جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "t.i.b.i index" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Deforestation is one of the biggest global environmental challenges because forests are one of the most important components of the world's ecosystem and play a key role in adjusting the climate and regulating various biochemical cycles. The forests of northern Iran are considered one of the most valuable forest ecosystems in Iran, and they are among the rich forests in terms of the diversity of plant species. Therefore, detecting changes with the help of multi-temporal data in forest levels allows us to prevent further destruction by automatically identifying these changes. The main goal of this research is to identify the thresholds and apply them to the NDVI vegetation index images in MODIS sensors and automatic monitoring of forest areas.

This research was conducted in the Central Alborz protected area with an area of more than 398 thousand hectares and very rich vegetation with more than 1100 plant species. In this research, the MOD13Q1 product of the MODIS sensor and the normalized vegetation difference index (NDVI) with a spatial resolution of 250 meters and a temporal resolution of 16 days, as well as The MCD12C1 product images of the MODIS sensor with a spatial resolution of 5600 m and a temporal resolution of one year were used in three layers with the classification schemes of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP), University of Maryland (UMD) and the Modis Derived Scheme (LAI). The 16-day NDVI images were converted to monthly images with the maximum value algorithm and the PCA algorithm with 25 components was applied to them to eliminate errors and noise. Using the Google Earth system, 5 random polygons were selected on virgin forest areas, in order to estimate the value of the pixels and finally determine the thresholds. Vegetation homogeneity was checked using MCD12C1 images. Forest thresholds were determined by calculating the mean and standard deviation of the sample areas during 16 years. Finally, the changes were detected by applying a threshold on the images of 2001 and 2016 and applying Boolean operations with the bolean operators on them. Then, using the Google Earth system, these points were validated.

By applying PCA to the images, the amount of noise was reduced to the optimal level while maintaining the original information of the images. The results of investigating the homogeneity of the vegetation in 5 sample areas showed that they are homogeneous in three levels and are deciduous broadleaf forests The results obtained from calculating the standard deviation and monthly average of forest values indicate that the months of June, July, and August are most suitable for assessing changes in the forest cover within the study area. The threshold for these months was obtained as 8596.55, 8000 and 8497.51 respectively. By applying these thresholds to the images captured in these three months in 2001 and 2016, and then subtracting the images from each other, the pixels that experienced a decrease in forest value were identified. Finally, after performing the Boolean operation, 200 pixels with an approximate area of 1728.23 hectares were identified as changed points with a decrease in forest cover. Upon cheching, the overall accuracy for the determined points was found to be 88.5%. Hence, the application of these thresholds enables the automatic detection of changes in forest cover areas in an up-to-date and continuous manner.

In general, the Central Alborz protected area is one of the important forest centers of the country, and according to the results, we have lost a significant number of forests during the 16 years due to various reasons. Also, the results of this research indicate the importance of using automation methods in identifying forest cover changes by applying certain thresholds on the NDVI index images of the Modis sensor in remote sensing.

Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental hazards. Investigating the impact of soil erosion on soil quality is possible through the evaluation of soil quality indices in eroded and non-eroded points. Studying the severity of soil erosion in order to protect the soil and investigate and evaluate its risks is of particular importance. There is a significant relationship between increasing soil erosion and decreasing soil quality, therefore soil quality and erosion are closely related phenomena. The main prerequisite for dealing with all types of erosion, including gully erosion, is to predict the risk of gully formation and its effects in different places. The purpose of this study in the south of Ardabil city is to calculate the soil quality indicators and investigate the effect of soil erosion on the quality indicators, compare the correlation between the most important characteristics affecting the soil quality (MDS) and the total characteristics affecting the soil quality (TDS) and provide an index distribution map. The quality of the soil is determined with the help of geostatistical methods.

