جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جنسیت » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The present research has investigated the job duration of the workforce employed in the manufacturing industries of Yazd province and the factors influencing it, with an emphasis on gender. According to the registration of job profiles and records of the workforce of Yazd province in the aggregate database of social security organization since 2011, the studied period is considered from 2011 to 2021. Cox''s proportional hazard model estimation shows that in multivariate analysis, gender does not have a significant effect on the job duration, but in univariate analysis, it has a significant effect, and being female increases the hazard ratio. Also, being married and increasing the dependents of workers (takaful) reduces the hazard ratio. The effect of wage on the job duration in univariate and multivariate cases is insignificant but contradictory. Being an immigrant and the unemployment rate increases the hazard ratio, and industries with low and high technology levels have a higher hazard ratio than the other two groups, i.e. industries with medium-low and medium-high technology levels. Finally, the research results show that the job duration in the labor market of Yazd province is influenced by the unemployment rate more than it is influenced by gender as an individual characteristic. Therefore, increasing the job stability of different subgroups of society, including women, and reducing the unemployment rate requires attention to macroeconomic variables and the general conditions of the country''s economy.

This article examines the influence of three demographic factors, namely gender, educational credit, and residency status, on the academic achievement of economics students at the Department of Economics, University of Tehran, Iran. The data analyzed comprise academic performance and demographic information of 220 undergraduate students and 194 graduate students from the 2015 and 2019. We employ pooled ordinary least square estimation to investigate students' performance using three outcome measures, including course grades, semester GPAs, and the ratio of failed to passed units per semester. The results indicate that female undergraduate students outperform their male counterparts in all three outcome measures. Moreover, undergraduate students who reside with their parents in Tehran perform better than those living in dormitories. Concerning educational credit, students in ‘region two’ demonstrate significantly better performance than students in ‘regions one and three’ and ‘Isargaran’. In the master's program, we observe no significant difference between male and female students in terms of grades and GPAs. Furthermore, graduate students who live with their parents have higher GPAs than those living in dormitories, although there is no significant difference in grades. Additionally, Isargaran Credit students perform more poorly than Free Credit students, whereas Talented Credit students exhibit no significant difference from Free Credit students in either of the two measures. 

Aim and Introduction :

In recent years, economists have come to recognize that corruption is not just a deviation or a hurt; it is a systemic feature of many economies, which constitutes a significant impediment to economic growth and development. The present article tries to answer this question: does corruption more depended on gender or institutional factors? Today with the spread of corruption, its negative effects have overshadowed many economic, social and political aspects and have led to reduced efficiency. The international community considers corruption as an economic and social complication and many thinkers in economic, social, political and psychological sciences are studying its causes and consequences. Studies have expanded to such an extent that in the study of (Dollar et al., 2001), women are considered as myth of transparency for reasons such as lower risk averse than men and less meet with corrupt activities because they enter the labor market later than men. In this regard, (Karimi et al., 2018), also concluded that with the increase of women participation in the public sector, corruption will decrease. Therefore, less gender inequality in the economy and politics leads to the less corruption.  But according to a Europol report in 2019, " Crime has no gender." Therefore, this study investigates the issue in a different atmosphere from gender behavior and examines the issue in the framework of institutions. The present article investigates the gender behaviors of human in framework of government performance and religions. Corruption as a social complication has many negative economic effects such as reduced investment, economic growth, etc. (Tanzi, 1998). Therefore, it is rejected by all religions because of religion can influence human behavior and actions. Finally, a substantial body of recent research looks at differences in the behavior of men and women in diverse economic transactions. We contribute to this literature by investigating gender differences. So, this article tries to study the gender behaviors of human.  This study shows that Islam and Christianity have no significant effect on relation between corruption and gender inequality index. But all the results showed that government performance does influence this relation. Also, the robustness test strongly confirmed the results of the study.

The data are drawn from a wide range of sources. There are two major measures of corruption: Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), that is the inverse of transparency, Anti-Money Laundering/Counter-Financing of Terrorism (AML). The CPI was obtained from Transparency International (TI), and it ranges from 0 to 10 where low values indicate high transparency and low corruption. Gender Inequality Index (GII) was used as gender index. Our data set contains 89 countries over 10 years (from 2008 to 2017). This study used the dynamic panel data approach, system generalized method of moments (GMM-SYSTEM) and Panel vector autoregressive model (PVAR) to examine the relationship between corruption and gender inequality, where the government performance and religions (Islam and Christianity) can link between corruption and gender inequality. In order to investigate the effect of countries (cross-sections), two groups of Muslim and Christian countries have been used. However, in order to investigate government performance effect on relation between corruption and gender inequality and examine robustness test the results of the study used two groups of instrument variables. The first group is the worldwide governance indicators (WGI) and second group is Fraser institute indicators.

In order to answer the question, does corruption more depend on gender or institutional factors? Despite the behavioral specifications of women, the rate of corruption in women is lower than men (Dollar et al., 2001). We find by System Generalized Method of Moments strong evidence about this prediction. Results show that women’s participation decreases corruption and that corruption decreases women’s participation in government; and both effects are substantively significant. However, the estimation results of the systems studied in the present article confirm that the relationship between corruption index and gender inequality is significantly affected by the way the government works. While religions have no effect on how the index of corruption and gender inequality affect each other. Therefore, it can be said that government performance is a missing loop in relationship between corruption and gender and its effects are statistically significant.

