جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "t.i.b.i index" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

The intermediate development approach posits that vacant lands and the deteriorating structures within urban areas should be prioritized for development rather than expanding into the periphery of cities currently under construction. Acknowledging this significance, the present article endeavors to identify and prioritize the barriers to intermediate development in Zabol, utilizing Chang's technique. This applied study employs a descriptive-analytical research methodology, incorporating both library research and survey research (field studies) for data collection. The statistical population for identifying the obstacles to intermediate development comprised all residents of Zabol city in 2023. The sample size was calculated to be 384 using Cochran's formula, and a purposive sampling method was employed to gather the data. The reliability of the research instrument was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, yielding a value of 0.80. The identification of obstacles was conducted through a sample t-test in SPSS, followed by the prioritization of the identified barriers. Data were collected from existing information about the city and through a questionnaire distributed to 20 relevant experts. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using Chang's technique (AHP-FUZZY). The findings indicated that the most significant obstacle to the implementation of the intermediate development plan for Zabol city is the economic index, which received a final weight of 483.

Information and Communication Technology and competitiveness are mentioned as factors affecting economic growth in the last decade. In line with this discussion, the aim of this study is to examine the impact of information and communication technology and the competitiveness index on economic growth of selected developing and developed countries during the study period.

The present study uses an applied approach that combines descriptive and analytical methods to create a complete survey. To facilitate this research, the analysis uses both cross-sectional and panel data methods. Cross-sectional data allows for the examination of variables at a single point in time across multiple subjects. In contrast, panel data includes multiple observations of the same entities over different time periods. It also analyzes panel data through the generalized method of moments.

The findings of this study emphasize the positive and significant relationships between information and communication technology, competitiveness index on GDP in developing and developed countries. In a way that is consistent with the literature on the subject. The findings also indicate that the effect of these two variables is greater in developed countries than in developing countries. Therefore, policymakers should consider the socio-economic factors and unique contexts of their countries to effectively use these dynamics for sustainable and inclusive growth.

Geodiversity is the geographical variety of materials, forms, and terrestrial processes that make up the planet Earth. Land diversity is a basic term to determine the importance of non-living resources of nature, therefore, the expansion of studies related to geodiversity, especially in Iran, which has a lot of geological and geomorphological richness, can open a new window in the field of understanding the natural potentials of different regions of the country. One of the effective and potential goals in tourism is geological diversity or geodiversity and more importantly, geomorphological diversity, which can be considered as the main foundations of tourism in Iran. Arjan Plain, which is located 60 km southwest of Shiraz in the fold zone of the Zagros, is virgin and important from the point of view of tourism due to the presence of various karst forms such as Cheshme, Dolin, Lapieh, Punor, Hams, Cascade, Teng, and Dareh. In this research, an analytical and practical research method has been used. Geodiversity indicators were carried out in ARCMAP, Fragstats software environment, and the results of the research showed that in the southern part of Polie Arjan, the GDI index is equal to 11.04. Due to the mountainous topography and higher altitude, more rainfall, and lower temperature, and on the other hand, the presence of the Asmari limestone formation, many and varied forms of karst have been developed in this section, as well as the SIEI, SHEI, SHDI, SIDI, MSIDI, MSIEI is equal to 1.56, 0.87, 0.77, 0.92, 1.47 and 0.82, respectively. It has caused the expansion and diversity of geodiversity in the region.

