جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « t.i.b.i index » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

One of the most important consequences of the rapid growth of urbanization and the physical development of the country's cities in the past decades is the breakdown of the distribution system of urban service centers, which has become the basis for social inequality of citizens and the level of enjoyment of urban services. In the meantime, medical services are of particular importance, so that the weakness and inefficiency of the management in the matter of providing optimal services in this field will have extensive negative consequences. In this research, we investigated the access of the population to the hospital as an integral part of a social organization that is responsible for providing complete health care including treatment and prevention measures in the population as an important measure in the health of the city in smartness. we paid In the current research, using the 2-step method of the floating basin, using network analysis and pre-processing of population blocks, to prevent the inflation of supply and demand, we have created the access limits of the population to the hospital. The results show that according to the growth of the urban population and the direction of these changes in each studied urban area, the population's access to the hospital is poor and limited population blocks have appropriate access, inappropriate distribution and dispersion in the location of hospitals and lack of planning regarding Increasing the approved beds and activating the beds are the things that cause the lack of easy and quick access to these services for the population of southern areas of Tehran.

The increasing human needs and changes in climate patterns have led to the construction of water storage structures to meet the water demand in many regions worldwide, including Iran. Consequently, the hydrological regimes of rivers in various parts of Iran, due to human activities such as dam construction, have undergone alterations in recent decades. Understanding the effects of dams on river hydrological regimes is essential for river flow management and the preservation of river ecosystems. In this regard, the present study assesses the changes in the health of the Urmia's Shahrchai River flow during three periods: pre-dam construction, dam construction, and dam operation, from 1951 to 2017, through calculating different flow health related indices. The results indicate that the deviation of all hydrological health sub-indices in the post-dam construction period is higher than the pre-dam construction period. Moreover, the deviation of flow regime sub-indicators was predominantly low to moderate until 1998 and varied from low to very high after 1998. Additionally, the highest deviation of studied flow health-related indices occurred during the reference and dam operation periods for flood occurrence and minimum monthly flow, respectively, while during the dam construction period, it pertained to minimum monthly flow. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the hydrologic health of Shahrchai River flow decreased by approximately 16% and 45% during the dam construction/operation periods, respectively, compared to the reference period. The results of this study can be utilized in the understanding of flow alteration and the sustainable regulation of the Shahrchai River flow regime.

The extended periods of drought, decrease in vegetation, and enlargement of the salt playa at Lake Urmia have resulted in the formation of local dust hotspots on the periphery of Lake Urmia in East Azarbaijan province. The objective of this study was to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of wind erosion in East Azarbaijan province using the DSI index. To achieve this, a set of weather data recorded over the past 30 years at specific codes in meteorological stations was compiled. Subsequently, the Mann-Kendall test was employed to assess the presence of a trend in the data series. Following this, the frequency of dust storms was calculated using the DSI index, and a spatial distribution map was generated in the GIS. The results of the Mann-Kendall test indicated that the slope of the trend for both local and extra-local dust storms in the province is on the rise. However, only the trend in extra-local dust storms is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. The findings of the research revealed that the majority of the observed dust storms originate from outside the local area in East Azarbaijan province. Nevertheless, there has been a relative increase in the frequency of local dust storms in recent years, which can be attributed to the prolonged droughts resulting in reduced vegetation and the expansion of the playa of Lake Urmia. In this context, the highest frequency of dust storms has been observed at the Tabriz, Sahand, and Maragheh meteorological stations near Lake Urmia.

The purpose of this study is Compretive assessing of urban vitality status in neighborhoods of region 2 Ahvaz metropolis. This research in terms of purpose is Applied-developmental and in terms of review method is Descriptive-analytical research and in terms of data collection methods is retail survey research. Statistical community of this study Composed All citizen’s resident in the four districts of the region 4 in Ahvaz city, their number is 107274 people. Sample size was determined Using the Cochran's formula is 382 people, which selected by stratified random sampling method. Data analysis done in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics Using one-sample t-test and one-way Anova and by SPSS software. The results of one-sample t-test show that: Average social index of urban vitality has been 3.37 and Average economic and physical-spatial indicators respectively equal to 2.88 and 2.82. As a result, we can say that region 2 of Ahvaz city In terms of social indicator has been in relatively favorable condition and In terms of economic and physical-spatial indicators in relatively unfavorable condition. In the following the results of one-way Anova test show that: Between four areas in region 2 of Ahvaz city there is a significant difference In terms of having urban vitality indicators. Comparison Averages obtained showed, In terms of all urban vitality indicators, have earned District 1 (Including Kianabad and Western streets of Kianpars) and District 2 (Amaniyeh neighborhood), First and second ranks and District 4 (Including Kianshahr and Zardosht) and District 3 (Eastern streets of Kianpars and Seyed Khalf neighborhood), respectively Third and fourth ranks.