The studied area is a part of Mullah Ahmed watershed near Amin Lo village, 10 km south of Ardabil city. A part of this area was selected with an area of about 50 hectares, which had active Gullies. After identifying and investigating the study area, 48 samples were taken from the depth of 0 to 30 cm of the soil surface, including 24 non-eroded and 24 eroded points. Sampling from each point was done based on the change of topographical conditions and variety of soil characteristics, especially soil color, and in the form of paired points. After laboratory analysis, the total of the measured features was considered as the total data set (TDS) and the principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to select the minimum data set (MDS) (Doran and Parkin, 1994). The contribution of each feature (COM) was calculated by factor analysis (FA) in TDS and MDS sets (Shukla et al; 2004). Then, soil quality indices were calculated using IQI and NQI relationships (Doran and Parkin, 1994).  After calculating the soil quality indices at the sampling points in the region, continuous maps of the distribution of soil quality indices were obtained using two methods, Kriging and IDW, with the help of GS Plus 5.1 and Arc GIS 10.8 software.

According to the results of PCA test, Sand, Clay, pH and Ec variables in eroded points and BD, Sand, Clay and n variables in non-eroded points were selected as MDS set. Pearson's correlation for soil quality indices in two sets of TDS and MDS in eroded and non-eroded points was significant at 5% level. According to the significant results, the use of the MDS set can optimally calculate the soil quality indices in non-eroded points instead of the TDS set. According to the distribution maps of soil quality and the findings of Qi (2009), the studied area is in grade III to II in terms of soil quality. In eroded points, in IQI and NQI indices, Kriging method was the best in TDS set and IDW method was the best in MDS set. While in the non-eroded points, except for the NQI index in the TDS set, in the rest of the soil quality indices, the Kriging method showed a better and more accurate performance.

Due to the significant correlation in non-eroded points, the use of MDS can acceptably calculate the soil quality indices (IQI and NQI) in non-eroded points, and in these points the IQI and NQI indices calculated using TDS are much superior. It is not compared to MDS. In general, in the studied area, based on the coefficient of explanation (R^2) and the mean square error, the kriging method was more effective in showing the distribution of soil quality indices compared to the IDW method. The results of all these researches show that the optimal and appropriate method for estimation and estimating data can be different depending on the variable. The limited size of the studied area, sample intervals, the number of samples, the heterogeneity of the area in terms of variables and the existence of a trend can also influence the selection of estimation methods. According to the results obtained from the studied area, soil erosion has a significant effect on some soil quality characteristics. According to this research, conducting similar researches in other parts of Iran under different soil and climate conditions, along with a wide range of erosion effects on soil quality, general modeling of soil quality is important. The result of this can help to develop and create a national index of soil quality, and the existence of this index can provide the possibility of permanent monitoring of the soil condition at the level of agricultural and natural areas of the country and predict the possibility of soil destruction and erosion.

The topography is, directly and indirectly, affects the geomorphic processes and hydrological behavior of the slope (Prancevic and Kirchner, 2019), therefore, quantitative correlation of topography features is possible due to deposition and runoff production and predicting the spatial distribution of soil and surface deposits (McKenzie and Ryan, 1999). different shapes and sides of slopes in the drainage basin affect the time of runoff movement on the slopes and drainage networks and the basin response, such as time, equilibrium, retardation time, concentration-time, and hydrograph peak time. These temporal features constitute an important part of the hydrological modeling of the watershed. Considering that most of rainfall-runoff models relate to runoff traverse times at the slopes surface, it is easy to study the topography effect on runoff features such as river discharge estimators, flood forecasting, peak flow, runoff volume, and water resource management (Merheb et al., 2016; Mlynski et al., 2019). In terms of morphodynamic conditions, the topography is directly related to erosion and sedimentation processes. Topographic wetness index theory (TWI) is designed as an important and all-purpose feature in the rainfall-runoff model to measure the effect and topography controlling on hydrological processes (Calogero et al., 2015; Jeziorska and Niedzielski, 2018; Xue et al., 2018). This model simulates the interaction of groundwater and surface water with topography to determine which regions are prone to saturation of the earth and thus have a high potential for surface accumulation water (Ballerine, 2017) and can be expressed quantitatively as a physical indicator the effect of the topography of watersheds slopes on the mechanism of substructure flow (groundwater), runoff production, the spatial distribution of soil moisture and the ability of soil moisture deficiency to saturation state at each point in the range and level of the basin. (Beven and Kirkby 1979; O'Loughlin 1986; Barling et al. 1994; Qiu et al., 2017).