Zagros forests are one of Iran’s most valuable ecosystems, hosting diverse fauna and flora. Recent crises such as global warming, droughts, and dust storms have endangered this ecosystem, causing the weakening of individual trees or groups of trees in the region. Decline is an important disorder and challenge that threatens oak trees in the Zagros region. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of zoning decline-affected trees using machine-learning algorithms. The study area encompasses 101 hectares of middle Zagros forests known as the "Baloot Boland" region. Filed sampling was conducted to assess the health status of trees in 37 sample plots (1000 square meters each). In addition, the ground truth map was prepared on a tree-by-tree investigation basis for 11% of the total area. After analyzing reparability, three classes were selected for classification: "Class 1" representing areas with decline levels below 50%, "Class 2" representing areas with drought levels exceeding 50%, and "Class 3" including bare soil, sparse forest, roads, and rocky outcrops. The capabilities of the four machine learning methods, namely Maximum Likelihood, Neural Network, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine, were compared. The results showed that the Maximum Likelihood method provided the highest overall accuracy and Kappa coefficients of 87.0% and 73.0%, respectively. Additionally, in Class 2, the area of decline was higher, indicating an increasing level of decline in the region. It is recommended to study the spectral behavior of trees directly during the decline process and to introduce suitable spectral indices to identify the early stage of decline-affected stands.

Over the past few decades, discussions related to human development and its impact on economic growth have been of particular importance. The Human Development Index is a combination of three key components: life expectancy, per capita income, and literacy level, and is used to measure the level of development, analyze spatial justice, and regional inequality at the national and regional levels. In this regard, the aim of the present study is to investigate the economic factors affecting the improvement of the Human Development Index in Ardabil province. The type of research is descriptive-analytical.

The method of this study is based on quantitative-spatial approaches. The research method used in this study is a combination of documentary-library methods. In the analytical section, by considering the indicators and considerations of human development in the form of 13 target indicators, the economic factors affecting the improvement of the Human Development Index in Ardabil province have been examined on a case-by-case basis. To collect the required information, the main reliance was on the documents of the National Statistics Center, and the Morris model, GIS software, and Spss were used to analyze the collected data.

The results show that in terms of human development index, the three counties of Ardabil, Parsabad, and Meshginshahr are in the highest ranks, and the three counties of Kowsar, Namin, and Sarein are in the lowest ranks. Also, the spatial distribution of the human development index among the counties of the province shows that the central and northern counties of the province have relatively better conditions than the southern counties. Regarding the factors affecting the human development index, the results of the article showed that the indicators of rural percentage, household size, unemployment rate, dependency burden, actual dependency burden, theoretical dependency burden, and percentage of industrial sector employees, with correlation coefficients of 0.726, 0.768, 0.245, 0.512, 0.512, and 0.598, respectively, had a statistically significant negative relationship with the human development index, and the indicators of urbanization percentage, employment rate, economic participation rate, women's economic participation rate, percentage of agricultural sector employees, and percentage of service sector employees, with correlation coefficients of 0.726, 0.245, 0.395, 0.101, and 0.435, respectively, had a statistically significant positive relationship with the human development index.

Drought is the most damaging natural phenomenon that occurs in all climates of the world, even in humid regions. Agricultural drought not only damages crops and causes changes in vegetation cover, but also causes social and economic damage. The aim of this study is to monitor agricultural drought and analyze the spatial-temporal distribution of drought severity in the Aras River Basin for the vegetation growth months (April to July) in the statistical period 2012 to 2021. To assess drought conditions, the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) obtained from precipitation data from 7 synoptic stations was used as the dependent variable, and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Conditions Index (TCI), and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) were used as independent variables. The results of the correlation between meteorological indices and satellite indices showed that the SPI index has the highest correlation with the VCI index. This index also had high accuracy compared to other indices based on validation criteria, indicating its ability to monitor agricultural drought. Examination of classified drought severity maps based on SPI, VCI, VHI, and NDVI indices showed that April and May were the wettest months and July was the driest month. According to the TCI index, April was the driest month and July was the wettest month during the statistical period, and in all indices, 2021 was accompanied by severe drought. In terms of location, stations located in the western half of the Aras River Basin had more severe drought and rainfall deficiency than stations in its eastern half.

Industrial estates, resulting from industrialization, serve as vital links between industry, agriculture, and rural development. Establishing these estates near rural areas is essential for societal progress, particularly in developing countries. Previous experience shows that clustering industrial units within bio-complexes fosters economic, social, environmental, and physical transformations at regional and local levels. This clustering helps address rural issues by creating complementary production flows, supporting agriculture, providing non-agricultural employment, and improving rural welfare. However, industrial areas can also negatively impact local communities. This research focuses on identifying the unknown economic, social, physical, and environmental effects of the Yasouj 3 industrial estate on the surrounding rural areas of Boyer-Ahmad county, an area that has not been comprehensively studied.