Land is a vital natural resource for human survival and the basis of all ecosystem services. However, land degradation through land use and land cover changes has become a serious global issue. Rural-urban migration in developing countries, along with the conversion of nearby villages into urban areas, has largely driven the rapid increase in urban settlements. Evidence shows that northern Iran has been experiencing rapid land use changes, which have endangered the region's stability over the last three decades. This article aims to identify and compare the growth and expansion changes of Amol city, located in Mazandaran province, over three decades from 1986 to 2016. Urban growth is defined by the absolute increase in the population living in cities, while urban sprawl is defined by changes in land cover over time.

To produce images of land cover changes in different years, Landsat time series image data (TM, ETM+, and OLI/TIRS sensors) were used. A linear unmixing model based on the extraction of end members was employed, identifying two classes of land: urban and non-urban. To verify the classification accuracy, high-resolution images from Google Earth and field observations using GPS were employed. Moran's spatial autocorrelation analysis tool was used to analyze the spatial distribution of land cover, and the trend analysis tool in ArcGIS software was employed to analyze the trend of spatial changes in urban land.

The findings show that the city's population doubling over these three decades has not only been accompanied by a 60% horizontal expansion into surrounding green and open lands but also increased building density and the number of floors. Validation of land cover classification, using the ambiguity error matrix, with an overall accuracy of over 90% and a kappa coefficient of over 80% for the obtained images, indicates high accuracy. Based on Moran's spatial autocorrelation analysis, the development of Amol City follows a cluster structure. Calculating the difference in land cover data over the 20 years from 1996 to 2016 revealed that 28 percent of the total city area, equivalent to 890 hectares, has undergone significant changes, including fundamental alterations in land use and land cover. The expansion of Amol City has generally occurred from the center to the periphery, with the least changes in the central parts and the most changes in the northern and eastern parts of the city.

Population growth and urban expansion not only lead to the destruction of natural resources and the environment but also exacerbate urban management problems in providing infrastructure and services. Therefore, the goal of planning should be to achieve optimal development that prevents increased migration from villages to cities. This can be achieved both at the macro level, by distributing urban roles complementarily and strengthening the role of villages, and at the local level, by emphasizing the balanced distribution of the city's population and endogenous growth.

This research evaluates the influence of climate change on precipitation, temperature, and evapotranspiration in Iran, a region with diverse climatic conditions, using UNEP and Demartonne climate classification systems to explore changes in Iran's climatic zones from the reference period (1961-1990) to the most recent normal period (1993-2022). The results show a decrease in the number of humid climate stations and an increase in semi-arid, dry, and desert stations under both classification methods. Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope analyses reveal significant decreases in precipitation, and increases in temperature and evapotranspiration in over 75% of the stations, with the highest annual precipitation decrease observed in Gorgan, and the highest temperature and evapotranspiration increases in Mashhad and Ahvaz, respectively. The findings suggest that Iran's climate is rapidly shifting towards drier conditions due to global warming, with approximately 13 stations having shifted to drier conditions and 29 stations experiencing increased aridity when comparing the two normal periods. These results align with previous studies, highlighting the urgent need to address the impacts of climate change in Iran and providing valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to develop effective strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the region.

Dust at different levels in the city can be a good indicator of the presence of these heavy metals in the city, therefore the main goal of the present study is the spatial analysis of heavy metal contamination of surface dust in the northwestern area of Tabriz city. For analyzing, Moran's index, hot spot analysis and ANOVA test were used in Arc Gis10.8 and Spss20 software. The studied heavy metals included; lead, chromium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. For this purpose, samples were taken from 12 stations in the area. After the initial preparation, the concentration of heavy metals in the samples was obtained using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Based on the findings of the Moran index, the research showed that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution follows a cluster pattern, . Moran's index analysis shows the highest z score of 204.24 and 140.12 respectively for zinc and copper metal, which shows the intense spatial concentration of these two polluting elements in the studied area.The results of the ANOVA test also showed that the level of heavy metal pollution changes with the type of use. In fact, it can be said that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution differs according to the type of urban use. The most observed pollutions were in commercial-service, administrative and law enforcement uses.

