جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "بعد اقتصادی" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

Iran's economy has been struggling with double-digit inflation for years. According to the published report of the central bank, Iran's economy experienced single-digit inflation for only four years in the past 44 years and double-digit inflation for the rest of the years. Even during five consecutive years leading to 2024, the inflation rate in Iran's economy has been above 40% and has had the longest duration in this period. The continuation of this situation is considered a serious warning for Iran's economy. This is because, in inflationary conditions, uncertainty about the future increases and, accordingly, the motivation for new investments and the trend of productive activities decreases. Besides, the level of inflation is not the same in all parts of the country. In this regard, there is a significant difference between the provinces of the country. Although the use of macroeconomic tools can reduce the inflation rate in the whole country, according to the characteristics of each province, the amount of inflation rate reduction or increase due to macroeconomic policies will be different. Therefore, in addition to identifying the major factors affecting inflation in the entire country, it is very important to identify the factors affecting inflation in each province according to the characteristics of that province. The higher inflation rate in Lorestan Province compared to the other provinces is due to various factors, the identification of which requires deep research. By identifying the effective factors in the higher inflation rate in Lorestan compared to the other provinces, practical solutions can be found to control inflation. Therefore, considering the importance of this issue in that province, the present research addresses the factors affecting the inflation rate there.

In this research, the factors affecting inflation in Lorestan Province were investigated. For this purpose, the research model included the inflation rate in the province as a dependent variable, and the per capita production of the province, the ratio of industrial units of the province to the country, the amount of loans from the province to the country, the ratio of the collected taxes of the province to the gross domestic product of the province, and unemployment rate in the province, construction budget of the province, exchange rate, liquidity growth rate, and government budget deficit were determined as the independent variables. The research model was estimated using the fuzzy regression method for the time period of 2000-2022. The results showed that the factors causing inflation in Lorestan Province can be divided into national and provincial ones. The factors that cause inflation at the national level are the exchange rate, liquidity growth rate and government budget deficit, all of which have positive and significant effects on inflation. The results also showed that, among the provincial factors, the per capita production of the province, the construction budget of the province and the ratio of bank facilities had negative effects on the inflation rate. In other words, these factors caused a decrease in the inflation rate in the province. Among them, the share of the construction budget and the ratio of bank facilities in reducing the inflation rate has been higher than the per capita production of the province.

The results indicate that the variables of the ratio of taxes to the per capita production of the province, the unemployment rate of the province and the ratio of industrial units of the province to the country have had positive effects on the inflation rate in the province. In other words, the rise of these factors has been accompanied by the increase of inflation in the province. Among these factors, the unemployment rate of the province has had the greatest impact on the inflation rate, which indicates the existence of inflationary stagnation in the province. Next to the unemployment rate, the ratio of industrial units of the province to the country has played the biggest role in the inflation of the province. According to the results, one of the main reasons for the high inflation rate in the province compared to the average inflation in the country is the lack of supply or production in the province. This finding is confirmed by the existence of a positive correlation between inflation and unemployment, which indicates the stagnation of inflation in the province.

Conclusions and policy implications:

 To reduce the provincial inflation rate, it is suggested that the conditions of production in the province be facilitated and moves be made to eliminate production obstacles. Also, giving more credit and bank facilities to productive activities at the provincial level can serve to reduce the inflation rate in Lorestan Province in medium and long terms. In this context, to achieve a better result, there should be a careful monitoring of the allocation of bank credits. It is especially emphasized to direct bank credits towards semi-stagnant or closed enterprises that are located in industrial towns. According to the results, another important factor causing inflation is the low ratio of the production units of the province to the country, which has aggravated the inflation of the province. The lower the number of the production units in the province, the more goods is purchased from other provinces. Moreover, due to the cost of transportation, the price of goods in the province increases and shows higher inflation compared to the whole country. Therefore, it is suggested to identify the most imported goods from distant provinces to Lorestan Province through detailed assessments and direct bank credits to the production of these goods and creation of infrastructures.

the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between stock market motives and investor sentiment .the spatial domain of this research is listed companies in tehran stock exchange and the time domain between 2015 to 2021 .the present study is one of the applied research and it is also in correlation research category .in this research , library method was used to collect data and information .in the data section of the study , through gathering data of sample companies with reference to financial statements , explanatory notes and the monthly stock exchange was performed .based on the systematic elimination method , 107 companies were selected as the statistical sample .in order to analyze the data , first , the variance of variance , f - limer test ,hasman test and jarc - lift test and then multivariate regression test were used to confirm and reject the research hypotheses .the results of hypothesis test showed that there is a significant relationship between stock return and stock return , initial release rate , stock trading volume , institutional investors and economic factors and investor sentiment to investment in stock market .

