جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « خراسان رضوی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The importance of the issue of security has caused the protection of borders and the defense of border areas to be considered by the rulers in all historical periods, and in a way, the protection of borders means the continuation of the governance system of each country. Throughout history, all countries have faced some degree of insecurity, chaos, crisis and border wars to stabilize their country. Many ethnic, racial, and religious groups have coexisted in turbulent political and social contexts in recent years and have lived on borders. Iran has been one of the countries whose borders have been in turmoil in recent years. In fact, Iran's borders have historically seen the most tangible state-nation conflicts; therefore, the issue of borders has always been one of the basic and important issues of governments. Iran's geographical location and the political situation of neighboring countries, along with the intervention of foreigners, have caused us to witness various tensions in the country's border strip in recent years, including Iran's eastern borders. One of the eastern border areas of the country that has faced tension in recent years is the borders of Khorasan Razavi province. In view of the above, the development of military infrastructure in the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province is very important. Due to the fact that the border strip of this province is not uniform in terms of environmental conditions, so the identification of areas prone to the development of military infrastructure, including military bases and observation posts, is very important in this study. Been paid.

In this research, in order to achieve the desired goals, descriptive-analytical methods as well as an integrated model of fuzzy logic and network analysis (ANP) have been used. The research data include a 30 m high SRTM digital model, 1: 50000 topographic maps and information layer related to the population points located in the study area. The most important tool used in this research is ArcGIS software. In this research, fuzzy logic and ANP models have been used to identify areas prone to military infrastructure development. According to the objectives, this research has been done in two stages. In this first stage, in order to analyze the role of geomorphological factors in the security of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province, a map of elevation status and geomorphological units of this region has been prepared. In the second stage, using 8 parameters including slope, slope direction, field of view, altitude, distance from the river, distance from the communication road, distance from the border and distance from population points, as well as a combined model of fuzzy logic and ANP to identify areas prone to development. Military infrastructure (including military bases and reconnaissance) is discussed.

The study of the geomorphological status of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province indicates that the border strip of this province has a high geomorphological diversity. The border strip of Khorasan Razavi province consists of 4 units of mountains, slopes, plains and alluvial fans, as well as hills. The mountain unit mostly includes the northern border strip of this province, which leads to the border of Turkmenistan. Due to its high altitude as well as being difficult to cross, this unit can play an important role in controlling the border strip as well as monitoring other areas. Therefore, one of the strengths of the northern borders of Khorasan Razavi province is the existence of a high mountain range and difficult to cross. Mahour hill unit is scattered in the border strip of this province, which has a lower height and slope than the mountain unit. Due to fewer obstacles and more visibility, this unit has a high potential for the establishment of military facilities, including military bases. The slope unit is located between the mountains and the plain, which has a high potential for military purposes, including various defense sites, because a large part of these slopes have eastern slope directions. However, the plain and alluvial fan unit, which is mostly located on the border with Afghanistan, can be vulnerable due to fewer geomorphological obstacles. Although this unit has a high potential for military transport and other military purposes, it is more vulnerable than other units. According to the mentioned cases, the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province has a great variety of geomorphology and each of its parts has different potential for different purposes.

The results of the study of the geomorphology of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have shown that this province has a high geomorphological diversity and this issue has caused the defense capability in different areas of the border strip of this province is not the same. Also, based on the results, the border strip of this province has a big difference in terms of environmental parameters, so the potential of each region for different military and civilian activities is different. Considering that in this research, the identification of areas prone to the development of military infrastructure has been considered with emphasis on military bases and observation posts, so the desired parameters have been defined in accordance with the objectives of the research and based on these parameters have been identified as areas prone to the development of military infrastructure. Based on the results, parts of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have a high potential for the development of military infrastructure and parts of it have a high vulnerability. According to the results, the northern regions of the border strip of this province, due to having a wide field of view, high altitude, the presence of slopes and directions of the eastern slope, have the highest potential to establish military bases and observation posts, as well as middle areas. Due to the lack of a wide field of view, low altitude and being located in the plain unit, this province has little potential for the development of military infrastructure (military bases and observation posts). Due to the above, the middle areas of the border strip of Khorasan Razavi province have a high potential for vulnerability, so it is necessary to make the necessary plans to control and monitor these areas.

