جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "oriented" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Introduction Semi-automated extraction of selected landform types from land-surface models such as digital elevation models (DEMs), curvatures, and slope gradients is of particular interest in geomorphology, hydrology and related fields(Eisank et al,2010:1). Geomorphometry is the science of quantitative land-surface analysis (Pike, 1995, 2000a; Rasemann et al., 2004). The morphometry of landforms perse, by or without the use of digital data, is more correctly considered part of quantitative geomorphology (Thorn, 1988; Scheidegger, 1991 Leopold et al., 1995; Rhoads and Thorn, 1996).
Evans (1972) was the first person that divided Geomorphometry in two branches the general and special Geomorphometry, in special Geomorphometry More is be discussed landforms and geomorphic processes such as glaciers and runoff in geomorphometry terrain segmentation is an approach for structuring terrain data such as digital elevation model(DEM) via derived land-surface into spatially discrete plan-view areas known as terrain units(strobl,2008).The shape of terrain, i.e. landforms, influence the flow of surface water, transport of sediments, soil production, and determines climate on local and regional scales, furthermore, natural phenomena like vegetation are directly influenced by landform patterns and their relative position across the landscape Landforms although have different meaning to different disciplines, they reveal common physiological and morphological characteristics of terrain which may guide through understanding past and present processes acting on terrain and provide necessary information to related disciplines about land characteristics and potentials(Gerçek, 2010:9). In this study, using MRS algorithms and Ecognition software have been studied glacial landforms the northern slopes of Sabalan.
Methodology In this study, the DEM and derivative of its, have been used in order to extract glacial landforms. To prepare the digital elevation model layer have been used of topographic maps with 1: 25000 scale. Profile curvature, plan curvature and mean curvature are three important layers used in this study.The semi-automated methods refer to the automatic procedures of extracting landform based-process. This is mainly relying on unsupervised isodata classification, pixel-based clasification (supervised /subpixel classifier based on training material), analysis of digital elevation models (DEM), algorithms, hydrological modelling and object oriented analysis (Nabil and Moawad, 2014:42). In this study object-oriented methods and Ecognition software is used for classification and extraction of landforms.
Results and discussion In this study, we are looking for are extracted cirques the northern slopes of Sabalan. This area because of the high altitude receives high humidity this precipitation is mainly in the form of snow and is appropriate for the formation of glacier and for cirques. A cirque is one of the most prominent forms of glacial erosion (Embleton and Hamann, 1988). According to Evans (2004: 154) cirques are “hollows formed at glacial sources in mountains and partly enclosed by steep, arcuate slopes (headwalls)”. In general cirques exhibit concave shape in both plan and profile direction, with a size ranging from hundreds of metres to a few kilometers (Glasser and Bennett, 2004). They are typically composed of a cirque crest, a steep headwall, and a gentler cirque floor often filled by a cirque lake. For extraction of circus having profile curvature, plan curvature and mean curvature layers is necessary. With respect to this aforementioned layers were obtained in the SAGA software.
Scale parameter is a crucial threshold that determines the maximum allowed heterogeneity for segmentation, which has a direct influence on the size of the objects to be obtained. Scale parameter is recognized after a trial and error process (Gerçek, 2010:115). In this study ultimately scale of 36 was selected for the segmentation.
Extracting ridge line position is very important in determining and identifying the the cirque. According to the morphometry of this landforms for classification the ridge were used convex shapes in layers.
In general, the convex shape of the ridge is determined by the positive values in mean and plan curvature. The Ecognition software and MRS algorithm was used for the execution of the model and Segmentation of the layers. Ridge layer was obtained by defining morphometriy characteristics of the ridge and comparing the results with field data. Finally, according to the semantic model of research, the relevant rules defined in Ecognition software and was extracted circus position.
Conclusion In this study glacial landforms (circus) were extracted with semi-automatic approach and by using object-oriented approach in northern slopes of Sabalan. The Result of research were presented in the form of a map which shows the location circuses.

A feature of the tribalandtribal communities and tribalstructure is usually "Khishavand gerayi". Heterogeneityin terms ofethnic groups, minorities and geographicaldiversity usually reduces thenational integration of thegovernment. The present research, aims to study the role ofclan-oriented traditions in the level of socialsecurity of the citizens. The methodology used inthis research is descriptive-analytica land practical-theoretical. The information was gathering by library research and field research; questionnaires were distributed and interviews were done with residents of Izeh. The population of thisresearch includes all citizens above15 in Izeh. A sample of 348 individualsis obtained through Cochran formula. And finally,the information was analyzed with thespss softwareusingPearson and Spearmantest. The results arepresentedin the tables. GIS software for map editing Helpingtake. Theresults show that52.6 percent ofparticipants were women and 45.1 percent ofparticipants were men. 36.5 percent were single and 50.9 percent were married. 55.2 percent of the citizens of Izeh contend that their sense of social insecurity has its roots in the tribal culture of Izeh. 40 percent of the citizens are prejudiced about their clan.43 percent of the citizens state that tribal conflicts are the source of their social insecurity.55.2 Environment tribe town, 43.0 Percentis viewedsense of insecuritycausedtribeclashes. 21.5 Percentthetribeconflictshave leftwhere you live.19.0 Percentat the timeclashes between tribesintown atmosphere do did not come and go. There is a significant direct relation between education, prejudiced opinions about ethnicity, and sense of social insecurity. And, there is negative significant relation between having tribal prejudices and feeling socially insecure.

Exhausted texture, i.e. physical and social exhaustion, is the product of the interaction of social processes and geographical space. Therefore, the improvement and renovation of old urban tissue have always been one of the problems and challenges in today’s cities that has made scholars and managers of the various areas try to bring the modernization and improvement. Regarding this issue, various theories and approaches such as reconstruction, improvement, renovation, empowerment, etc. have been proposed and tested in recent decades. In Iran, these issues have been formed scattered and sometimes contradictory with texture features. That is why social and cultural fabric of the building has been ripped off. This is the result of purely functionalist, economical and weak culture-oriented (traditional) view in which the people’s participation is not considered in the intervention to the exhausted fabric. This paper by using description-explanation method, firstly investigates definitions and concepts related to exhausted fabric and intervention ways and next by case study (Zeinabieh quarter of Zanjan city) investigates the necessity for using a combination of functionalism and culture-oriented approach. Methods of data collection in this research are library and survey. In the survey method, by using the sampling Cochran, 100 of the residents are chosen randomly and the questionnaires are filled in by them, after that the data are transferred to SPSS software. Then, the chi-square and t-test statistical analysis were used to perform data analysis and test hypotheses. Findings show that mixed approach with joining functionalist (economy-oriented) and culture-oriented (traditionalist) with the aim of increasing the land value, their productivity and keeping cultural identity and social elements of the exhausted fabric will be the best method for intervention to exhausted fabrics. By using the proposed approach, the benefits of functionalist approach are achieved and advantages of culture-oriented approach are guaranteed.