Corruption is a historical, important and effective phenomenon. There is extensive researches about the factors of corruption. The social science literature indicates that women may be more honest or more risk averse and may have higher standards of ethical behavior and may be more concerned with the common good in comparison with men. This would imply that women are more willing to sacrifice private profit for the public good and this would be especially important for political and public life. Does greater participation of women in the public sector cause decreased corruption, or does greater corruption in government cause lower participation of women in government? In this study, our overall impression is that the evidence supports both propositions. So, the major aim in article is to explain the gender behavior of human to do corrupt activity in the formwork of government and religions using the dynamic panel data approach. Thus, this study used statistical data from 89 countries during 2008-2017, two corruption indicators, two groups of instrument variables and two groups of countries. The selection of countries was based on access to statistical data. The estimations show that religion has no significant effect on corruption and gender inequality index, i.e. Islam and Christianity have no significant effect on relation between corruption and gender inequality index. This study also investigated the impact of government performance on relation between two indices. In all systems, Sargan test has been confirmed. In summary, the results of estimated systems indicate that government institution is a missing loop in relationship between corruption and gender and its effects are statistically significant.

.Controlling corruption for more than two thousand years old has always challenged economies. The present paper, with the goal of explaining the gender behavior of human beings in the form of government institutions, attempted to answer the question of whether reducing the inequality between genders decreases financial corruption or if financial corruption is an obstacle to achieving gender equality. This study also aimed to find whether the realization and spread of corruption are more dependent on gender or institutional (government and religion) factors. This paper used statistical data from 89 countries including Iran from 2008 to 2017. The dynamic panel data approach system generalized method of moments (GMM-SYSTEM) was utilized for answering the above questions. In this regard, the Gender Inequality Index (GII), the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), and the Money Laundering Index (AML) were used as alternatives to the Corruption Perceptions Index. Also, to evaluate the sensitivity of government institution performances, two groups of good governance tools and freezer foundation indicators were used. The results of estimation systems showed that corruption decreased following the increase of women's participation in the public sector and corruption reduced women's participation in the public sector. Also, the result of systematic estimates seeking the key to solving the corruption riddle indicated that regardless of any gender behavior, the institution of government as a missing link between gender and corruption has a significant impact on the effectiveness of these two indicators. Moreover, despite government institutions, religion doesn’t affect the relationship between two indicators of corruption and gender inequality.

Does increasing the presence of women in government lead to less corruption, or does corruption prevent the presence of women? Are these effects significant enough in one or both directions? This paper has used the dynamic panel data approach (GMM-SYSTEM) and statistical data of 89 countries including Iran during the period of 2008-2017. So, This paper by Estimating Relationship Between Corruption and Gender Indicators answered the above questions.The results of estimating systems indicate that government institution is a missing loop in relationship between corruption and gender and its effects are statistically significant

Although there are many benefits to group activities and interactions in the group and it has been considered as one of the factors that affect the performance of the organization; but recently it has been argued that increasing monetary rewards in group activities will reduce the efforts of some agents (the incentive reversal). Regarding the probability of occurrence of this condition and its effect on cognitive factors such as gender, the main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of gender and gender composition on the occurrence of incentive reversal. In this framework, by providing a laboratory environment and using 210 players (students from Yazd and Ayatollah Haeri Meybod), a two-stage trio team was designed. The research hypotheses test showed that none of the two research hypotheses based on the gender effect and the gender composition on the incentive reversal have been approved.

Women as half of the workforce in society can be an effective lever to promote economic and social development goals. In recent years، participation of women in development activities has increased. But the participation of women has been associated with discrimination against them. In recent years with increasing participation of women in the labor market، the income gap between men and women in the labor market is one of the most important discrimination they are facing with it. Understanding the factors affecting women''s employment and the impact of these factors on the wage level and understanding the factors affecting the gender gap، can be very useful in reducing discrimination and achieving sustainable desirable development. With attention، in this study، we tried to analyze influence employment، productivity، education and educating of men and women on decrease gender gap in wages paid to an econometric model. Theoretical basis of this model is based on Blinder- Oaxaca gender gap (1974) and in the period 1370 to 1390. The experimental results with model coefficients using panel data and with using Stata and Eveiws software is obtained and then analyzed. Based on the results، however، productivity and employment increase wages of men and women but it Increase the gender income gap. Education increases wages of men and women but it reduces the gender income gap. Educating reduces wages of women and gender income gap too.

Relying on the data of household expenditure and income survey in urban areas in 2006, this paper presents a picture of women's participation in the economy based on their role in the estimation of the economic activity of urban households. In addition, in the form of a logistic model, the role of gender and other important characteristics of socio - economic households in offering a chance for being employed have been investigated.Also, the estimated logistic model shows when a family head is a man and is living with his wife, he has a greater chance for employment than a man without a wife or a man in a female- headed family. Based on the results, although female- headed families have lower chances of employment than man-headed ones, females that head a family and have a university degree have better chances of employment than men.

In this study, nominal & real average compensated wage has been computed for woman & man in each industry during 1999-2005, then the effect of gender on the average compensated wage are estimated using regression analysis of variance. The results indicate that the highest shock (highest coefficient of variation) in the per capita compensated wage for men as well as women, has happened in "Manufacture of office, accounting and computing machinery", while the lowest fluctuation has happened in "Manufacture of tobacco products", "Tanning and dressing of leather; manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddler, harness and footwear" for man & woman employees, respectively. The interesting point in this research is that, assuming other things equal, the real average compensated wage for women employees has been less than that of men by about 4220000 Rials per annul. Of course this gap, may be due to more overtime work, level of experience, level of skills and educations of the men comparing that of the woman’s, which have not been considered in this study.