Estimation of plant water requirement under climate change conditions is important for planning in the direction of irrigation principles and water resources management in the agricultural sector. Cotton is one of the most important industrial products in the country. In this study, based on the data of meteorological stations in the base period and the output of total atmospheric circulation models from the next period to 2060, ETo changes and deviations and the water requirement of cotton crop in Khorasan Razavi were investigated. Evaluation of the province based on observational data showed that most of the province's rainfall occurs in the cold period of the year, especially in March or March to late April and mid-May. Examination of the simulated data showed that in the next period up to 2061; the amount of air temperature in the region will increase. Monthly precipitation in the period (2020-2040) decreased compared to the base period, but in the decades (2041-2061) increased compared to previous decades and reached close to normal. In fact, in the near decade 2060, the amount of rainfall will increase slightly compared to the next decades; These conditions can not be stabilized due to the increase in air temperature, a slight increase in precipitation. Studies have shown that the amount of Eto or reference evapotranspiration in the future period will increase compared to the base period and the past due to the increase in air temperature. Based on the increase in reference evapotranspiration, the water requirement of cotton growth stages, including the initial, intermediate and final stages, will also increase. In terms of length of growth period; The highest amount of water requirement will occur in the middle period of cotton growth. In terms of spatial distribution and dispersion; The northern half of the province and the center of the province have the highest amount of reference evapotranspiration and water requirement due to altitude and mountainous conditions (Quchan, Dargaz, Chenaran, Neishabour and Torbat Heydariyeh). The need for serious attention to the optimal management of water resources and planting resistant crops with higher adaptability is important.Estimation of plant water requirement under climate change conditions is important for planning in the direction of irrigation principles and water resources management in the agricultural sector. Cotton is one of the most important industrial products in the country. In this study, based on the data of meteorological stations in the base period and the output of total atmospheric circulation models from the next period to 2060, ETo changes and deviations and the water requirement of cotton crop in Khorasan Razavi were investigated. Evaluation of the province based on observational data showed that most of the province's rainfall occurs in the cold period of the year, especially in March or March to late April and mid-May. Examination of the simulated data showed that in the next period up to 2061; the amount of air temperature in the region will increase. Monthly precipitation in the period (2020-2040) decreased compared to the base period, but in the decades (2041-2061) increased compared to previous decades and reached close to normal. In fact, in the near decade 2060, the amount of rainfall will increase slightly compared to the next decades; These conditions can not be stabilized due to the increase in air temperature, a slight increase in precipitation. Studies have shown that the amount of Eto or reference evapotranspiration in the future period will increase compared to the base period and the past due to the increase in air temperature. Based on the increase in reference evapotranspiration, the water requirement of cotton growth stages, including the initial, intermediate and final stages, will also increase. In terms of length of growth period; The highest amount of water requirement will occur in the middle period of cotton growth. In terms of spatial distribution and dispersion; The northern half of the province and the center of the province have the highest amount of reference evapotranspiration and water requirement due to altitude and mountainous conditions (Quchan, Dargaz, Chenaran, Neishabour and Torbat Heydariyeh). The need for serious attention to the optimal management of water resources and planting resistant crops with higher adaptability is important.Estimation of plant water requirement under climate change conditions is important for planning in the direction of irrigation principles and water resources management in the agricultural sector. Cotton is one of the most important industrial products in the country. In this study, based on the data of meteorological stations in the base period and the output of total atmospheric circulation models from the next period to 2060, ETo changes and deviations and the water requirement of cotton crop in Khorasan Razavi were investigated. Evaluation of the province based on observational data showed that most of the province's rainfall occurs in the cold period of the year, especially in March or March to late April and mid-May. Examination of the simulated data showed that in the next period up to 2061; the amount of air temperature in the region will increase. Monthly precipitation in the period (2020-2040) decreased compared to the base period, but in the decades (2041-2061) increased compared to previous decades and reached close to normal. In fact, in the near decade 2060, the amount of rainfall will increase slightly compared to the next decades; These conditions can not be stabilized due to the increase in air temperature, a slight increase in precipitation. Studies have shown that the amount of Eto or reference evapotranspiration in the future period will increase compared to the base period and the past due to the increase in air temperature. Based on the increase in