This survey research aimed to assess the impacts of industrial estates on surrounding rural areas in the central district of Boyer-Ahmad County. The study involved 299 household heads from nearby and distant villages to the Yasouj 3 industrial estate, with 161 from Far-Field villages and 138 from Near-Field villages selected randomly based on the Bartlett sampling table. A researcher-developed questionnaire, validated by experts and tested for reliability, was used for data collection. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.62 to 0.71, indicating good reliability. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 21, and the Morris analytical model ranked the study's objective indicators, with the coefficient of variation (C.V.) assessing the dispersion of these indicators.

Based on the findings of factor analysis, three factors were identified as having significant social impacts: sense of place and economic-social security in the region, motivation and peace in the region, and cultural-welfare. These factors collectively accounted for 45.50% of the overall social impacts. Additionally, four factors were identified as having significant economic impacts: agricultural status, employment and income, capital status, and poverty. These factors collectively accounted for 52.91% of the total variance of economic impacts. Four factors were also identified as having significant environmental impacts: density and diversity of species, quantity and quality of water, environmental quality, and health. These factors collectively accounted for 52.44% of the total variance of environmental impacts. Finally, four factors were identified as having significant physical impacts as pressure on local resources, organizing road infrastructure, road quality, and access to facilities. These factors collectively accounted for 51.14% of the total variance of physical impacts of establishing industrial estates in the surrounding rural areas. A one-sample t-test was used to examine the impact of industrial estates on the surrounding rural areas. Results  showed that industrialization's economic and physical-structural impacts were desirable for nearby residents, while the environmental impacts were undesirable. Specifically, in the social dimension, industrialization had a positive impact on spatial and economic-social security perception and cultural-welfare, but a negative impact on motivation and peace in the region. Regarding the economic dimension, establishing industrial estates improved the agricultural status, employment and income, and capital status while reducing poverty. A similar analysis for the physical dimension shows that industrial states led to the organizing of road infrastructure, improved the quality of transportation roads, and enhanced access to facilities, but increased pressure on resources. However, an analysis of the environmental dimension's impacts revealed that industrial states had a negative impact on the density and diversity of species, quantity and quality of water, environmental quality, and health. In the distant villages, the economic and physical impacts of industrialization were perceived positively by the residents, while the environmental impacts were negative. However, the impact of industrialization was not significant in the social dimension. Ultimately, the results obtained from the Development Index (D.I.) showed that the establishment of industry in the surrounding areas had various impacts on social, physical-structural, and environmental indicators, leading to improved social and physical-structural conditions. Nevertheless, it had an undesirable impact on the environmental situation. A comparison of the coefficient of variation (C.V.) showed that establishing industrial estates had the most significant impact on environmental and physical-structural indicators and the least on social indicators.

To mitigate industrial impacts on the environment, it is essential to develop conservation and resource management strategies. This includes maintaining species diversity, improving environmental quality, and prioritizing health in planning and policy-making. Implementing strict laws and monitoring industrial activities is crucial. Due to unsatisfactory environmental conditions, improving social and physical infrastructure based on regional needs is also necessary. The study highlights the need for increased attention to environmental issues and research across social, physical, and environmental areas. Its findings are relevant for industrial and rural development organizations, guiding policymakers in proposing effective solutions to reduce industrial impacts on rural areas.