According to ins titutional growth models, efficient ins titutions positively influence economic growth. Among these institutions, market institutions play a vital role by preventing market failures and enhancing resilience to economic shocks. Government integrity—specifically through reducing corruption—can further strengthen the impact of these institutions on growth. This article aims to analyze the threshold effects of market ins titutional quality on the economic growth of 19 selected lowermiddle-income developing countries, with a focus on government integrity, over the period 2014–2022. To measure market ins titutional quality, this s tudy uses an index composed of the market regulator (averaging indicators for regulations and controls in the credit and labor markets) and the markets tabilizer (measured by access to sound money). The results indicate that government integrity acts as a transition variable in the economic growth model, with a threshold of 0.017% and two identified regimes, each showing a positive impact on growth. While the market institutional quality index does not significantly impact growth in the first regime, once the government integrity index crosses the threshold into the second regime, market ins titutional quality positively affects economic growth. Additional control variables—including human capital, capital per capita, technology, and foreign trade—also demonstrate positive effects on economic growth.

Market economies rely on the payment system to facilitate trade and exchange between businesses and consumers in the product market. "Payment" is the transfer of monetary value. The ability to control monetary policy instruments is one of the challenges of monetary policy in Iran. The reduction of the central bank's control over the money supply and the implementation of monetary policy is due to the change that occurs in the monetary base and the monetary multiplier. The structure of stochastic dynamic general equilibrium models, like other general equilibrium models, aims to describe the behavior of the entire economy and use decision interaction analysis. Wisdom is built on different levels.Due to the existence of sanctions and the lack of clear and correct information on the amount of sales of crude oil and other export items and petroleum products and unnecessary complications in doing the economics paper, it is considered closed, but if the correct information in can be considered as the expansion of the economy.The findings of this section indicate that the central bank's reaction to the growth rate of the total index of the real sector of the economy against the reaction to the deviation of the total index from its long-term equilibrium level can be more effective in reducing the real effects of the shocks of the real sector of the economy on macroeconomic variables. . Because the central bank controls the status of asset returns in other parallel markets such as currency, price levels, deposits and loans, and therefore the reaction to the emotional dynamics of the market return against the reaction to the market index level further guarantees macroeconomic stability.

In recent decades, the concept of hidden subsidies of energy carriers has implied that fuels such as gasoline are sold at low costs to the publi and consumers are given unfair hidden subsidies. Using the analytical method, this article examines the logic underlying the policy of eliminating hidden subsidies from the perspective of Islamic economics. According to the research findings, this policy contains two descriptive propositions (hidden subsidies leading to greater benefit to the rich - overconsumption), a value proposition (distributive injustice - waste of resources), and a prescriptive proposition (price liberalization - granting of open subsidies). These propositions have problems such as the false validity of subsidies, the invalidity of hidden taxes, error in highlighting consumer subsidies, and error in the theory of fair prices. This policy implicitly claims that “the fair price of items such as gasoline is the same price as in other countries or the export/import price.” This claim is inconsistent with the theory of justice in Islamic economics, because the mentioned price is not equal to the territorial and real price. Contrary to the claim made, the poor suffer more from the increase in the price of these items. Accepting this logic requires that the price of all goods and services be determined based on the price in other countries or the export/import price, which is not practically possible, especially in the case of wages. Therefore, in practice, a hidden tax is imposed.

The relationship between population growth and economic growth is among the important topics in population economics studies. Using the analytical and econometric methods, this article seeks to examine the relationship between these two variables in the Islamic economic approach applied to the Iranian economy. Based on the research findings, increasing the Muslim population is inherently desirable in Islam, and reducing the population rate in Islamic societies is considered reprehensible. Economic growth is also desirable from the perspective of Islam and can lead to happiness and good life. Within this framework, population growth provides the conditions for economic growth. An analysis of Iranian economic data from 1989 to 2014 using the linear least squares (OLS) method shows that population growth has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Also, variables such as net exports, private consumption, and investment have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. In the early stages, the increase in population growth was directly associated with economic growth, but in the short term, economic growth decreased due to the baby boom of the 1960s and the incomplete entry of the population into the cycle of economic activity. However, in the long term, the human resources and capacities have had a positive effect providing the basis for the country's economic growth.