To find the geotourism potential of a region or to measure the tourist potential of geoparks, researchers in Iran and the world have always sought to evaluate the geosites and geomorphosites of regions. The purpose of this study is to compare the models of Brilha, Comanescu, and Fassoulas, with Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s native model. It examines the strengths and weaknesses of each of the international models with the Iranian model. The study area with an area of 4257 square kilometers is located in the west of Khorasan Razavi, which can include parts of Sabzevar and Davarzan cities. This research has dealt with the subject with an analytical-comparative method. The data were collected using documentary and field methods and analyzed using GIS, SPSS, and Excel graphic and statistical software. The results of the research show that geomorphosites that are water erosion subsets have the highest scores in all models, and in contrast, wind erosion geomorphosites have the lowest scores. From the comparison of the models, it can be concluded that Shayan Yeganeh et al.’s model is the most consistent with Brilha’s model. The Brillha model can be used to evaluate the ophiolite and desert regions. The native model of Shayan Yeganeh is designed for the dry and semi-arid deserts and mountainous regions, and it seems that it is necessary to give a few changes and modifications for coastal and glacial areas. Regarding the innovation of the study, it investigates the latest Iranian model for evaluating geomorphosites and geosites and examines its strengths and weaknesses.

Different regions in Iran have the potential to become a geo-tourism destination because of the high geo-diversity. Therefore, this is also a strategy of development to increase employment through the tourism industry in diverse, entertaining and attractive natural places.  

This research aims to investigate the capabilities of geo-tourism and provide solutions to help practitioners of development projects in the region to attract tourists by expanding and preparing the land for tourism.

The method of research and data collection was a field study, interviews with local people and analysis of library documents, using geological maps, topography and satellite images in order to prepare the required maps and determine the exact location of geo-sites. Statistical methods were used to prepare maps and (GIS) for the location of sites. In the second stage, after selecting the sites, they were prioritized in the Komansko model and evaluated according to the points table. Considering the large number of sites in the region, only 35 sites have been scientifically analyzed.                                              

Geographical Context: 

The scope of the study was the southwestern slopes of the Binalud Mountains (northwest region of Neyshabur and Firouzeh City) from the mountains of the north of Khorasan Razavi Province.

The findings and discussion with the Komansko model and comparison with the parallel comparative model show a meaningful and close match in the scores of the sites. According to the overall values of the geo-sites, the turquoise mine (7000 years old), with a score of 87%, ranks first, Jaryani Bar waterfall ranks second with 83%, and Salt Mine ranks third with 81%. In the evaluation of the geo-site, only 6 of them have a rating of less than 50%.

Finally, due to the existence of different tourist sites and the possibility of visiting different tourist attractions in different seasons of the year, this region has the potential to become a national geo-tourism hot spot. However, in practice, it requires cultural measures and infrastructure.

Agricultural marketing starts from production planning and continues to the last step after harvest, i.e. selling and gaining customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to identify factors developing tobacco marketing, considering the specialization of tobacco cultivation in Boghmach Rural District, Chenaran County. The research is a descriptive-analytical one. The statistical population of the study were tobacco producers and market agents in Boghmach. Based on Cochran’s Formula, 110 people were selected as the sample. Through extensive documentary and field studies, 29 factors were identified as promoting tobacco marketing in Boghmach and then surveyed using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. The identified factors were categorized under 9 main components (with 72.5% of the total variance), using exploratory factor analysis. These components include, respectively, high capability of tobacco producers (14.6% of the variance), ending the monopoly of tobacco company (11.8% of the variance), specialization in cultivation, production and processing of tobacco (10.9% of the variance), existence of foreign market suitable for tobacco (8.5% of the variance), existence of domestic market suitable for tobacco (6.5% of the variance), tobacco processing at the origin (5.8% of the variance), relative agency of tobacco producers in the market (5.5% of the variance), government supervision over tobacco market (4.7% of the variance), and the capacity required to expand tobacco activity (3.7% of the variance). The results of Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) showed that, in terms of tobacco marketing, Boghmach is the main center for tobacco production in Chenaran and Razavi Khorasan Province, and it is the starting point of tobacco marketing in the province. Considering the production of 80% of Razavi Khorasan tobacco in Boghmach and the specialization of cultivation, it is suggested that appropriate planning be done for better marketing in the country and abroad based on the factors identified.