Natural Drought, a natural phenomenon that ranks foremost among all natural disasters in its impact on communities, demands a comprehensive study utilizing appropriate drought indices given its significance and detrimental effects on diverse regions, including Iran. Effective drought management strategies hinge on accurate identification of drought periods using suitable indices. Saravan County has experienced recurrent droughts in recent years, with severe consequences for agriculture, water resources, and socioeconomic conditions. Identifying drought's effects on environmental sustainability in this county and proposing effective measures to mitigate environmental degradation is crucial. This study employed eight drought indices to assess drought severity in Saravan County: Decile Precipitation Index (DPI), Percent of Normal Precipitation Index (PNPI), Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Standardized Water Supply Index (SWSI), Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Crop Moisture Index (CMI), Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI),Effective Drought Index (EDI). The analysis revealed that areas experiencing drought conditions occupy the most extensive area in the region, with this category spanning vast areas in the central, western, northwestern, and eastern parts. The severe drought category encompasses a portion of the northern and northeastern region. The findings highlight the need for adopting a comprehensive approach to drought management in Saravan County, incorporating multiple drought indices to accurately assess drought severity and implement effective mitigation strategies. By understanding the spatiotemporal distribution of drought, policymakers and stakeholders can develop targeted interventions to safeguard the region's agricultural productivity, water resources, and environmental sustainability.

Deforestation is one of the biggest global environmental challenges because forests are one of the most important components of the world's ecosystem and play a key role in adjusting the climate and regulating various biochemical cycles. The forests of northern Iran are considered one of the most valuable forest ecosystems in Iran, and they are among the rich forests in terms of the diversity of plant species. Therefore, detecting changes with the help of multi-temporal data in forest levels allows us to prevent further destruction by automatically identifying these changes. The main goal of this research is to identify the thresholds and apply them to the NDVI vegetation index images in MODIS sensors and automatic monitoring of forest areas.

This research was conducted in the Central Alborz protected area with an area of more than 398 thousand hectares and very rich vegetation with more than 1100 plant species. In this research, the MOD13Q1 product of the MODIS sensor and the normalized vegetation difference index (NDVI) with a spatial resolution of 250 meters and a temporal resolution of 16 days, as well as The MCD12C1 product images of the MODIS sensor with a spatial resolution of 5600 m and a temporal resolution of one year were used in three layers with the classification schemes of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP), University of Maryland (UMD) and the Modis Derived Scheme (LAI). The 16-day NDVI images were converted to monthly images with the maximum value algorithm and the PCA algorithm with 25 components was applied to them to eliminate errors and noise. Using the Google Earth system, 5 random polygons were selected on virgin forest areas, in order to estimate the value of the pixels and finally determine the thresholds. Vegetation homogeneity was checked using MCD12C1 images. Forest thresholds were determined by calculating the mean and standard deviation of the sample areas during 16 years. Finally, the changes were detected by applying a threshold on the images of 2001 and 2016 and applying Boolean operations with the bolean operators on them. Then, using the Google Earth system, these points were validated.

By applying PCA to the images, the amount of noise was reduced to the optimal level while maintaining the original information of the images. The results of investigating the homogeneity of the vegetation in 5 sample areas showed that they are homogeneous in three levels and are deciduous broadleaf forests The results obtained from calculating the standard deviation and monthly average of forest values indicate that the months of June, July, and August are most suitable for assessing changes in the forest cover within the study area. The threshold for these months was obtained as 8596.55, 8000 and 8497.51 respectively. By applying these thresholds to the images captured in these three months in 2001 and 2016, and then subtracting the images from each other, the pixels that experienced a decrease in forest value were identified. Finally, after performing the Boolean operation, 200 pixels with an approximate area of 1728.23 hectares were identified as changed points with a decrease in forest cover. Upon cheching, the overall accuracy for the determined points was found to be 88.5%. Hence, the application of these thresholds enables the automatic detection of changes in forest cover areas in an up-to-date and continuous manner.

In general, the Central Alborz protected area is one of the important forest centers of the country, and according to the results, we have lost a significant number of forests during the 16 years due to various reasons. Also, the results of this research indicate the importance of using automation methods in identifying forest cover changes by applying certain thresholds on the NDVI index images of the Modis sensor in remote sensing.

Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental hazards. Investigating the impact of soil erosion on soil quality is possible through the evaluation of soil quality indices in eroded and non-eroded points. Studying the severity of soil erosion in order to protect the soil and investigate and evaluate its risks is of particular importance. There is a significant relationship between increasing soil erosion and decreasing soil quality, therefore soil quality and erosion are closely related phenomena. The main prerequisite for dealing with all types of erosion, including gully erosion, is to predict the risk of gully formation and its effects in different places. The purpose of this study in the south of Ardabil city is to calculate the soil quality indicators and investigate the effect of soil erosion on the quality indicators, compare the correlation between the most important characteristics affecting the soil quality (MDS) and the total characteristics affecting the soil quality (TDS) and provide an index distribution map. The quality of the soil is determined with the help of geostatistical methods.

The studied area is a part of Mullah Ahmed watershed near Amin Lo village, 10 km south of Ardabil city. A part of this area was selected with an area of about 50 hectares, which had active Gullies. After identifying and investigating the study area, 48 samples were taken from the depth of 0 to 30 cm of the soil surface, including 24 non-eroded and 24 eroded points. Sampling from each point was done based on the change of topographical conditions and variety of soil characteristics, especially soil color, and in the form of paired points. After laboratory analysis, the total of the measured features was considered as the total data set (TDS) and the principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to select the minimum data set (MDS) (Doran and Parkin, 1994). The contribution of each feature (COM) was calculated by factor analysis (FA) in TDS and MDS sets (Shukla et al; 2004). Then, soil quality indices were calculated using IQI and NQI relationships (Doran and Parkin, 1994).  After calculating the soil quality indices at the sampling points in the region, continuous maps of the distribution of soil quality indices were obtained using two methods, Kriging and IDW, with the help of GS Plus 5.1 and Arc GIS 10.8 software.

According to the results of PCA test, Sand, Clay, pH and Ec variables in eroded points and BD, Sand, Clay and n variables in non-eroded points were selected as MDS set. Pearson's correlation for soil quality indices in two sets of TDS and MDS in eroded and non-eroded points was significant at 5% level. According to the significant results, the use of the MDS set can optimally calculate the soil quality indices in non-eroded points instead of the TDS set. According to the distribution maps of soil quality and the findings of Qi (2009), the studied area is in grade III to II in terms of soil quality. In eroded points, in IQI and NQI indices, Kriging method was the best in TDS set and IDW method was the best in MDS set. While in the non-eroded points, except for the NQI index in the TDS set, in the rest of the soil quality indices, the Kriging method showed a better and more accurate performance.

Due to the significant correlation in non-eroded points, the use of MDS can acceptably calculate the soil quality indices (IQI and NQI) in non-eroded points, and in these points the IQI and NQI indices calculated using TDS are much superior. It is not compared to MDS. In general, in the studied area, based on the coefficient of explanation (R^2) and the mean square error, the kriging method was more effective in showing the distribution of soil quality indices compared to the IDW method. The results of all these researches show that the optimal and appropriate method for estimation and estimating data can be different depending on the variable. The limited size of the studied area, sample intervals, the number of samples, the heterogeneity of the area in terms of variables and the existence of a trend can also influence the selection of estimation methods. According to the results obtained from the studied area, soil erosion has a significant effect on some soil quality characteristics. According to this research, conducting similar researches in other parts of Iran under different soil and climate conditions, along with a wide range of erosion effects on soil quality, general modeling of soil quality is important. The result of this can help to develop and create a national index of soil quality, and the existence of this index can provide the possibility of permanent monitoring of the soil condition at the level of agricultural and natural areas of the country and predict the possibility of soil destruction and erosion.

Rainfall and discharge components are important parameters among climatic and hydrological parameters that identifying their behavior for water resources management is of particular importance. The aim of this study was to analyze the changes in river flow indicators in quantifying Basal Flow Index (BFI) and Flow Duration Curve (FDC) in the Sabalan mountain rivers. Therefore, first, the daily flow discharge in river gauge stations were divided into two periods pre and post the change based on changes in flow indicators or climatic components. Then, general statistics, BFI and FDC were calculated using River Analysis Package (RAP) software. The results showed that the maximum statistical values of river flow in Lay, Nir and Pol-e-Soltani stations have significantly decreased. BFI in most stations had an increasing trend, which can be related to the possible continuation of snowmelt in the foothills of Sabalan. In Ahl-e-Iman, Lay, Nir, Pol-e-Soltani and Viladaraq stations in the periods pre- and post-change, flow discharge in 50% of the days of the year was equal to or more than 0.081 and 0.108, 0.1 and 0.125, 1.3 and 0.884, 0.71 and 0.372, 0.07 and 0.055 cms were estimated. In general, the change in river flow indicators has been affected by the occurrence of significant changes in rainfall and temperature components