Climate is one of the most important factors in determining the appropriate time for tourism and development of tourism industry. In this study, in order to evaluate and zoning the ecotourism calendar in the northwest of the country, the Riemann model and physiological equivalent temperature index (PET) have been used. For this purpose, among the synoptic stations in the region, 19 stations with a statistical period of more than 30 years (1985-2014) were selected. Then, data related to climatic parameters in daily and hourly period were received from the Meteorological Organization. The comfort conditions of tourism climate and heat and cold stresses in different days and months of the year were evaluated using PET index and then zoned in GIS environment. The results showed that in most parts of the northwestern region, such as the cities of Tabriz, Urmia and Zanjan, there is almost a similar trend in tourism climate. In these cities, the best time for tourism activities is from mid-May to late June and from early September to mid-October. In contrast, in July and August for a very short period of low intensity heat stress and from late October to mid-April there are cold stresses with different intensities. But in mountainous areas such as Ardabil, Khalkhal, Sarab and Meshkinshahr, the tourist climate calendar is somewhat different; In these areas, the climate comfort period begins in early June and continues until mid-September. In these areas, during the summer months, there are very ideal climatic conditions for tourism activities.

Drought is one of the most complex natural disasters that causes economic, social and environmental damage and is often described as a creeping phenomenon. Drought monitoring using satellite images can represent the severity of drought in areas with a lack of meteorological precipitation data and compensate for its spatial and temporal deficiency. In this research, the drought of Golestan province has been investigated using SPI, TCI, VCI and VHI indices and with the help of MODIS sensor satellite images. Therefore, first, VHI, VCI and TCI drought index maps were extracted. The findings in the TCI index study showed that in 2000, more than 80% of the studied area experienced severe drought. Similarly, in 2010, 2017 and 2018, a significant part of the studied area was in a severe drought situation. By examining the VCI index, 2008, and 2011. The maps also show that a very severe meteorological drought occurred in 2008. In the study of the VHI index during a period of 21 years in the studied area, it showed that the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2021 have experienced a critical drought situation. Also, in the years 2000, 2008 and 2018, more than 60% of the area of the region was in a very severe drought situation. In general, most of the studied area is in the range of severe and severe drought classes, which requires attention to the optimal management of water resources in these areas.

Sand dunes are one of the most important landforms in arid and semi-arid regions, whose mobility varies depending on climatic factors, especially the speed and frequency of erosive winds, rainfall, and the amount of evaporation and transpiration, which always causes many problems for the activity of these dunes. Therefore, monitoring climatic factors and analyzing dust events can be a positive step toward knowing the factors affecting their activity and predicting their mobility status in the future. Lut desert, with its huge amount of sand masses, is one of the most active places concerning changes in wind speed and direction. The eastern part of this region, which includes the largest sand mass of Iran, the Yalan sand, is dominated by the 120-day winds, which doubles the importance of investigating the winds and their shaping role during the blowing season of these winds. Based on this, the current research was conducted to analyze the mobility of quicksands in Lut plain stations in the past and predict their conditions in the future.

The study area includes the Lut desert located in Kerman province. To conduct this research, average monthly values of climatic elements including temperature, rainfall, hourly data related to horizontal field of view, wind speed and direction, and the code of various dust phenomena were used. These data were received from the Meteorological Organization of seven synoptic stations that have statistics for 20 years (2002 to 2021). Investigating the changes of climatic parameters over 20 years, investigating the temporal and spatial mechanism pattern of dust, wind and storm rose, calculating the amount of evaporation and transpiration using the Torrent-White method, investigating the condition of dunes using the Lancaster index were the main steps of the current research. The mobility of quicksands was texted using a sensitivity analysis and at the end, the zoning maps of the final sand transport potential were prepared using ArcGIS software.