Attempting to have a national land use planning program has always faced many obstacles and challenges over the past 45 years. But futures research in land use planning with emphasis on key factors, drivers, and lack of regional development certainties, allows focusing on key drivers to overcome ambiguous problems. And mapped and managed the desired future. In the present study, with the participation of provincial administrators and university experts, the most important factors affecting the feasibility of planning in Khorasan Razavi province have been identified and finally scenarios affecting the feasibility of planning in the province have been developed. The research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and type of research method. The method of data collection and information is library, documentary and survey (interview). By examining scientific sources, 107 factors affecting the feasibility of land use planning projects were identified, which were classified into 10 dimensions; Interviews were conducted with two groups and a total of 29 people, including managers of related organizations and academic experts. Data analysis is based on futures research techniques such as environmental scanning, structural analysis and interaction analysis (Micmac and Scenario wizard software). The results showed that 598 scenarios with poor compatibility and only 2 scenarios are in the state of strong and stable compatibility (zero incompatibility) (33.3% of possible scenarios are plausible). The first scenario, which is a positive-oriented scenario, has a total interaction score of 228 and a compatibility value of 6, while the second scenario, which indicates unfavorable conditions for the future of land management planning in Khorasan Razavi province, has a total interaction score of 163 and a compatibility value of 9. is. The third scenario also has a compatibility value of -1 and with a total score of 58 interaction can be one of the possible scenarios for the future of land management planning in Khorasan Razavi province.

Present study estimated the large-scale actual evapotranspiration in multiple land use landscape (e.g., Irrigated cultivation, rainfed and pastures) by employing the remote sensing approaches. Measurement of actual evapotranspiration is a difficult process which was calculated as a function of the various climatic and topographical factors for the studied area. Thus, using of models which can estimate the amount of actual evapotranspiration owing to a large and high reliability factor is one of applicable solutions. In recent decades, some methods have been proposed by researchers to determine and measure the actual evapotranspiration. These methods had some limitations and they mainly require a large number of ground-based measurements. Employing the methods based on meteorological stations data from the past has been used as a reference for the estimation of actual evapotranspiration. There are a number of disadvantages of traditional measurement operation such as the lack of sufficient number of measurement points, incomplete meteorological data in many areas, high cost and time consuming of collecting terrestrial information. On the other hand, these measurements are usually based on the weather stations (point based). So, the techniques based on remote sensing data have been developed to tackle these problems. Remote sensing technology has the ability to collect data in large spatial ranges and in short time ranges and the best method to estimate the actual evapotranspiration for areas with difficulty data access or lack of data.

In this study, actual evapotranspiration values were measured by using Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and Remote Sensing Technique in Fariman area of Khorasan Razavi province. The ground data were used in this study which are included as wind speed, dry temperature, relative humidity, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, sun hours, radiation and evaporation. These parameters were extracted from the automatic and synoptic stations of Fariman. Furthermore, Landsat 8 satellite images were employed to estimate the actual evapotranspiration, that were downloaded from the USGS website in geotiff format. In order to calculate the required parameters, eight days of landsat-8 satellite images (in 2015 and 2016) were used to enhance the proper estimation. In the SEBAL algorithm, the actual evapotranspiration is calculated as the latent heat flux which were determined by using the energy balance equation at the time of the satellite overpass. Because of the large area of study and the impossibility of using accurate evapotranspiration instruments such as lysimeter, eddy covariance and etc., for validation of the results of SEBAL algorithm, the FAO Penman-Monteith standard method was used as the reference. Comparisons among results were considered based on some indexes like R2 and RMSE.

The values of different parameters of the SEBAL algorithm were calculated parametrically. These parameters included as the normalized different vegetation index (NDVI), net radiation flux, land surface temperature, difference between air and land surface temperature, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and finally actual instant and daily evapotranspiration. Statistical comparison of the SEBAL outcomes with FAO Penman-Monteith method shows that the coefficient of determination is 0.96 and the mean squared error is 0.5 mm per day. These results indicate the high accuracy of SEBAL algorithm in estimating actual evapotranspiration in semi-arid climates with multiple land use landscapes.