Understanding the public debt impact on the economy enables policymakers to promote the economic welfare of society through appropriate policy adoption. According to the importance of the subject, the present research investigated the public debt effect on the economic welfare of Iran during 1981-2020 using the threshold regression approach. The findings show that the threshold value for public debt is 35%. In both regimes, public debt has a negative and significant effect on economic welfare, with the difference that after crossing the threshold level, the intensity of public debt impact on economic welfare rises remarkably. Also, economic growth and government size have an increasing and significant impact, and inflation has a declining and significant influence on economic welfare. In Iran's economy, the non-optimal allocation of public debt and its low share in productive activities lead to a decrease in investment and real product. A greater increase in public debt with defects in the tax system and the oil revenues instability reduces the government's ability to debt repayment. Eventually, government borrowing from the banking system is accompanied by a rise in fiat money and inflation. As a result, the increase in public debt reduces the economic welfare of the country.

Eesa Niazi Abstract This research was designed to study and identify vulnerable economic development strategies with the ABP in Golestan Province. The method of doing this research was quantitative and the research tools included two quantitative and qualitative questionnaires (in-depth interviews). The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees of the Department of Urban Development and Economic Affairs of the Golestan Governorate, consisting of 7 people. Validity and reliability of the research tool, adopted by Zali et al. (1394), were finalized by this group. The findings of this research indicate that seven believable scenarios with different combinations of situations are likely to occur in Golestan province, and considering the average, the probability of positive events is higher than other scenarios. Although fewer of these scenarios are favorable and most of the seven scenarios show unfavorable situations, the probability of the realization of critical conditions in the province is far lower than the probability of the realization of favorable conditions. The analysis of the current conditions of the province shows that Golestan province is far from the goals and ideals of the basic theory of development, and there is a long and ups and down road ahead of the province to realize it. In other words, Golestan province currently does not have good conditions and has not moved far from the starting point towards development goals. In some situations, critical or unfavorable conditions prevailed. Although, the trends indicate the gradual and forward development of the province, but these trends are so slow and slow that compared to the goals of the basic theory and the long period of time until their realization, it is very insignificant and it seems that the change and It requires extensive transformation for future architecture.

Nowadays, a significant portion of scientific achievements in the natural sciences owes its success to laboratories that can quickly verify the accuracy of scientists' calculations. However, the situation in the humanities is entirely different. In the humanities, the laboratory of history is employed to test hypotheses. Accordingly, this research aims to examine the history of international relations intertwined with the history of international economics to analyze the variables that have influenced the formation and evolution of the international political economy system. The research question can be framed as follows: How has the development and evolution of the contemporary international political economy system unfolded. It can be stated that the political entities that achieved a form of economic hegemony after the 14th century played a pivotal role in shaping and evolving the international political economy by leveraging two key variables: investment in the international order and the acquisition of modern technologies. This study adopts the assumptions of the empirical approach and employs a deductive strategy to examine how the international political economy system has developed and evolved. The research methodology is fundamental, case study and trend study. The findings of this research indicate that the formation of the international political economy system over the past five centuries has occurred within the framework of competition among economic hegemons. Each of these actors, by leveraging variables such as technology, investment, and institutional innovations, has played a significant role in this process.

The extent of the effects and consequences of climate change on various dimensions of human life today has made this phenomenon more than an environmental issue and highlighted its economic aspects with regard to its effects on economic development, poverty, inequality and prosperity. Economic analysis of climate change, especially in different time periods, requires estimates at national and local levels. In view of conducting some limited and mostly partial studies on the economic impact of changing weather conditions in Iran, in this article using the economic production data and new calculation of weather variables for the provinces of the country between 2000 to 2020, it has been possible to estimate the impact of climate change on different time scales by using annual panel model and long difference model. The results show that there is a negative effect of changes in temperature and precipitation simultaneously and with a delay of one year on the production of Iranian provinces, although the value of these coefficients is very low. In addition, these changes affect short-term production and long-term growth. However, it can be claimed that there is no long-term effect between precipitation levels and changes in production, unlike temperature levels. Also, a significant negative effect of intermittent changes in temperature on production can be seen, and a positive effect can be extracted regarding intermittent changes in precipitation. In the regression of the long difference, there was no evidence that the temperature level (or the amount of precipitation) has an effect on the production of the provinces in long periods, although the change in precipitation has a greater influence in longer periods, and unlike temperature, its effect It is not rejected in shorter periods of time either.