The topography is, directly and indirectly, affects the geomorphic processes and hydrological behavior of the slope (Prancevic and Kirchner, 2019), therefore, quantitative correlation of topography features is possible due to deposition and runoff production and predicting the spatial distribution of soil and surface deposits (McKenzie and Ryan, 1999). different shapes and sides of slopes in the drainage basin affect the time of runoff movement on the slopes and drainage networks and the basin response, such as time, equilibrium, retardation time, concentration-time, and hydrograph peak time. These temporal features constitute an important part of the hydrological modeling of the watershed. Considering that most of rainfall-runoff models relate to runoff traverse times at the slopes surface, it is easy to study the topography effect on runoff features such as river discharge estimators, flood forecasting, peak flow, runoff volume, and water resource management (Merheb et al., 2016; Mlynski et al., 2019). In terms of morphodynamic conditions, the topography is directly related to erosion and sedimentation processes. Topographic wetness index theory (TWI) is designed as an important and all-purpose feature in the rainfall-runoff model to measure the effect and topography controlling on hydrological processes (Calogero et al., 2015; Jeziorska and Niedzielski, 2018; Xue et al., 2018). This model simulates the interaction of groundwater and surface water with topography to determine which regions are prone to saturation of the earth and thus have a high potential for surface accumulation water (Ballerine, 2017) and can be expressed quantitatively as a physical indicator the effect of the topography of watersheds slopes on the mechanism of substructure flow (groundwater), runoff production, the spatial distribution of soil moisture and the ability of soil moisture deficiency to saturation state at each point in the range and level of the basin. (Beven and Kirkby 1979; O'Loughlin 1986; Barling et al. 1994; Qiu et al., 2017).

The Maroon River drainage basin, with an area of 7228 square kilometers and an area of 802 kilometers, covers the central part of the Jarahi-Zohreh basin. The Jarahi-Zohreh basin is itself a large part of the Persian Gulf-Oman Sea basin, which its drainage network pours into the northwest part of the Persian Gulf (Fig. 1). In this study, the based data obtained have formed 30 m SRTM DEM data, 1:50000 topographic maps, geological maps of 1:100000, aerial photos, Landsat satellite imagery, Google Earth, and field visits and ArcGIS10.3, QGIS, and SAGA software. To estimate topographic indices, first, it is processed the DEM data file and the stream network of the study basin in the SAGA software environment and then topographic basin indices based on DEM data were calculated and analyzed by the existing functions of this software. In the continuation, slopes of the Maroon basin were classified into nine different types based on two indices of plan shape (divergence, convergence, parallel) and profile (curvature) slopes profile (concave, convex, and flat) (Fig. 2) and the obtained amount of TWI index was analyzed in them. a: The hydrological model (TOPMODEL) is a semi-distributed model where the topography changes of the region and participating levels play a major role in the runoff, assuming that hydraulic gradient can be estimated using the land topography gradient (Ballerine, 2017). The topographic information used in this model is introduced as a topographic moisture indicator and can express the topography effect on runoff production and slope movements quantitatively. These values are calculated using the digital elevation model (DEM) of the studied area and by measuring the flow direction, current accumulation, gradient, and different geometrical characteristics obtained from Arc Hydro software. The final result is a Raster layer which shows pathways (regions) with drainage ditches where water is likely to accumulate there (Ballerine, 2017).