In this study, the actual evapotranspiration was estimated for part of the Fariman region with irrigated cultivation, rainfed and pasture lands by using the SEBAL algorithm. This model is a remote sensing method based on physical equations. The developed model which was based on the remote sensing technique estimates the amount of evapotranspiration owing to large - scale areas and areas where meteorological data are not available. The most important limitation of this study was the absence of measured actual evapotranspiration owing to which it was finally tried and examined by the best possible method to validating the estimated values . Therefore, the results obtained from the SEBAL algorithm were compared with the results of the FAO-Penman-Monteith method. Results show that the drift of the values obtained from the SEBAL algorithm was slightly higher than the reference method in some days, and some days it was lower. In total, the accuracy of the final results for the entire study area can be deduced from the accuracy of the results obtained in the considered part of the images and the integrity of the parameters used throughout the images. Finally, by considering the obtained results, it can be concluded that the SEBAL algorithm has reliable outputs for different land use areas and can be used.

Today, security is not only dependent on the use of physical equipment, the deployment of troops and law enforcement, but also on other economic, social, and political and social dimensions that will help ensure the security of the villages. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors that contribute to achieving sustainable security in the border villages of Khorasan Razavi. The research method is descriptive and analytical and questionnaire is used. GIS software was used for mapping and exccel and SPSS software was used for statistical analysis and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests, stepwise regression and path analysis..The population of this study is zero to fifty kilometers villages located on the border of this province with neighboring countries. The results indicate that satisfaction with economic indicators is lower than other social and political indicators.And according to regression testing and path analysis, this indicator plays a very important role in creating and feeling secure in border villages. In terms of the intervals studied, the economic index has had the greatest role in creating a sense of security. Considering the extent to which border villages are satisfied with the security situation in the First Circuit, it is important to consider economic and welfare indicators for security. Although the level of satisfaction with the economic index is low, the effect and weight of this index, according to regression testing and path analysis, is very high in creating security, which has doubled the need to pay attention to economic issues in the form of irrigation patterns.

The dust has affected most parts of Khorasan Razavi in July 1, 2014. The purpose of this study is ‎to simulate this event by RegCM model and validate its results with observation and remote sensing ‎data. For this purpose, horizontal visibility were prepared from the Iran Meteorological ‎Organization and AOD of Aqua and Merra-2 satellites from Giovanni web.‎ The result shows that the development of low heat pressure on Pakistan along with north and ‎northeast winds of 20 m/s in the east of the Razavi province leads to the transfer of dust to the ‎region. The HYSPLIT model and the output of the RegCM model show the dust source in ‎Turkmenistan and western Afghanistan.‎ The optical depth of aerosol obtained from the RegCM model is in good agreement with the ‎visibility in the east and south stations of the Razavi province, So that the correlation coefficient in ‎Gonabad was -0.98, Torbat Jam -0.66 and Sarakhs -0.61. In addition, the correlation coefficient of ‎the RegCM model and the Merra-2 optical thickness of aerosol obtained in Sarakhs and Torbat-e ‎Jam located in in the east of the province, including, were -0.45 and -0.78, respectively.‎ The result of comparing the time series showed the model output in three-hour intervals is in good ‎consistency with the visibility, the Aqua optical depth aerosol, and the Merra-2 optical thickness ‎aerosol in the east and south stations of the Razavi province. However, the RegCM model does not ‎estimate dust and has a time delay of 6 to 9 hours in the central and western stations.‎

The preparation of strategic-structural plans has started in the 1991s was considered by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, several decades after its beginning in the United Kingdom and the United States. In the middle of the 2012s, the instructions for preparing and compiling strategic-operational plans of the city and municipality were communicated by the Ministry of Interior to the urban affairs offices of the relevant governorates. Aim of this paper is to seek the identify and analysis the stimuli and drivers that affect the effectiveness of programs in their 20-year horizon. The present study is "applied" in terms of purpose and "descriptive-analytical" in terms of method and nature. Documentary and field survey have been used to collect data. The statistical population in this study was 35 cities of Khorasan Razavi province whose programs were received and based on this, 48 ​​consultants and experts in the affiliated municipalities were interviewed to complete the questionnaires. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed based on the opinion of experts, especially consultants, and its reliability was based on Cronbach's alpha above 0.7. Micmac software was used to analyze the data and analyze the effective components on increasing the effectiveness of strategic-operational plans of the city and municipality. The results obtained with respect to the high score of direct and indirect impact, 45 factors in the 4 main components of key drivers in the plan horizon, showed that factors such as support of the provincial affairs office and monitoring the performance of municipalities in developing and implementing strategic plans with Indirect effect (+8) and indirect effect (+2548), more coordination of city managers and executive bodies in the process of preparing and implementing strategic-operational plans with direct effect (+7) and indirect effect (+1880), changing the attitude of managers, executives and employers towards Strategic planning in the areas of urban development and areas with direct (6+) and indirect (1970+) effects are among the key drivers.