The Maroon River drainage basin, with an area of 7228 square kilometers and an area of 802 kilometers, covers the central part of the Jarahi-Zohreh basin. The Jarahi-Zohreh basin is itself a large part of the Persian Gulf-Oman Sea basin, which its drainage network pours into the northwest part of the Persian Gulf (Fig. 1). In this study, the based data obtained have formed 30 m SRTM DEM data, 1:50000 topographic maps, geological maps of 1:100000, aerial photos, Landsat satellite imagery, Google Earth, and field visits and ArcGIS10.3, QGIS, and SAGA software. To estimate topographic indices, first, it is processed the DEM data file and the stream network of the study basin in the SAGA software environment and then topographic basin indices based on DEM data were calculated and analyzed by the existing functions of this software. In the continuation, slopes of the Maroon basin were classified into nine different types based on two indices of plan shape (divergence, convergence, parallel) and profile (curvature) slopes profile (concave, convex, and flat) (Fig. 2) and the obtained amount of TWI index was analyzed in them. a: The hydrological model (TOPMODEL) is a semi-distributed model where the topography changes of the region and participating levels play a major role in the runoff, assuming that hydraulic gradient can be estimated using the land topography gradient (Ballerine, 2017). The topographic information used in this model is introduced as a topographic moisture indicator and can express the topography effect on runoff production and slope movements quantitatively. These values are calculated using the digital elevation model (DEM) of the studied area and by measuring the flow direction, current accumulation, gradient, and different geometrical characteristics obtained from Arc Hydro software. The final result is a Raster layer which shows pathways (regions) with drainage ditches where water is likely to accumulate there (Ballerine, 2017).

The results of basin type stud show that the first-class waterways flow mostly in divergent basins with flat curvature. The second, third, and fourth classes of the basin flow in the concave and parallel basin, and the fifth and sixth classes flow in convex and convergent basins (Table 1). In divergent slopes of the basin, the topographic moisture index has been reduced and in convex and convergent basins, the topographic moisture index increases. Furthermore, the TWI index has a high inverse correlation with the degree gradient and average height of the river (-0.97). This index decreases with the increasing gradient and height of waterways (Table 2). In the trimming basins, the increasing general gradient has led to an acceleration of water flow, thus the time required for penetrating water flow and rainfalls is decreased and the concentration-time is decreased too, and correspondingly amount of erosion and water wasting is increased.

The results of the study show that the topographic features of the basin-like the slope plan and longitudinal profile of the slope play a decisive role in hydrological processes and runoff time features and slope response time. These features not only directly affect geomorphological and hydrological conditions like annual runoff, flood volume, soil erosion intensity, and sediment production, but also indirectly effects the climate, ecological situation, and vegetation, as well as effects on the water situation in the basin. The results of the basin slope type study are such that the divergent slopes are the lowest amount in the topographic moisture index. Surface water and subsurface water is not concentrated, they spread, and pass slopes water rapidly. the results showed that there is a significant relationship between hydrological processes with the topography and geomorphology indices and can be used as a variable to simulate the moisture state of the Maroon basin area, which is an example of an indirect and low-cost approach to study the hydrological and geomorphological features of the region. the consistency of this index to local soil conditions is a certain advantage over the existing methods and in detailed application programs it needs to perform more activity and perform adaptive studies. Therefore, knowledge of these indices and features in terms of impact on the variability of soil hydraulic features and surface Sediment is necessary to achieve sustainable development and reorganization of the region.

