area of each area. In this study, try to study active tectonic marker and landforms with evidence reviews and located in median of Shotori Mountains and Tabas Playa, landforms and evolutions of them by recognizing of deformation and stream patterns. In this study Folds, alluvial fans, earthquakes, faults, streams and cliffs has been studied.
Method and materials
In order to study area, we use remote sensing capabilities such as; sentinel, landsat 8, Quickbirds and DEM30m to recognize the structural of surface landforms (alluvial fans, folds) and lines (drainage networks, rivers, faults, cliffs). Following, we used ENVI and ArcGIS softwares to detection and drawing of maps. We used seismic data of Institute of Geophysics (2006-2016) and USGS (1900-2016). Finally, the geometric display of their displacement was done in Focal Mechanisms.
Discussion and results (Evidence of active tectonics)
Alluvial fans;
The study of satellite imagery and geological maps of the area, especially in the west of the Shotori Mountains, reveals large and numerous alluvial fans, sometimes created to the desert along the lower sections and developed and expanded by the sedimentation of seasonal and permanent rivers. These alluvial fans are joined in most parts of southern Tabas. According to the criteria for the differentiation of alluvial fans from each other, three types of old, active and midway are identified at the confluence of the Tabas playa and Shotori Mountains as continuous.
Folds and antecedences;
There are several new folds in quaternary sediments in median of Shotori Mountains and Tabas Playa. One of them cases is Tabas (or Sardar) fold in north of Tabs city. This fold appearance among the old alluvial fan Tabas and Sardar River excavated hardly it. As Sardar River make a deep gorgeous (canyon) through this fold. Another folds like Tabas fold are; Fahlanj fold, north Fahlanj fold, Fosha fold.
Cliffs;
The origin of the cliffs or tectonic cliffs of the study area are the strike slip and reverse faults. As Tabas fault cause sever cliff more than 100 meter by North-South direction.
Faults;
Faults are important tectonic elements in the creation of various early landforms such as Horst, Graben, Thrust, etc. more of faults in the study area to follow Nayband fault system N-S direction. In the center of the fold east of the village of Estahpak, there is an active strike-slip fault series that displaces sandstone and conglomerate sediments of Miocene up to 130 meters. Estahpak fault and its lateral branches in some cases displaced the Quaternary sedimentary layers up to 330 meters. In Fosha fold, strike slip displacement Quaternary up 350 meters.
Stream and rivers (Drainages networks);
Stream and rivers are so sensitive to tectonic and response to it quickly. Straight Right Stroke Fault Estahpak causes displacement of streams up to 390 meters.
Geophysics;
According to seismic data from the US Geological Survey, from 1973 to 2016, about 60 earthquakes ranged from 4.5 to 7.4 magnitudes has been occurred. Meanwhile, the average depth of earthquakes is at an approximate depth of 31 km, which is the earthquake centers between depths of 58 - 2 km. The focus of earthquake centers at the beginning of the mountain front and immediately after the occurrence of roughness. In 1979, after the Tabas earthquake, a fracture with a length of 80 kilometers along the Tabas fault was created and killed more than 25000 people by 7.6 magnitude. Indications of active, fault-driven folding and drainage incision, fans and cliffs are present in the landscape in Tabas. The morphotectonic and geomorphologic evidence of the Tabas area indicates the strong impact of ground forces building on surface landforms such as; alluvial fans, folds, stream and rivers, cliffs, faults. The effect of the new tectonic forces on the alluvial fans is the formation of a multi-stage convex alluvial fans or, in other words, three layers in the southern slopes of Tabas, and the growth of the folds. The anticlines are also other morphotectonic evidence in the Tabas area. The superficial and linear morphotectonic evidence in Tabas indicates the high tension and the strong dynamics of ground forces, as well as the existence of faults with thrust, strike slip, and hybrid mechanisms. Overall, the aggregate evidence also suggests that the tectonic forces of the eastern Playa Tabas are more active than the western highlands section. The presence of fans, faults and anticlines in the eastern part of the Tabas playa is due to this.
Key words; Tabass, Active Tectonics, Morphotectonic, Quaternary landforms

Tectonic geomorphology is defined as the study of landforms produced by tectonic processes, or the application of geomorphic principles to the solution of tectonic problems. (zovoili,2004). These indices have been developed as basic reconnaissance tools to identify areas experiencing rapid tectonic deformation (keller & Pinter, 1996). For study of morphotectonic of region, we must receive the geomorphic indices. These indices are particularly used to study active tectonics.