Latin America and the Caribbean, due to its natural resources, cultural diversity, geographic location, and human factors, have always been the focus of colonial and global powers such as Spain, Portugal, the United States of America, and the Soviet Union (then Russia) in the last few centuries. This approach to the Latin American and Caribbean region has been repeated in the 21st century, and the four powers of the United States of America, China, Russia, and the European Union have tried to strengthen their influence in this region in different areas. According to the importance of the approach of these four actors, the current research raises the question that the economic relations of the United States of America, China, Russia, and the European Union with Latin America and the Caribbean can be analyzed in the framework of which economic approach? The findings of the research show that all these actors, based on the approach of economic interdependence, are trying to influence in the economy of this region and make trade balance in their favor. Among these powers, Russia has the lowest trade balance with Latin American and Caribbean countries; The United States is still the region's top trading partner, followed by China and the European Union. However, in recent years, the amount of US trade with countries in the region has decreased, and instead, China has been able to strengthen its trade partnerships with Latin America and the Caribbean. Although China has a long way to reach the trade balance of the United States with this region.

The First Economic and Social Development Plan, which began in 1989 following the coming to power of the fifth government and a relative consensus among government institutions and social forces, was a fundamental turn and transformation in the economic policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This shift - from a focus on "social justice" to "economic growth" - was designed to strengthen the foundations of entrepreneurship and increase the share of the private sector in the industrial economy. The plan aimed to achieve these goals through privatization policies, the return of expelled and exiled capitalists, and the attraction of foreign capital. However, three years after its implementation, the plan was derailed by unprecedented inflation, increasing corruption, economic instability, growing criticism from opposition forces, and the emergence of social protests. This paper adopts a political economy approach and uses John Kingdon’s “policy window” model to explain the underlying reasons for this policy shift and its eventual failure. The study concludes that the 1989 shift from a state-controlled, distributive economy to an economy of industrial growth and development began with the convergence of three processes: the intensification of social welfare demands after the war, the revision of the constitution and the subsequent restructuring of political power, and the presentation of a clear development agenda by technocrats. These elements temporarily opened a policy window that allowed for the pursuit of industrial growth initiatives. but the economic policies of the fifth administration failed due to the lack of a comprehensive strategy, deviation from the principles of adjustment and privatization policies, and the inability of politicians and policymakers to properly exploit the limited opportunity created. When the policy window was closed, the economic and industrial growth and development program was stopped and the government's economic policy returned to distribution policies and social justice.

Military expenditure is a key variable in various economic growth models, and its effects can vary depending on different conditions. However, there is no general consensus regarding the relationship between defense spending, economic growth, and other macroeconomic variables. Considering the significance role of defense expenditures for ensuring of a nation's security, it is essential to examine its impact on various economic sectors. This study aims to explore the relationship between defense expenditures and macroeconomic variables in Iran over the period 1980-2022, using the vector autoregression (VAR) technique and the Toda-Yamamoto causality test. The analysis examines the relationship between defense spending and several key economic variables, including economic growth, inflation, trade balance, employment, and imports. The results obtained from the causality test point towards a bi-directional causality between defense spending and economic growth, whilst, on the other hand, a uni-directional causality exists from defense spending to employment. The study did not find a causal relationship between defense expenditure and trade balance, inflation, or imports. Additionally, the reaction functions indicate that a positive shock in military spending can lead to an increase in economic growth, imports, and employment, whilst causing a decrease in inflation and trade balance in subsequent periods.

Due to the importance of the Middle East region in the management strategies of the United States of America, after the collapse of the bipolar system, foreign threats were applied against Iran with more intensity and in different forms. In response to these threats, the Islamic Republic of Iran emphasizes on deterrence strategy. Iran's performance shows that by moving away from the collapse of the bipolar system and approaching the present (1990-2024), the deterrence strategy has been insufficient in persuading and dissuading various actors from continuing hostile actions against Iran. The purpose of this research is to provide an analytical model and operational explanation of Iran's deterrence strategy. This research is based on a qualitative method and an explanatory comparative approach that used library sources to collect data. The main question is why Iran's deterrence strategy during 1990-2024 was insufficient against the threats of America and its allies in the Middle East?" The hypothesis is that "focusing more on one dimension of deterrence and not using the economic, political and military components of deterrence at the same time, as well as the emergence of new contextual threats in different dimensions and levels, cause Iran's deterrence to be insufficient against the threats of America and its allies during the years 1990-2020. The findings of this research show that despite the economic, political, military, and perceptual threats at different levels, the threatening actions of America and its allies have increased more in the economic and political dimensions, while Iran's focus is more on military deterrence. Therefore, Iran's deterrence strategy in the economic and political spheres has been insufficient in persuading and dissuading various actors from threatening actions against Iran.