The results showed that the stations leading to Lut plain are facing a decrease in rainfall and an increase in temperature, evaporation, and transpiration. The changes in wind speed are high in Shahdad station and low in Baft station, and the prevailing wind direction in most of the studied stations is west and north. The highest frequency of local and extra-local winds is related to Nehbandan station with 1090 days and Bam station with 791 days, and the lowest frequency of winds is Local and extra-local corresponding to Baft station with 23 and 31 days, respectively. The calculation of the aridity index of the stations showed that the index of prevailing climatic conditions in the region is dry, ultra-arid, and semi-arid due to the activeness of wind deposits and the peak time of local events in the stations located in plain areas, and this means Shahdad station has become a real desert in terms of desertification risk, Baft station is under severe desertification risk, and other five stations are under very severe desertification risk. With the reduction of the UNEP aridity index and the increase of the aridity of the environment, the amount of sand mobility in the whole Lut plain is increased and the risk of desertification in the region is intensified. Based on the sensitivity analysis, if in the future the frequency of winds exceeds the erosion threshold by 30%, the activity and movement of dunes will increase by 30%, while with a 30% increase in rainfall, the dune activity will decrease by 43%. Also, the sand mobility index has a positive relationship with changes in evaporation and transpiration. With a 30 % increase in evaporation and transpiration and the speed of erosive winds, the activity and movement of dunes increase by up to 70 %, and with a 30 % decrease in these two meteorological indicators, the activity and movement of dunes decrease by 50 %.

By calculating the Lancaster index, the potential activity of dunes has been determined and the active and inactive areas have been separated. The results of the zoning of this index showed that in the studied area, the activity level of dunes is mostly completely active and active at the top of the dunes. It is inactive only in Bam station, which has been done to stabilize and reduce dust activity and management measures such as planting trees, hand-planting desert forests, dunes, and mulching. However, due to the activity of the dunes in other stations, these measures are not enough and need new management and planning. The results of the present research can be used to predict the future condition of dunes and determine appropriate management measures to control and reduce possible damage to other land uses in the region.

Teleconnection patterns by affecting the creation and non-creation of wind cause dust particles to rise from the surface of the earth into the air and create dust storms. This research aim is to evaluate the simultaneous effects of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) cycles on the fluctuation of dust storms in western Iran. For this purpose, dust storm codes and horizontal visibility of less than 1 km were used in 38 synoptic stations in western Iran during 1987-2022. By applying the statistical method, the outputs were transferred to the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment, and the zoning of the ratio of the averages was done with the kriging interpolation method. The findings showed that there is an inverse relationship between the teleconnections and the frequency of dust storms in most of the studied stations, which account for 95%, 58%, and 87% of the studied area in ENSO, IOD, and QBO indices, respectively. The highest correlation coefficients between -0.94 and -1 were observed in Piranshahr and Khalkhal stations, which is significant in the IOD index at the 99% confidence level. The results of the interpolation of the average dust ratio to the annual long-term average showed that the coincidence of the cold phase of ENSO with the negative phase of QBO had the greatest effect on the increase of annual dust storms in western Iran in the long-term, while the coincidence of the positive phase of IOD with the positive phase of QBO with a lesser effect is associated with increasing the frequency of dust storms.

The main purpose of the current research is to measure the comfort level of public primary schools in Karoun town based on Mahani and Gioni bioclimatic index. In this research, the meteorological data of temperature, precipitation, humidity and prevailing wind in a period of 30 years (1988-2018) have been used. The graphs are drawn with Climate Consultant and Excel software, and the maps are drawn with ArcGIS software. The results of the monthly index tables show that from June to August (3 months), the A1 dry index conditions prevail, which indicates the high fluctuation of daytime heat (more than 10 degrees Celsius) and low relative humidity, which causes discomfort. To solve this problem, it is suggested that materials with medium to high heat capacity should be used in the design of buildings. On the other hand, in the months of June to August (3 months), the A2 dry index prevails, which indicates warm or moderate nights with relatively low humidity in the environment. For the months of December, January and February (3 months), the A3 dry index prevails, which indicates cold climatic conditions in the region. To deal with these conditions, it is necessary to use energy to heat the interior spaces of buildings. Of course, the studied area does not fall under the conditions of H1, H2 and H3 humid conditions in any of the months of the year. Also, according to the results of Giuni's method, in three months of the year (June, July and August) the changes in air thermal conditions is completely out of comfort zone. In September, the weather is comfortable only for a short period of time (midnight to before sunrise). The final control of the building's air, especially during the hottest hours of the day in the months of May to August, is only possible by using air conditioners. According to the studies carried out and their compliance with the school construction standards of the country and taking into account the climatic conditions of the region, the results show that the necessary standards for the construction of schools in the study area and taking into account the climatic conditions of the region are not considered and all the studied schools do not have the necessary standards.