In this paper we are undertaking a tectonic geomorphology of Maroon River catchment. That the aim of this paper is to determine the most geomorphic indexes such as SL (stream- Length gradient), AF (Asymmetry factor) , Vf (Vf Ratio of valley floor width to valley height), B (Basin shape index), Smf (Mountain front sinuosity index), P (Drainage density),
This paper focuses on the application of morphometric analysis at Maroon River catchment in southwest Iran and geomorphic development of Maroon River in response to the neotectonic movements along catchment.
The stream length-gradient index is correclated to stream power and is defined as , where is the length of the stream from the point of interest, is the change in elevation of the reach and is the length of the reach.the SL index is very sensitive to changes in channel slope, to rock resistance, to topography and to the length of the stream.
The asymmetry factor (AF) is used to indicate tectonic tilting at scale of drainage basin and is calculated by equation where is the area of the right- hand side basin and is total area of the drainage basin.
Triangular facets are interpreted as variably degraded remnants of fault generated footwall scarps. The Vf index is related to the shape of the valley and is calculated by equation , where Is the width of the valley floor, are the elevation of the left and right valley divides, respectively, and is the elevation of the valley floor.
The Smf index reflects the balance between erosional and tectonic forces affecting a mountain front and is defined as where is the length of the mountain front and is the straight line length of the mountain front.
The area of research is located on southwestern of Iran in Zagros Mountains at Khuzestan province. In this research we studied Maroon River that originated in the Zagros Mountain. It forms a large alluvial fan. The start (source) from Sadat-Nil mountains and terminated to Jarahi River. The length of Maroon River is approximately 280km. The Maroon River basin depended on altitude have some different climate. The high land and mountains (up 2500meters) have cold Mediterranean climate, and hill area have Subtropical (2500 – 1000meters) and low land and plains have semiarid. From geomorphology viewpoint, three morphologic faces are dominant on Khuzestan province. At first rocky units which are located in north east of the province. Second; hill units which have coverage in areas located around Dezful, Ramhormoz & Ahwaz cities. Third, alluvial plains & flood plains that form the grounds located in south of Ahwaz to Persian gulf beaches & are a kind of deposited geomorphologies. Mountainous part in Khuzestan is a sample from uniform folded mountainous masses that are named folded Zagros in considering having special lithologic and structural characteristics. Alluvial coverage has hidden geological characteristics of Arabian plat form but regional data especially geophysical data indicates that in this part of the province, sedimentary sequences have clastic facies and a trend of N-S, as very open folds with sides near to horizon have been folded. Geological formations of Khuzestan zone has been thrust as a part of folded Zagros have been formed in sedimentary and tectonic condition hence they have considerable facial differences in terms of time and space.
In this paper we used Arial image, topographical maps, geological maps, Digital Elevation model, field work and applied software such as ArcGIS, Google Earth,
In this paper some of formula of geomorphic indices has improved and some of them have changed. In some indices the authors designed the new formula. The geomorphic indices in this article were calculated. And for any indices the histograms and tables were prepared.
In Behbahan plain and Aghajari plain and the behind of the Maroon River there are some prehistorical settlement and ancient sites and historic sites. The tectonic and geomorphology landscapes influenced in location these sites. During the time some of the sites were abandoned because of tectonic processing and landscapes
In this paper the geomorphic indices have calculated and compared with standard tables and formula and it was concluded that the Maroon River catchment have a high active tectonic and influenced in landscapes.
In the end of paper the authors assessment the theory of errors of geomorphic indices.

Alluvial fans as one of the major geomorphological forms of water reservoir are very important, such that most of urban and rural centers of Iran, especially in central and eastern sections are located on alluvial fans. They are usually controlled by geomorphological forms of tectonic activity along with climate change. Alluvial fans are located in the southern half of the drainage basin of Birjand. Due to their proximity to the city and the residential areas, they are very important. BagheranMountains in the south part of Birjand are part of Sistan area. The most important rock units in the upper Cretaceous include ophiolitic mixture, flysh, congelomerate and the oldest unit is related to that era. In this study the geomorphology evidence of the area has been used to investigate the morphotectonic activity. In order to do this purpose, we used sime indices. Review of the samples of sediment aggradation and drainage network on alluvial fans show how climate and tectonic have influenced them. Field observations and sediments granolometry have been used for this purpose. The results of the analysis also show young tectonics and dynamic processes of external activities intensity performance in the region. Also granolometery analysis of the area as evidence of tectonic activity result in alluvial fans landforms transitional to the bajada plains indicated that climate change and wind erosion have higher intensity on landforms.