Land vulnerability one of the major global challenges as an objective case of degradation of arid, semi-arid and semi-humid ecosystems caused by natural processes and human activities. However, in order to assess the vulnerability of the land, it is necessary to know exactly the degree of tolerance of ecosystems and the use of indigenous knowledge systems to external conditions.The present study was based on the IDI hybrid index algorithm to assess the severity of Khorasan Razavi vulnerability over a 16-year period (2001-2016). For this purpose, two indicators of vegetation status (VCI) (MOD13Q1) and temperature status (TCI) (MOD11A2) based on the opinion of experts, and according to the availability of these indicators, based on satellite data and in The desired time period was selected. Then, the images of Modis sensor products were prepared and normalized, and the indices were scaled in the range of zero and one, and the hierarchical method in EDRISI software was used to evaluate the weights. Using 250 ground harvest points, the accuracy of the model was determined using kappa coefficient for vegetation status. Then, using IDI combination model and implementation of the model, the area has very low vulnerability (0-15 . 0), low vulnerability (0.3-0.3), medium vulnerability (3.5-3.0) 0), high vulnerability (0.5-0.7) and very high vulnerability (1-7 . 0). The results showed that the highest vulnerability in 2001 with more than 50 percent of the province's average in the middle class and in 2016, the highest vulnerability in the two medium and high classes is approximately equal to the proportion of 44 percent. The overall accuracy of the model for the IDI combination model was 78.6% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.7.

Futurism in land use planning with emphasis on key factors, drivers and lack of certainty of regional development in the planning space, allows the planner in the decision-making process on issues of high complexity and high uncertainty, focusing on Overcome key drivers to solve vague and elusive problems; And with these propellants as control levers, to map and manage the desired future. In the present study, with the participation of provincial administrators and university experts, an attempt has been made to identify the most important drivers affecting the feasibility of planning in Khorasan Razavi province. The process governing this research is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and type of research method. The nature of the data is qualitative and the method of collecting data and information is library, documentary and survey (interview). By examining scientific sources, 107 factors affecting the feasibility of land use planning projects were identified, which were classified into 10 dimensions; The two groups and a total of 29 people, including managers of organizations related to the Land use planning process in the province and university experts were asked in a face-to-face and online questionnaire to make a pairwise comparison between the influential factors. Data analysis is based on futures research techniques such as environmental scanning, structural analysis and interaction analysis. The results showed that in the main factors of non-feasibility of land management plans, "economic" and "migration and marginalization" factors had the most impact, and among the sub-factors, "resource constraints, border location and lack of comprehensive knowledge of the entire study area" and "Lack of information, weakness of planning centers and low attendance of university centers" are among the first three important drivers and the variable "low participation of people in the implementation of development and macroeconomic projects (private capital)", "oil-based economy and rent economy structure" "And" inconsistency between the responsible organizations and the lack of a legal unit for land management "are in the next ranks.

In recent decades, dust storms have intensified due to climate changes, including drought and human interventions. In addition to removing soil particles, dust brings storms bring about severe economic, social, and health problems. Due to its strategic conditions – including its status as an industrial and agricultural hub and the province hosting more than 29 million Iranian and international pilgrims, especially during the seasons and months with specific holidays – should be prioritized in the examination of dust storm frequency. The purpose of this study was to examine and track the frequency of dust storms and analyze the effect of climactic changes on them through the investigation of drought trend as well as the trend of changes in the land surface coverage percentage during the statistical analysis period. The results of counting the dust codes showed that dust storms with local origin had the highest frequency. According to the monthly analysis, Sarakhs and Mashhad stations had the most dust phenomena, with the most dusty days in the study area during summer and spring seasons, especially June and July months. The results of regression analysis of drought index and the monthly local dusty days indicated the existence of a significant, positive relationship between dust increase and drought intensity in Mashhad and Sarakhs stations during the statistical period of 27 years at 99 percent confidence interval. Finally, in the light of the results obtained from the examination of the land surface changes, it is recommended that land use plans be used along with short-term methods of soil stabilization in order to reduce the economic damages and preserve people’s health against dust during busy months and seasons so as to achieve the goals of long-term methods.