One of the factors influencing the changes in the morphology of desert areas is the frequency of wind blowing due to the relative poverty of wind blowing and the surface and covering cover in these areas. Wind transport of sand is a complex process that depends on factors such as wind speed, amount of bare soil, dry air conditions, soil grain size, vegetation, local and external air system, short-term discharge, extent of deforestation, in an area. Based on this, the activity of winds in carrying out erosion is significantly related to the climatic conditions of each region. Wind erosion in desert areas is seen in the form of sand dunes.The importance of sand dunes studies is due to their impacts on water and soil resources, flora and fauna, human infrastructure, and roads. Therefore, for the purpose of basic planning, monitoring the speed and direction of movement or the expansion of sand dunes, due to the damages caused by it and especially the preservation of natural resources and human projects and facilities, is of special importance in the management of desert areas.

In this research, wind characteristics, dust characteristics, soil moisture and its effects on Zabol region are investigated. To check wind speed and direction, the data of Zabol anemometer station were evaluated in Wrplot software. Then, the sand graph was drawn in SandRose-Graph software in order to check the indicators of sand movement. The changes of dust and AOD index of the region were extracted in the Erthengine system and MODIS satellite images in the period from 2012 to 2023. Changes in soil moisture index in the region were also monitored using SMAP satellite images in Arth Engin.

In this research, the predominant wind direction of the region was determined as northwest-southeast by examining the wind direction of Zabol station. On the other hand, examining the trend of wind speed changes at Zabol station shows that the average wind speed at Zabol station has been increasing over the past 56 years; So that the average wind speed has reached from 2.5 m/s per month in 1962 to about 4.8 m/s per month in 2018, which shows an increase of 2.3 m/s during this period. The amount of sand carrying potential (DPt) at this station is 2079/8, which is estimated to be high based on Freiburger's and Dean's classification of wind energy at this station. The variability index (UDI) of wind directions for Zabol station is in the low variability group with the classification of unidirectional and channelized winds, which greatly increases the intensity of erosion and dust production. The highest amount of displaced sand (DSF) in Zabol station indicates the amount of sand particles transported in the region.
In addition to examining the characteristics of the wind in the region, the changes in the dust index (AOD) and aerosol were also carried out using MODIS sensor images in the environment of Erth Engin from 2012 to 2023, and the results showed that the highest percentage of dust with a size greater than 55 microns and less than 47 microns in the summer of every year and with the decrease in surface humidity and the increase in temperature and the occurrence of 120-day winds in Sistan, also the examination of the percentage of dust changes in the air in the 5-year period from 2018 to 2023 showed a significant increase. which indicates an increase in the percentage of airborne particles due to the expansion of wind erosion in the region.
Next, the soil moisture of the region was monitored using the Smap satellite image series, including changes in the percentage of surface and subsurface soil moisture in the Zabol region in the Google Earth Engine environment and the time period from 2015 to 2023, and the results showed that the highest percentage of soil moisture is from February to April. And the lowest percentage of soil moisture is from July to September, which corresponds to the occurrence of 120-day winds in Zabol region.

The results obtained from this research show that the main cause of dust occurrence in Zabol region is the increase in the wind speed in the region in the long term and the increase in dust supply centers around the region, which, along with climate change and the decrease in rainfall and the occurrence of drought, in the scale Locally, the drying up of Lake Hamon as a result of the Afghan government's non-compliance with the 1351 Kabul agreement regarding the introduction of 850 million cubic meters of water per year into Lake Hamon has had a significant impact on this issue. Considering the location of the dried Hamon lake in the northwest and west of Zabol city, and the direction of the prevailing wind, it can be said that most of the dust particles transported to Zabol originate from this area. Therefore, the only solution to the current situation of Zabol can be the restoration of Lake Hamon and stabilization of the sediments on the bottom of Lake Hamon. On the other hand, the presence of channelized and dominant northwest-southeast in the region has provided the conditions for the construction of wind power plants in this region, considering the criticality of the country's energy, which is used with proper planning and investment for this issue.

Regeneration, a contemporary approach within the realm of urban restoration, encompasses a broad range of aspects, encompassing both physical and social structures. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the state of urban regeneration indicators in Zahedan city.