Khorasan Razavi province is one of the provinces prone to drought in Iran. This study has assessed the spatio-temporal changes in the drought events in Khorasan Razavi province using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). For this purpose, initially, the IPSL-CM6, MRI-ESM2-0, GFDL-ESM4, and MIROC6 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) were examined on an annual scale. The results showed that among the models, GFDL-ESM4 has a higher correlation with temperature and precipitation data from synoptic stations. Therefore, this model was selected and then downscaled using the CMHyd software, and the results of this model were used to calculate drought. In this research, the delta change factor (DCF) method was used for downscaling precipitation and temperature. Also, the intermediate scenario (SSP2-4.5) was used for drought projecting. The intensity and frequency of meteorological drought during the historical period from 1990 to 2014 and the future period from 2026 to 2050 were examined. The results indicated that drought in Khorasan Razavi province is subject to significant changes; such that the maximum annual frequency of drought during the historical period is 25%, and under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, it reaches 31%. The frequency and intensity of drought in the future, especially during the spring and summer seasons, will significantly increase. Geographically, the intensity of drought in all seasons is highest in the north and east of the province.

The characteristics of drought as one of the environmental events may affect climate changes in the future. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of meteorological drought on vegetation dynamics from 2001 to 2021 in the Golestan province, northern Iran, using remote sensing satellite images. First, using MATLAB software, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was calculated in time scales of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for the Golestan province with a statistical period of 20 years and zoned in ArcGIS software with IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) Interpolation Method. In the next step, we obtained the maximum value of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) per month from the MODI3Q1 product of the MODIS spectrometer. Also, using Tersest software, the correlation and line slope of EVI index changes were calculated based on SPEI index changes. The results of correlation analysis showed that in 54.19% of the area of Golestan province, 6-month SPEI changes have the maximum correlation with the EVI index compared to SPEI in other periods. As a result, the highest impact of drought on vegetation in most parts of the study area is related to the 6-month SPEI in May. The results of vegetation sensitivity to meteorological drought showed that in the south of Golestan province, which is covered with dense forest conditions and includes the eastern slopes of Alborz spread in the form of a strip from the west to the east of the province, the vegetation has relatively low sensitivity to the phenomenon of drought due to suitable climatic conditions and the relative humidity of the air. The research results can be used in long-term planning for sustainable natural resources management.

A critical concept in enhancing the quality of urban and human environments is the sense of place attachment. This study aims to identify and evaluate the physical components that enhance place attachment, focusing specifically on the Abshouran neighborhood in the city of Kermanshah. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, and its nature is applied research. To gather data, documentary studies, field observations, and questionnaires were utilized. The statistical population consists of all residents of the Abshouran neighborhood, with a sample size of 285 individuals determined using Morgan’s table. The findings of this study reveal a significant relationship between all physical indicators and the sense of place attachment. Notably, four variables— "variety and attractiveness," "distinctiveness," "contextual sensitivity," and "spatial structure and appropriate form"—show a stronger correlation with the sense of place attachment in the Abshouran neighborhood compared to other indicators. Furthermore, regression analysis indicates that the correlation between physical variables and place attachment is robust, with a correlation coefficient of 0.782. The coefficient of determination suggests that 61.1% of the variance in place attachment can be explained by the physical index variables.

This research sought to assess the climate comfort conditions for tourism in Hamadan Province.

This applied study, conducted in 2023 in Hamadan Province, utilized climate data gathered from meteorological stations across the region. Key climatic variables, including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure, were collected from 2004 to 2018. The meteorological stations examined included Hamadan, Tuyserkan, Asadabad, Razan, Famenin, Nahavand, Qahavand, Nojeh, and Malayer. After gathering the data, the Stress Index, the Steadman-Tom Temperature-Humidity Index, and the Climate Potential Index were calculated and analyzed across various time periods, such as different seasons, to determine which periods and areas provided optimal climatic conditions for tourism.

The models revealed consistent patterns, including climatic homogeneity and stability, persistent cold in winter, variations in climate between spring and summer, and unfavorable conditions during winter. All three indices indicated that climate changes in the Hamadan region have been gradual, without extreme fluctuations, leading to uniform conditions within each season. This consistency across the indices suggests that, despite methodological differences, the overall findings regarding climatic and thermal comfort were similar.