The results of basin type stud show that the first-class waterways flow mostly in divergent basins with flat curvature. The second, third, and fourth classes of the basin flow in the concave and parallel basin, and the fifth and sixth classes flow in convex and convergent basins (Table 1). In divergent slopes of the basin, the topographic moisture index has been reduced and in convex and convergent basins, the topographic moisture index increases. Furthermore, the TWI index has a high inverse correlation with the degree gradient and average height of the river (-0.97). This index decreases with the increasing gradient and height of waterways (Table 2). In the trimming basins, the increasing general gradient has led to an acceleration of water flow, thus the time required for penetrating water flow and rainfalls is decreased and the concentration-time is decreased too, and correspondingly amount of erosion and water wasting is increased.

The results of the study show that the topographic features of the basin-like the slope plan and longitudinal profile of the slope play a decisive role in hydrological processes and runoff time features and slope response time. These features not only directly affect geomorphological and hydrological conditions like annual runoff, flood volume, soil erosion intensity, and sediment production, but also indirectly effects the climate, ecological situation, and vegetation, as well as effects on the water situation in the basin. The results of the basin slope type study are such that the divergent slopes are the lowest amount in the topographic moisture index. Surface water and subsurface water is not concentrated, they spread, and pass slopes water rapidly. the results showed that there is a significant relationship between hydrological processes with the topography and geomorphology indices and can be used as a variable to simulate the moisture state of the Maroon basin area, which is an example of an indirect and low-cost approach to study the hydrological and geomorphological features of the region. the consistency of this index to local soil conditions is a certain advantage over the existing methods and in detailed application programs it needs to perform more activity and perform adaptive studies. Therefore, knowledge of these indices and features in terms of impact on the variability of soil hydraulic features and surface Sediment is necessary to achieve sustainable development and reorganization of the region.

The characteristics of drought as one of the environmental events may affect climate changes in the future. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of meteorological drought on vegetation dynamics from 2001 to 2021 in the Golestan province, northern Iran, using remote sensing satellite images. First, using MATLAB software, the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was calculated in time scales of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for the Golestan province with a statistical period of 20 years and zoned in ArcGIS software with IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) Interpolation Method. In the next step, we obtained the maximum value of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) per month from the MODI3Q1 product of the MODIS spectrometer. Also, using Tersest software, the correlation and line slope of EVI index changes were calculated based on SPEI index changes. The results of correlation analysis showed that in 54.19% of the area of Golestan province, 6-month SPEI changes have the maximum correlation with the EVI index compared to SPEI in other periods. As a result, the highest impact of drought on vegetation in most parts of the study area is related to the 6-month SPEI in May. The results of vegetation sensitivity to meteorological drought showed that in the south of Golestan province, which is covered with dense forest conditions and includes the eastern slopes of Alborz spread in the form of a strip from the west to the east of the province, the vegetation has relatively low sensitivity to the phenomenon of drought due to suitable climatic conditions and the relative humidity of the air. The research results can be used in long-term planning for sustainable natural resources management.

Khorasan Razavi province is one of the provinces prone to drought in Iran. This study has assessed the spatio-temporal changes in the drought events in Khorasan Razavi province using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). For this purpose, initially, the IPSL-CM6, MRI-ESM2-0, GFDL-ESM4, and MIROC6 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) were examined on an annual scale. The results showed that among the models, GFDL-ESM4 has a higher correlation with temperature and precipitation data from synoptic stations. Therefore, this model was selected and then downscaled using the CMHyd software, and the results of this model were used to calculate drought. In this research, the delta change factor (DCF) method was used for downscaling precipitation and temperature. Also, the intermediate scenario (SSP2-4.5) was used for drought projecting. The intensity and frequency of meteorological drought during the historical period from 1990 to 2014 and the future period from 2026 to 2050 were examined. The results indicated that drought in Khorasan Razavi province is subject to significant changes; such that the maximum annual frequency of drought during the historical period is 25%, and under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, it reaches 31%. The frequency and intensity of drought in the future, especially during the spring and summer seasons, will significantly increase. Geographically, the intensity of drought in all seasons is highest in the north and east of the province.