The study was conducted during 2023-2024, employing a questionnaire as the research instrument. This questionnaire consisted of 4 indices, specifically focusing on socio-cultural conditions (9 items), economic prosperity (8 items), environmental condition (9 items), and physical condition (8 items). A 34-item questionnaire was devised employing the Likert scale. The validity of the research instrument was assessed by disseminating a questionnaire to 24 urban planning experts. Reliability of the indices was evaluated using Kröbnach's alpha. Subsequently, the collected data was subjected to analysis using SPSS 25 software, employing one-sample T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The index of social and cultural conditions displayed a favorable status, exhibiting an average of 3.287. Similarly, the environmental condition indicated a favorable state with an average of 3.389, and the physical quality demonstrated a favorable condition with an average of 3.321. Conversely, the economic prosperity index portrayed an unfavorable situation, with an average of 2.715. The city areas of Zahedan exhibited a significant disparity in terms of sustainable urban regeneration. Notably, the index of socio-cultural conditions displayed the highest discrepancy, while the index of economic prosperity showcased the lowest variation.

The results highlight the favorable status of the environmental, socio-cultural, and physical indicators, juxtaposed with the unfavorable state of the economic prosperity index.

A comprehensive and multifaceted perspective is imperative for examining natural hazards in contemporary societies, particularly within urban settings. This viewpoint encompasses considerations related to natural disasters, fault boundaries, unsustainable construction practices, deteriorating structures, the encroachment of settlements onto slopes, disregard for river boundaries in urban areas, and construction without due consideration for privacy. A thorough scientific and specialized investigation is essential to mitigate the consequential adverse financial and life impacts. Additionally, effective urban and regional management necessitates meticulous planning. The city of Poldokhtar, situated in Lorestan province and within the Kashkan flood basin, possesses the potential to induce floods owing to a myriad of natural and human factors. To prevent the recurrence of such incidents, proactive measures are imperative. These include not only research studies but also structural and mechanical interventions grounded in the natural environment. Furthermore, integrated management, skills training, and attention to the interconnectivity of infrastructures during emergencies are vital. Coordination and collaboration between public and private entities demand particular emphasis. The research, aligning with applied-developmental goals and employing an analytical-library method, seeks to contribute to the comprehensive understanding and effective management of natural hazards.

IntroductionUndoubtedly, one of the areas in which drought has a great impact is the water resources of each country, and the areas that have the capability of drought are more limited and sensitive to water resources and require measures before, during and after the drought(Lain and Adamowisky,2012). While the dependence rate of agricultural lands equipped for irrigation on underground water sources is 37.8% on average in the world, the said coefficient is 46.2% in the Middle East region and especially in Iran it is equal to 62.1%. This is a confirmation of the high share of the agricultural sector of groundwater consumption in Iran compared to other countries and even the Middle East region (FAO, 2009). About 85% of the surface of Iran has a dry desert, semi-arid and ultra-arid climate (Ghafouri, 2003). Also, the annual rainfall of Iran is 240-260 mm and less than one third of the average annual rainfall of the world (870 mm). The phenomenon of drought during its occurrence period affects the underground water resources, which unfortunately has been less noticed. One of the important effects of drought is related to the drop of underground water, which due to the lack of rain and snow, there is a sharp decrease in the nutrition of the aquifers, and with the excessive exploitation of these aquifers, the condition of severe drop. Water resources are provided at the water level.Materials and methodsThe research area is located in the north of Lake Urmia and the watersheds overlooking the city of Tusuj in the coordinates of 45° 18’ to 45° 33’ east longitude, 38° 20’ to 38° 24’ north latitude. According to different classification methods, the climate of the region is cold, semi-arid, and it is considered a Mediterranean rainfall regime.In this study, one of the important drought indices that is widely used in drought monitoring is the standardized precipitation index (SPI), which was presented by McKay et al.(1993) to determine the probability of drought occurrence. To model the monthly rainfall data, one of the suitable statistical distributions for this task is to use the gamma distribution. The reason for using this distribution is the nature of the statistical distribution itself, in which values close to zero have a frequency with greater probability, and the same nature is also valid for monthly rainfall data (the existence of months without rainfall). In this study, the correlation between the SPI index and the GRI standard groundwater index is investigated and the effect of drought on the GRI index is evaluated with a regression model.Discussion and resultsAccording to the results of the correlation coefficient table, the GRI index has a significant positive correlation with the SPI drought index in the time scale of 48 months for Tasuj station. For Sharafkhane station, the SPI index has a significant negative correlation at a significance level of 0.05 in the time scale of 12 and 24 months. For Khoi station, in all three time scales of 12, 24 and 48 months, there is a significant negative correlation at the significance level of 0.05 and even 0.01. The 48-month drought index of Tasouj, 12-month Sharafkhane and 24-month Khoi, which have the most significant correlation with the GRI index, were entered into the regression model as factors influencing drought to determine the total changes in GRI that were affected by the drought conditions of three stations, to be determined. Therefore, three drought indexes as three independent variables and GRI index as a dependent variable form a linear multivariate regression model.According to the results, the correlation coefficient (R) and the coefficient of determination of the model (R Square) are 0.706 and 0.499, respectively, and this indicates that 49.9 percent of the changes in the model are determined or covered by independent variables. A value of 0.000 for Sig. In the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table, it shows the significance and validity of the model. By having regression coefficients, it is possible to reach the relationship between the GRI index and the drought indices of the stations. which is mentioned in relation 1. All coefficients of the model are significant (Sig.=0.000) and indicate the validity of these coefficients. Therefore, the regression relationship of the model can be shown as follows.GRI=0.240+0.923×SPI48(tasouj)-0.235×SPI12(sharaf)-0.559×SPI24(khoy) (1)ConclusionThe results of the study of the effect of drought on the underground waters of the Tusuj aquifer area indicate a significant correlation between the 24-month drought profile of the Tusuj station, 12-month Sharafkhane and 24-month Khui stations with the GRI standard groundwater profile of the Tusuj aquifer area. The downward trend of the GRI groundwater standard index is consistent with the downward trend of the drought of the Tasuj rain gauge station in three time scales of 12, 24 and 48 months. Of course, despite the fluctuations of the SPI drought index, especially the short-term increase and the occurrence of insignificant drought in some years in Sharafkhaneh and Khoi stations, but due to the accumulation of drought and the dominance of drought years over drought years on the long-term climate memory The region has been affected and has caused a decrease in groundwater and a downward trend in the GRI standard index.For a more accurate statistical analysis, a suitable regression model was determined between the GRI index as a dependent variable and three drought index variables of 48 months of Tasouj, 12 months of Sharafkhane and 24 months of Khoi as dependent variables. which is given in relation (1) as the result of the regression equation. By using this relationship, it is possible to calculate the values of the corresponding GRI standard index by having the SPI drought index values.