Most meteorological stations in Hamadan report unfavorable bioclimatic conditions for tourism in January and February, with March also being suboptimal. The most favorable months for tourism in Hamadan Province are May, June, and September.

One of the most important consequences of the rapid growth of urbanization and the physical development of the country's cities in the past decades is the breakdown of the distribution system of urban service centers, which has become the basis for social inequality of citizens and the level of enjoyment of urban services. In the meantime, medical services are of particular importance, so that the weakness and inefficiency of the management in the matter of providing optimal services in this field will have extensive negative consequences. In this research, we investigated the access of the population to the hospital as an integral part of a social organization that is responsible for providing complete health care including treatment and prevention measures in the population as an important measure in the health of the city in smartness. we paid In the current research, using the 2-step method of the floating basin, using network analysis and pre-processing of population blocks, to prevent the inflation of supply and demand, we have created the access limits of the population to the hospital. The results show that according to the growth of the urban population and the direction of these changes in each studied urban area, the population's access to the hospital is poor and limited population blocks have appropriate access, inappropriate distribution and dispersion in the location of hospitals and lack of planning regarding Increasing the approved beds and activating the beds are the things that cause the lack of easy and quick access to these services for the population of southern areas of Tehran.

The process of erosion and sedimentation on river banks is often accelerated by natural events and human activities, which lead to natural hazards. This process has also faced serious risks in Jajrud river, urban and rural settlements, agricultural lands, construction structures around the river. The Jajroud River has important importance and effects in securing agricultural water rights, feeding underground aquifers, providing drinking water in the region and the green and natural spaces of Fashm, Migun, Lavasanat and downstream, which has been subject to many changes in recent years due to direct and indirect human interference. including the expansion of urban and rural construction, river engineering operations and wall construction along the river, encroachment on the river boundary and changing the course of the river channels, the use of non-native vegetation on the banks of the river, and as a result, the eco-hydro geomorphological conditions of the river have become unstable. The phenomenon of erosion and sedimentation in Jajroud river has brought negative consequences such as changing the bed, accumulation and settling of large amounts of sediment and overflowing of canal water and as a result the risk of flooding.

The increasing human needs and changes in climate patterns have led to the construction of water storage structures to meet the water demand in many regions worldwide, including Iran. Consequently, the hydrological regimes of rivers in various parts of Iran, due to human activities such as dam construction, have undergone alterations in recent decades. Understanding the effects of dams on river hydrological regimes is essential for river flow management and the preservation of river ecosystems. In this regard, the present study assesses the changes in the health of the Urmia's Shahrchai River flow during three periods: pre-dam construction, dam construction, and dam operation, from 1951 to 2017, through calculating different flow health related indices. The results indicate that the deviation of all hydrological health sub-indices in the post-dam construction period is higher than the pre-dam construction period. Moreover, the deviation of flow regime sub-indicators was predominantly low to moderate until 1998 and varied from low to very high after 1998. Additionally, the highest deviation of studied flow health-related indices occurred during the reference and dam operation periods for flood occurrence and minimum monthly flow, respectively, while during the dam construction period, it pertained to minimum monthly flow. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the hydrologic health of Shahrchai River flow decreased by approximately 16% and 45% during the dam construction/operation periods, respectively, compared to the reference period. The results of this study can be utilized in the understanding of flow alteration and the sustainable regulation of the Shahrchai River flow regime.