A critical concept in enhancing the quality of urban and human environments is the sense of place attachment. This study aims to identify and evaluate the physical components that enhance place attachment, focusing specifically on the Abshouran neighborhood in the city of Kermanshah. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, and its nature is applied research. To gather data, documentary studies, field observations, and questionnaires were utilized. The statistical population consists of all residents of the Abshouran neighborhood, with a sample size of 285 individuals determined using Morgan’s table. The findings of this study reveal a significant relationship between all physical indicators and the sense of place attachment. Notably, four variables— "variety and attractiveness," "distinctiveness," "contextual sensitivity," and "spatial structure and appropriate form"—show a stronger correlation with the sense of place attachment in the Abshouran neighborhood compared to other indicators. Furthermore, regression analysis indicates that the correlation between physical variables and place attachment is robust, with a correlation coefficient of 0.782. The coefficient of determination suggests that 61.1% of the variance in place attachment can be explained by the physical index variables.

This research sought to assess the climate comfort conditions for tourism in Hamadan Province.

This applied study, conducted in 2023 in Hamadan Province, utilized climate data gathered from meteorological stations across the region. Key climatic variables, including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure, were collected from 2004 to 2018. The meteorological stations examined included Hamadan, Tuyserkan, Asadabad, Razan, Famenin, Nahavand, Qahavand, Nojeh, and Malayer. After gathering the data, the Stress Index, the Steadman-Tom Temperature-Humidity Index, and the Climate Potential Index were calculated and analyzed across various time periods, such as different seasons, to determine which periods and areas provided optimal climatic conditions for tourism.

The models revealed consistent patterns, including climatic homogeneity and stability, persistent cold in winter, variations in climate between spring and summer, and unfavorable conditions during winter. All three indices indicated that climate changes in the Hamadan region have been gradual, without extreme fluctuations, leading to uniform conditions within each season. This consistency across the indices suggests that, despite methodological differences, the overall findings regarding climatic and thermal comfort were similar.

Most meteorological stations in Hamadan report unfavorable bioclimatic conditions for tourism in January and February, with March also being suboptimal. The most favorable months for tourism in Hamadan Province are May, June, and September.

One of the most important consequences of the rapid growth of urbanization and the physical development of the country's cities in the past decades is the breakdown of the distribution system of urban service centers, which has become the basis for social inequality of citizens and the level of enjoyment of urban services. In the meantime, medical services are of particular importance, so that the weakness and inefficiency of the management in the matter of providing optimal services in this field will have extensive negative consequences. In this research, we investigated the access of the population to the hospital as an integral part of a social organization that is responsible for providing complete health care including treatment and prevention measures in the population as an important measure in the health of the city in smartness. we paid In the current research, using the 2-step method of the floating basin, using network analysis and pre-processing of population blocks, to prevent the inflation of supply and demand, we have created the access limits of the population to the hospital. The results show that according to the growth of the urban population and the direction of these changes in each studied urban area, the population's access to the hospital is poor and limited population blocks have appropriate access, inappropriate distribution and dispersion in the location of hospitals and lack of planning regarding Increasing the approved beds and activating the beds are the things that cause the lack of easy and quick access to these services for the population of southern areas of Tehran.

The process of erosion and sedimentation on river banks is often accelerated by natural events and human activities, which lead to natural hazards. This process has also faced serious risks in Jajrud river, urban and rural settlements, agricultural lands, construction structures around the river. The Jajroud River has important importance and effects in securing agricultural water rights, feeding underground aquifers, providing drinking water in the region and the green and natural spaces of Fashm, Migun, Lavasanat and downstream, which has been subject to many changes in recent years due to direct and indirect human interference. including the expansion of urban and rural construction, river engineering operations and wall construction along the river, encroachment on the river boundary and changing the course of the river channels, the use of non-native vegetation on the banks of the river, and as a result, the eco-hydro geomorphological conditions of the river have become unstable. The phenomenon of erosion and sedimentation in Jajroud river has brought negative consequences such as changing the bed, accumulation and settling of large amounts of sediment and overflowing of canal water and as a result the risk of flooding.