Identification of active tectonic zones، especially in regions of structural converge to the potential risk of considerable importance to them. On the other hand، due to the physical limitations of surveys in these areas with rough topography is difficult and conflicting. In this study، using remote sensing techniques، Geomorphometry and limited fieldwork، morphometric and geomorphologic characteristics Roudak in the North East of Tehran TecDEM model was implemented in Matlab software، the digital data (digital elevation model) and extraction have been analyzed. The results and analysis of structural elements Morphotectonic Publications such as the longitudinal profile of the river، flow directions، basin morphology، the change in slope، equal maps، calculate indicators of tectonic geomorphology and curves of hypsometry and sleekness of the strain and the resulting action tectonic forces have responded reflect changes on the watershed and the young and active Morphotectonic it now. To investigate active tectonics in the study area، using geological maps scale 1:100،000 for، knows، MarzanAbad and Tehran area that it is located in the catchment area، to evaluate the number and types of faults in the area Also in the region، and evidence of active tectonic faulting in the area including the separation of large and small pieces of stone from steep slopes that raise the risk of loss in the study and were observed. Finally using DEM and DTM software Tecdem1. 0 ArcGis10. 0 and overall catchment area Roudak and then sub-basins have been extracted. To study the tectonic activity in the area of software Tecdem، DEM، you must map to bring Depression less، so that a height map of the study area should be free of any surface discontinuities. The map is based on the tectonic influence of topography changes and the resulting change in classification confirms drainage basin. The different algorithms in terms of accessions to run on different software by researchers to analyze the tectonic activities there; one of them recently for the analysis of geomorphic used by Annex TecDEM is. The rider in the first step، attention and effort to develop a single system to run most of the techniques used in the analysis of tectonic TecDEM based software MATLAB، in order to understand the tectonic activity of the Digital Elevation Model DEM uses. The capabilities of this software can be used to create a longitudinal profile of the river، the calculation of flow directions، extracting watershed، determine the slope change، tectonic maps of the equal and index noted. According to the index calculated by the single tail and troughs of the index gradient، the gradient of the river slope، topographic symmetry of the integral cross hypsometry، the active tectonics of the basin has been proven. The sub watershed 4 Garmabdar highest rates of basin and watershed activities Meygoon lowest rates of tectonic activity index based on the concavity and slope index and slope gradient. While the rate of tectonic activity، based on the topography of the transverse symmetry، basins 1 and 3 shows the maximum tilt. There are also all sub-basin hypsometry curves of young people in the catchment basins (4) shows that most of its convexity. Despite the difference in the indices، the mean indicate tectonic regime in the study area and in the area of youth. Tectonic activity، the amorphous network of rivers. Study of the nature of this disorder can be associated with a great understanding of the origin and direction of tectonic activity areas. Because the pattern of drainage network development، including indicators that are very sensitive to changes in tectonic activity (chlorine Bunter، 1996:1). Studies conducted in recent years the role of neotectonic activity in the formation of river systems (destroyed، 15:2003). Dents and powerful gradient analysis of indicators for neotectonic study by analyzing the flow of the river that the tectonically active regions go، is. Match field studies and library studies were carried out on the geological map of 1:100،000 in the studies performed by the software Tecdem and indicators tectonic geomorphology and maps produced by the Demonstrates the proper use and application of these methods in the analysis of tectonic zones is Tecdem especially in relation to areas that may not be possible to study its field.