The extended periods of drought, decrease in vegetation, and enlargement of the salt playa at Lake Urmia have resulted in the formation of local dust hotspots on the periphery of Lake Urmia in East Azarbaijan province. The objective of this study was to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of wind erosion in East Azarbaijan province using the DSI index. To achieve this, a set of weather data recorded over the past 30 years at specific codes in meteorological stations was compiled. Subsequently, the Mann-Kendall test was employed to assess the presence of a trend in the data series. Following this, the frequency of dust storms was calculated using the DSI index, and a spatial distribution map was generated in the GIS. The results of the Mann-Kendall test indicated that the slope of the trend for both local and extra-local dust storms in the province is on the rise. However, only the trend in extra-local dust storms is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. The findings of the research revealed that the majority of the observed dust storms originate from outside the local area in East Azarbaijan province. Nevertheless, there has been a relative increase in the frequency of local dust storms in recent years, which can be attributed to the prolonged droughts resulting in reduced vegetation and the expansion of the playa of Lake Urmia. In this context, the highest frequency of dust storms has been observed at the Tabriz, Sahand, and Maragheh meteorological stations near Lake Urmia.

The purpose of this study is Compretive assessing of urban vitality status in neighborhoods of region 2 Ahvaz metropolis. This research in terms of purpose is Applied-developmental and in terms of review method is Descriptive-analytical research and in terms of data collection methods is retail survey research. Statistical community of this study Composed All citizen’s resident in the four districts of the region 4 in Ahvaz city, their number is 107274 people. Sample size was determined Using the Cochran's formula is 382 people, which selected by stratified random sampling method. Data analysis done in two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics Using one-sample t-test and one-way Anova and by SPSS software. The results of one-sample t-test show that: Average social index of urban vitality has been 3.37 and Average economic and physical-spatial indicators respectively equal to 2.88 and 2.82. As a result, we can say that region 2 of Ahvaz city In terms of social indicator has been in relatively favorable condition and In terms of economic and physical-spatial indicators in relatively unfavorable condition. In the following the results of one-way Anova test show that: Between four areas in region 2 of Ahvaz city there is a significant difference In terms of having urban vitality indicators. Comparison Averages obtained showed, In terms of all urban vitality indicators, have earned District 1 (Including Kianabad and Western streets of Kianpars) and District 2 (Amaniyeh neighborhood), First and second ranks and District 4 (Including Kianshahr and Zardosht) and District 3 (Eastern streets of Kianpars and Seyed Khalf neighborhood), respectively Third and fourth ranks.

Land is a vital natural resource for human survival and the basis of all ecosystem services. However, land degradation through land use and land cover changes has become a serious global issue. Rural-urban migration in developing countries, along with the conversion of nearby villages into urban areas, has largely driven the rapid increase in urban settlements. Evidence shows that northern Iran has been experiencing rapid land use changes, which have endangered the region's stability over the last three decades. This article aims to identify and compare the growth and expansion changes of Amol city, located in Mazandaran province, over three decades from 1986 to 2016. Urban growth is defined by the absolute increase in the population living in cities, while urban sprawl is defined by changes in land cover over time.

To produce images of land cover changes in different years, Landsat time series image data (TM, ETM+, and OLI/TIRS sensors) were used. A linear unmixing model based on the extraction of end members was employed, identifying two classes of land: urban and non-urban. To verify the classification accuracy, high-resolution images from Google Earth and field observations using GPS were employed. Moran's spatial autocorrelation analysis tool was used to analyze the spatial distribution of land cover, and the trend analysis tool in ArcGIS software was employed to analyze the trend of spatial changes in urban land.

The findings show that the city's population doubling over these three decades has not only been accompanied by a 60% horizontal expansion into surrounding green and open lands but also increased building density and the number of floors. Validation of land cover classification, using the ambiguity error matrix, with an overall accuracy of over 90% and a kappa coefficient of over 80% for the obtained images, indicates high accuracy. Based on Moran's spatial autocorrelation analysis, the development of Amol City follows a cluster structure. Calculating the difference in land cover data over the 20 years from 1996 to 2016 revealed that 28 percent of the total city area, equivalent to 890 hectares, has undergone significant changes, including fundamental alterations in land use and land cover. The expansion of Amol City has generally occurred from the center to the periphery, with the least changes in the central parts and the most changes in the northern and eastern parts of the city.