Prelude:

 Due to the special characteristics and conditions of Security of the border, deployment of security in such areas is important.any form of insecurity in a border zone can seriously threaten different aspects of security in the country. Deployment of security along the border and in the border zone requires in the first place, investigation, and identification of natural and human-made features within the border zone. identification of natural and geographic features of a border zone is of paramount importance owing to the crucial role played by such bio-foundations in the social life and development of the border zone. They further contribute largely to borderline monitoring, management, and control systems.

Goal: 

The present research seeks to investigate the states of natural features, including the border stream, topography, and vegetation, in the Iran-Afghanistan border zone in Khorasan Razavi and further evaluates their impact on borderline and border zone security. materials and ways: the required data was extracted from the OLI sensor on the Landsat Satellite(2018), with the data then analyzed using GIS and remote sensing techniques in the ENVI  5.3 .

The findings showed that water scarcity and insufficient depth of Harirood River in most parts of the year set the scene for illegal trafficking of goods and drugs across the border, negatively impacting the border zone security. This further holds true for the seasonal lake of Namakar in the border zone between the two countries. Considering the topography, existing maps indicate that the presence of highlands in the vicinity of the Iran-Afghanistan borderline and extension of particular highlands into the mainland of Afghanistan have negatively influenced the border security.

The habitat development and establishment are directly related to the natural bedrock and geomorphologic complications. Due to topographical and geological conditions, the area under study has certain limitations in locating and developing human settlements. In order to reduce the hazards in the southeast of Khorasan Razavi province and modify plans for the development and establishment of human settlements, the feasibility of the area under study for residential development was investigated. After conducting library and field studies and selecting appropriate criteria, the fuzzy logic model was applied using the GIS software to identify areas for habitat development and establishment. In this study, to identify the potential areas for habitat development and establishment based on geomorphologic landforms, eleven parameters – including slope, slope direction, elevation, soil, land use, elevation, distance from fault, distance from river, distance from road, distance from settlement, and geomorphology – were used as independent variables in identifying geomorphological abilities and bottlenecks in the area. The results of zoning based on the fuzzy model showed that about 61% of the study area is located in very inappropriate and inappropriate classes, which means that geomorphological conditions in this part of the study area are unfavorable for the development and establishment of human settlements. About 14.58% of the study area has moderate conditions and about 24% of the study area shows favorable geomorphological conditions for construction activities and creation of new habitat areas. Alluvial fan units and alluvial plains are the most suitable sites for habitat development and establishment.

One of the most important environmental challenges in recent years in Khorasan Razavi province is the dust storm phenomenon. A survey on the average number of annual dust storm days in the Khorasan Razavi province shows that it has risen from an average of 6 days to 21 days from 1951 to 2016. And since 1993, it has grown strongly, which shows that reviewing and forecasting the coming years is of high importance. For the purpose of the study Gstat, Space time, SP, Raster, Spdep, and R Google Maps packages of R software are used alongside with Kriging method of spatial-temporal changes to investigate the number of annual dusty days and to predict their occurrence in the coming years.

In this study, the wind speed of 15 meters per second and more and a horizontal view below 1000 meters were considered by the World Meteorological Organization as a dusty day. Then, the SP Data array (Pebesma, 2013) was constructed as a combination of the matrix and vector in STFDF and STF classes (Hengel et al., 2015) according to the following equation:Where the index i refers to the location number (position of view) and the j index to the time number. After that, the empirical Spatial –Temporal variogram were calculated using the Kriging method (Mohammadzadeh, 2012) and were calculated from the following equation:where in:    Represents the set of all couples of observations whose distance is in the neighborhood of the vector  and its time interval near   . Then all the separable and non-separable models were fitted to experimental data model, where the metric variogram with the least average square error was selected as the best model for predicting the number of dust storm days in the year.