Quality of life studies in order to identify the weaknesses of deprived areas, increase the level of satisfaction among citizens, ranking places and its role as an effective tool in urban management and planning. The purpose of this study is to create a fuzzy model including effective criteria for evaluating the quality of life in urban areas in areas 3, 4, 5 and 6 of Mashhad. In this regard, first, the effective criteria in quality of life that were obtained from distance measurement data, statistics and spatial data in 5 areas; Economic (employment rate, unemployment, home ownership and rent), social (literacy rate, divorce and migration), physical (type of materials and type of housing structure, slope and population density), access to services (educational, medical centers, Cultural, recreational and communication network) and environmental (greenery, air pollution and surface temperature) were extracted and then weighed using the network analysis process. Then, for spatial modeling of quality of life, the selected criteria were combined using the gamma fuzzy model. The results indicate that the quality of life in the central areas of the study area has a better quality of life, but by moving away from the central areas to the outskirts of the study area, the quality of life gradually decreases. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of life index of the citizens of neighborhoods that are not in a good condition in terms of quality of life, it is necessary to make changes to improve the economic, social, physical, spatial and environmental dimensions. In the following study, Moran spatial autocorrelation index (0.57) emphasizes the non-random nature of the distribution of urban quality of life characteristics and the existence of a cluster pattern in the study area.

Undoubtedly, one of the areas in which drought has a great impact is the water resources of each country, and the areas that have the capability of drought are more limited and sensitive to water resources and require measures before, during and after the drought(Lain and Adamowisky,2012). While the dependence rate of agricultural lands equipped for irrigation on underground water sources is 37.8% on average in the world, the said coefficient is 46.2% in the Middle East region and especially in Iran it is equal to 62.1%. This is a confirmation of the high share of the agricultural sector of groundwater consumption in Iran compared to other countries and even the Middle East region (FAO, 2009). About 85% of the surface of Iran has a dry desert, semi-arid and ultra-arid climate (Ghafouri, 2003). Also, the annual rainfall of Iran is 240-260 mm and less than one third of the average annual rainfall of the world (870 mm). The phenomenon of drought during its occurrence period affects the underground water resources, which unfortunately has been less noticed. One of the important effects of drought is related to the drop of underground water, which due to the lack of rain and snow, there is a sharp decrease in the nutrition of the aquifers, and with the excessive exploitation of these aquifers, the condition of severe drop. Water resources are provided at the water level.