Population growth and urban expansion not only lead to the destruction of natural resources and the environment but also exacerbate urban management problems in providing infrastructure and services. Therefore, the goal of planning should be to achieve optimal development that prevents increased migration from villages to cities. This can be achieved both at the macro level, by distributing urban roles complementarily and strengthening the role of villages, and at the local level, by emphasizing the balanced distribution of the city's population and endogenous growth.

This research evaluates the influence of climate change on precipitation, temperature, and evapotranspiration in Iran, a region with diverse climatic conditions, using UNEP and Demartonne climate classification systems to explore changes in Iran's climatic zones from the reference period (1961-1990) to the most recent normal period (1993-2022). The results show a decrease in the number of humid climate stations and an increase in semi-arid, dry, and desert stations under both classification methods. Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope analyses reveal significant decreases in precipitation, and increases in temperature and evapotranspiration in over 75% of the stations, with the highest annual precipitation decrease observed in Gorgan, and the highest temperature and evapotranspiration increases in Mashhad and Ahvaz, respectively. The findings suggest that Iran's climate is rapidly shifting towards drier conditions due to global warming, with approximately 13 stations having shifted to drier conditions and 29 stations experiencing increased aridity when comparing the two normal periods. These results align with previous studies, highlighting the urgent need to address the impacts of climate change in Iran and providing valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to develop effective strategies for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the region.

Dust at different levels in the city can be a good indicator of the presence of these heavy metals in the city, therefore the main goal of the present study is the spatial analysis of heavy metal contamination of surface dust in the northwestern area of Tabriz city. For analyzing, Moran's index, hot spot analysis and ANOVA test were used in Arc Gis10.8 and Spss20 software. The studied heavy metals included; lead, chromium, manganese, zinc, copper and iron. For this purpose, samples were taken from 12 stations in the area. After the initial preparation, the concentration of heavy metals in the samples was obtained using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Based on the findings of the Moran index, the research showed that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution follows a cluster pattern, . Moran's index analysis shows the highest z score of 204.24 and 140.12 respectively for zinc and copper metal, which shows the intense spatial concentration of these two polluting elements in the studied area.The results of the ANOVA test also showed that the level of heavy metal pollution changes with the type of use. In fact, it can be said that the spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution differs according to the type of urban use. The most observed pollutions were in commercial-service, administrative and law enforcement uses.

Climate is one of the most important factors in determining the appropriate time for tourism and development of tourism industry. In this study, in order to evaluate and zoning the ecotourism calendar in the northwest of the country, the Riemann model and physiological equivalent temperature index (PET) have been used. For this purpose, among the synoptic stations in the region, 19 stations with a statistical period of more than 30 years (1985-2014) were selected. Then, data related to climatic parameters in daily and hourly period were received from the Meteorological Organization. The comfort conditions of tourism climate and heat and cold stresses in different days and months of the year were evaluated using PET index and then zoned in GIS environment. The results showed that in most parts of the northwestern region, such as the cities of Tabriz, Urmia and Zanjan, there is almost a similar trend in tourism climate. In these cities, the best time for tourism activities is from mid-May to late June and from early September to mid-October. In contrast, in July and August for a very short period of low intensity heat stress and from late October to mid-April there are cold stresses with different intensities. But in mountainous areas such as Ardabil, Khalkhal, Sarab and Meshkinshahr, the tourist climate calendar is somewhat different; In these areas, the climate comfort period begins in early June and continues until mid-September. In these areas, during the summer months, there are very ideal climatic conditions for tourism activities.

Drought is one of the most complex natural disasters that causes economic, social and environmental damage and is often described as a creeping phenomenon. Drought monitoring using satellite images can represent the severity of drought in areas with a lack of meteorological precipitation data and compensate for its spatial and temporal deficiency. In this research, the drought of Golestan province has been investigated using SPI, TCI, VCI and VHI indices and with the help of MODIS sensor satellite images. Therefore, first, VHI, VCI and TCI drought index maps were extracted. The findings in the TCI index study showed that in 2000, more than 80% of the studied area experienced severe drought. Similarly, in 2010, 2017 and 2018, a significant part of the studied area was in a severe drought situation. By examining the VCI index, 2008, and 2011. The maps also show that a very severe meteorological drought occurred in 2008. In the study of the VHI index during a period of 21 years in the studied area, it showed that the years 2000, 2001, 2002, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2021 have experienced a critical drought situation. Also, in the years 2000, 2008 and 2018, more than 60% of the area of the region was in a very severe drought situation. In general, most of the studied area is in the range of severe and severe drought classes, which requires attention to the optimal management of water resources in these areas.