The output of the model showed that data up to 5 years have a spatial-temporal dependence, and it is possible to estimate the number of dust storm days until 2022. Therefore, the most important spatial points are the annual number of dust storm days from higher values. They include: Northeast, Northwest and South East of Razavi Khorasan province. The predicted values of annual dust storm days in the central areas of Khorasan Razavi province in 2018 and 2019 shows that these areas will have the smallest number of dust storm days, but will gradually face with an increase in the number of dust storm days.Accordingly, in 2022 most points except the limited points in the east, west and south east will have a significant increase in the number of dust storm days in the central areas.  The results show in 2019, Ghochan, Mashhad, Sarakhs, Sabzevar, Khaf, Torbat Jam and Fariman stations, with a maximum reliability of 95%, will have 40.48.41.46,56,47.41,41 dusty days, respectively. The highest number of dust storm days is related to Sabzevar station with 56 days, and after that Sarakhs with 47 days. Spatial-temporal forecasting trend of the number of dusty days in 2022 indicates that Gonabad Station has the best air quality index of 7 days. Furthermore, the maximum probability of occurrence of dusty days in Ghouchan, Mashhad, Sarakhs, Sabzevar, Khaf, Torbat Jam, and Fariman stations reaches up to 51, 46, 49, 61, 51, 44, and 45 days respectively, and will increase from 39 days to 43 days throughout the province in 2022.

According to the increasing number of dusty days in Khorasan Razavi province, investigating the prediction models is very important. Spatial-temporal Kriging method can use the intrinsic stability of the data to predict the number of dusty days in three dimensions of x, y, and t. This means that we can predict the number of dusty days in different places and times. Indeed, the intrinsic structure of the data plays a significant role in this regard. If the data algorithm is annual, monthly or daily, the output of the model will be proportional to the algorithm. Annual algorithm was able to deliver acceptable results in this research.

this research is purposeful, applied and developmental, and in terms of method, a descriptive correlation type that is used in field research And the documents are collecting data. On the other hand, given the pattern of research And the criteria extracted from the theoretical foundations were surveyed by 30 experts and final confirmation. Therefore, the research method is based on the Delphi method. Statistical Society This research has been carried out by municipalities and daisies based in the cities of Khorasan Razavi province. And their performance appraisal information has been extracted from the standardized regulations of the organizations and municipalities of the country and the year of the year 2015 in the province of Khorasan Razavi province and documents have been extracted.Analysis of the obtained data from a variety of descriptive statistics and to investigate the research questions And their relationship with demographic indicators of inferential statistics such as structural equation analysis, Pearson, regression, correlation coefficient test. The results show a positive and significant effect of urban services and administrative affairs, human resources on the performance of municipalities and villages in the low development group, positive and significant impact of urbanization, financial affairs, contracts and development projects, transportation and traffic, administrative affairs, human resources and council decisions. General and managerial with the performance of municipalities and dehayers in the middle development group and the positive and significant effect of administrative affairs, human resources with the performance of municipalities and dehayers in the high development group.

Study and understanding of geomorphological factors limiting the formation of new settlements as well as natural disaster management is the essential and necessary. On this basis, in the present study the territoial planning geomorphological residential areas south of Razavi Khorasan province has been the development of residential areas. Methods such is, the first layer of information provided, and fuzzy and have been comparable then, using ANP model calculated the value of each of the layers. Finally, each of the layers in Arc GIS software using the command Raster calculator in weight obtained by ANP model multiplied and using fuzzy logic data layers are combined. Finally after the overlay, map of suitable areas for urban development in the study area based on combining the fuzzy model and ANP have been obtained. According to the final result of suitable areas for purposes of urban development is divided into five class. Reviews zoning map and the classes it represents unfavorable geomorphological conditions much of the area for construction activities and the creation of new settlements. Approximately 59 percent of the study area which has an area of about 17545 square kilometersm, the classes are very unsuitable and unsuitable located and approximately 19.5 percent the study area has an area of about 5786 square kilometers is The classes are very suitable and suitable are located, Which indicates the limitation of appropriate places according to the geomorphological conditions area for construction activities and construction of new residential areas. The studied area is geomorphologically potent with a lot of restrictions due to the presence of mountainous, hills and sand dunes that need to be considered by planners in development projects.