This research quantitatively evaluates the role of active tectonic in the development of landforms and zoning of tectonic vulnerability in Kamyaran County, south of Kurdistan Province. Study area, includes two basins called Sirwan and Razavar. The extracted data from topographic and geologic maps, satellite imagery and field work, were analyzed by means of Arc GIS and Excel software. For quantitative assessment of the role of active tectonic in the evolution of landforms, the morphsotectonic indexes ( river longitudinal gradient, mountain- front sinuosity, the ratio of valley floor width to valley height, and asymmetric index of watershed) were used and the results were presented as the relative index of tectonic activity (Iat). For providing tectonic vulnerability zoning, the maps of natural variables (slope, water table, lithological resistant, distance from faults) were overlaid and data was analyzed using AHP model in Arc GIS software. The results indicate that due to geographical position of the county in both Sanandaj-Sirjan and High Zagros zones, variety of lithology and existence of faults, geographically and geologically is of great importance. The results of morphometric parameters in both basins indicate that the area tectonically is active. Based on the Iat index, both northern and southern basins are in the class of intense tectonic activity. According to the vulnerability map of AHP model, highest relative risk areas are located in the north, south west and some parts of north east of the area. The central parts of the northern and southern basins have a moderate vulnerability. Most of the study area is rated as the more vulnerable and the lowest relative.

Alluvial fans are depositional landforms formed where a confined feeder channel emerges from a drainage basin, i.e. between a mountain range and a plain. An alluvial fan is a fan- or cone-shaped deposit of sediment crossed and built up by streams. If a fan is built up by debris flows it is properly called a debris cone or colluvial fan. These flows come from a single point source at the apex of the fan, and over time move to occupy many positions on the fan surface. Fans are typically found where a canyon draining from mountainous terrain emerges out onto a flatter plain, and especially along fault-bounded mountain fronts.Alluvial fans are gently sloping, cone-to fan-shaped landforms created over thousands to millions of years by deposition of eroded sediment at the base of mountain ranges. They are easily recognized in arid, to semi-arid environments such as that of the bajada of southern Binalud. A convergence of neighboring alluvial fans into a single apron of deposits against a slope is called a bajada, or compound alluvial fan. The term active refers to that portion of an alluvial fan where deposition, erosion, and unstable flow paths are possible. If flooding and deposition have occurred on a part of an alluvial fan in the past 100 years, that part of the fan can be considered active. This conclusion can be supported by historic records, photographs, aerial photography, and engineering and geomorphic information. The main objective of this paper is to study the relationship between morphotectonic properties and alluvial fans hazard severity in the alluvial fans located southern Binalud, in order to understand vulnerability of settlements established in these fans. Alluvial fans can be a source of major hazards. Recognizing the type of depositional process (e.g. debris flows, rock avalanches, and sheet floods) in the early stage of urban planning and land development will prevent loss of lives and damage to infrastructure. According to the correlation between active tectonic and hazard severity, has been analyzed urban vulnerability of alluvial fans. In this article to analyze urban vulnerability and hazard severity classification of alluvial fans, in the first step, based on four morphotectonic indices including Vf, AF, Smf and fan conically index, tectonic degree of each alluvial fan was determined. Then, using acceptability index and central weight vector, was measured utility of each morphotectonic index considering weight vector and effectiveness on urban vulnerability. The rank acceptability index describes the share of parameter values granting alternative xi rank r.The most acceptable (best) alternatives are those with high acceptability for the best (smallest) ranks.The central weight vector is defined as the expected center of gravity of the favorable weight space.The confidence factor is defined as the probability for an alternative to be the preferred one with the preferences expressed by its central weight vector.Ultimately three hazard classes were identified for alluvial fan risk. Results indicated that three alluvial fans involving Bozmehran 1, Kharv and Darroud have been gained most acceptability for first rank. Results showed that Vf and Smf are main morphotectonic indices to high acceptability for Kharv and Darroud. This status in the Bozmehran1 was equal for all approximately. The vulnerability classification showed that alluvial fan of Bozmehran 1 has high severity and then population of this region is in face of geomorphological hazards. Also this condition is true for Bozmehran 2.The acceptability analysis for Nishabur city as main settlement established in alluvial fan is different. The result showed that Nishabur obtained moderate vulnerability class which refers to ratio of alluvial fan shape in this area. In spite of active tectonic for AF and Vf, shape ratio 1 for this alluvial fan decline the effects of other tectonic indices. In general landslide and flooding according to the faults and climate conditions in Binalud is probable and possible. So a risk management is needed to mange urban developed on alluvial fan located Binalud. Alluvial fans are flat to gently-sloping masses of loose rock material (largely sand and gravel) that are shaped like an open fan. They form at the base of mountains where fast-flowing streams meet relatively-flat surfaces of basin floors or broad valleys. In this article, has been analyzed correlation between tectonic condition and hazard potential in alluvial fans located south Binalud using acceptability index. Results showed that urban of Bozmehran, Kharv and Darroud are high vulnerable to hazard.