The research area is located in the north of Lake Urmia and the watersheds overlooking the city of Tusuj in the coordinates of 45° 18’ to 45° 33’ east longitude, 38° 20’ to 38° 24’ north latitude. According to different classification methods, the climate of the region is cold, semi-arid, and it is considered a Mediterranean rainfall regime.In this study, one of the important drought indices that is widely used in drought monitoring is the standardized precipitation index (SPI), which was presented by McKay et al.(1993) to determine the probability of drought occurrence. To model the monthly rainfall data, one of the suitable statistical distributions for this task is to use the gamma distribution. The reason for using this distribution is the nature of the statistical distribution itself, in which values close to zero have a frequency with greater probability, and the same nature is also valid for monthly rainfall data (the existence of months without rainfall). In this study, the correlation between the SPI index and the GRI standard groundwater index is investigated and the effect of drought on the GRI index is evaluated with a regression model.

According to the results of the correlation coefficient table, the GRI index has a significant positive correlation with the SPI drought index in the time scale of 48 months for Tasuj station. For Sharafkhane station, the SPI index has a significant negative correlation at a significance level of 0.05 in the time scale of 12 and 24 months. For Khoi station, in all three time scales of 12, 24 and 48 months, there is a significant negative correlation at the significance level of 0.05 and even 0.01. The 48-month drought index of Tasouj, 12-month Sharafkhane and 24-month Khoi, which have the most significant correlation with the GRI index, were entered into the regression model as factors influencing drought to determine the total changes in GRI that were affected by the drought conditions of three stations, to be determined. Therefore, three drought indexes as three independent variables and GRI index as a dependent variable form a linear multivariate regression model.According to the results, the correlation coefficient (R) and the coefficient of determination of the model (R Square) are 0.706 and 0.499, respectively, and this indicates that 49.9 percent of the changes in the model are determined or covered by independent variables. A value of 0.000 for Sig. In the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table, it shows the significance and validity of the model. By having regression coefficients, it is possible to reach the relationship between the GRI index and the drought indices of the stations. which is mentioned in relation 1. All coefficients of the model are significant (Sig.=0.000) and indicate the validity of these coefficients. Therefore, the regression relationship of the model can be shown as follows. GRI=0.240+0.923×SPI48(tasouj)-0.235×SPI12(sharaf)-0.559×SPI24(khoy) (1)

The results of the study of the effect of drought on the underground waters of the Tusuj aquifer area indicate a significant correlation between the 24-month drought profile of the Tusuj station, 12-month Sharafkhane and 24-month Khui stations with the GRI standard groundwater profile of the Tusuj aquifer area. The downward trend of the GRI groundwater standard index is consistent with the downward trend of the drought of the Tasuj rain gauge station in three time scales of 12, 24 and 48 months. Of course, despite the fluctuations of the SPI drought index, especially the short-term increase and the occurrence of insignificant drought in some years in Sharafkhaneh and Khoi stations, but due to the accumulation of drought and the dominance of drought years over drought years on the long-term climate memory The region has been affected and has caused a decrease in groundwater and a downward trend in the GRI standard index.For a more accurate statistical analysis, a suitable regression model was determined between the GRI index as a dependent variable and three drought index variables of 48 months of Tasouj, 12 months of Sharafkhane and 24 months of Khoi as dependent variables. which is given in relation (1) as the result of the regression equation. By using this relationship, it is possible to calculate the values of the corresponding GRI standard index by having the SPI drought index values.

In the present study, which is applied and based on the descriptive-analytical nature, the study and comparison of social, economic and accommodated tribal satisfaction in two periods before and after accommodation. The research method is a survey type and data collection tool. The statistical population of this study consisted of two groups of nomads and semi-nomads with a total of 520 households, based on the modified formula of Cochran 126 households as the sample size. The T-Test was used to analyze the statistical data in the SPSS23 software environment. The results show that in the socio-cultural index components at the significant level of Sig=0.05 with the value of t=2.06. In the economic index, at the significant level of Sig=0.05 with the number of statistics of t=2.15 due to the variety of revenue, household income and savings have increased, and accommodation has led to positive changes in the economic situation. Also, the effect of the satisfaction index among the nomadic households is also positive at the significant level of Sig=0.05 with the amount of T-test statistics of 1.97. The findings and suggestions of the present research can be a model for conducting future research in the field of nomadic communities and also open the way for planners to formulate nomadic organizing programs.