Sand dunes are one of the most important landforms in arid and semi-arid regions, whose mobility varies depending on climatic factors, especially the speed and frequency of erosive winds, rainfall, and the amount of evaporation and transpiration, which always causes many problems for the activity of these dunes. Therefore, monitoring climatic factors and analyzing dust events can be a positive step toward knowing the factors affecting their activity and predicting their mobility status in the future. Lut desert, with its huge amount of sand masses, is one of the most active places concerning changes in wind speed and direction. The eastern part of this region, which includes the largest sand mass of Iran, the Yalan sand, is dominated by the 120-day winds, which doubles the importance of investigating the winds and their shaping role during the blowing season of these winds. Based on this, the current research was conducted to analyze the mobility of quicksands in Lut plain stations in the past and predict their conditions in the future.

The study area includes the Lut desert located in Kerman province. To conduct this research, average monthly values of climatic elements including temperature, rainfall, hourly data related to horizontal field of view, wind speed and direction, and the code of various dust phenomena were used. These data were received from the Meteorological Organization of seven synoptic stations that have statistics for 20 years (2002 to 2021). Investigating the changes of climatic parameters over 20 years, investigating the temporal and spatial mechanism pattern of dust, wind and storm rose, calculating the amount of evaporation and transpiration using the Torrent-White method, investigating the condition of dunes using the Lancaster index were the main steps of the current research. The mobility of quicksands was texted using a sensitivity analysis and at the end, the zoning maps of the final sand transport potential were prepared using ArcGIS software.

The results showed that the stations leading to Lut plain are facing a decrease in rainfall and an increase in temperature, evaporation, and transpiration. The changes in wind speed are high in Shahdad station and low in Baft station, and the prevailing wind direction in most of the studied stations is west and north. The highest frequency of local and extra-local winds is related to Nehbandan station with 1090 days and Bam station with 791 days, and the lowest frequency of winds is Local and extra-local corresponding to Baft station with 23 and 31 days, respectively. The calculation of the aridity index of the stations showed that the index of prevailing climatic conditions in the region is dry, ultra-arid, and semi-arid due to the activeness of wind deposits and the peak time of local events in the stations located in plain areas, and this means Shahdad station has become a real desert in terms of desertification risk, Baft station is under severe desertification risk, and other five stations are under very severe desertification risk. With the reduction of the UNEP aridity index and the increase of the aridity of the environment, the amount of sand mobility in the whole Lut plain is increased and the risk of desertification in the region is intensified. Based on the sensitivity analysis, if in the future the frequency of winds exceeds the erosion threshold by 30%, the activity and movement of dunes will increase by 30%, while with a 30% increase in rainfall, the dune activity will decrease by 43%. Also, the sand mobility index has a positive relationship with changes in evaporation and transpiration. With a 30 % increase in evaporation and transpiration and the speed of erosive winds, the activity and movement of dunes increase by up to 70 %, and with a 30 % decrease in these two meteorological indicators, the activity and movement of dunes decrease by 50 %.

By calculating the Lancaster index, the potential activity of dunes has been determined and the active and inactive areas have been separated. The results of the zoning of this index showed that in the studied area, the activity level of dunes is mostly completely active and active at the top of the dunes. It is inactive only in Bam station, which has been done to stabilize and reduce dust activity and management measures such as planting trees, hand-planting desert forests, dunes, and mulching. However, due to the activity of the dunes in other stations, these measures are not enough and need new management and planning. The results of the present research can be used to predict the future condition of dunes and determine appropriate management measures to control and reduce possible damage to other land uses in the region.