جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "خط فقر" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

Poverty is a fundamental multidimensional phenomenon which has always been and is one of the most important detriments to societies and the root of the problems and hindrances of most parts of the world. Efforts to eliminate this social problem are one of the most prominent goals of economic growth and development; and despite economic growth in underdeveloped or developing countries, this problem persists. .Although growth in income, as one of the macroeconomic variables, has a significant effect on poverty and its reduction, but the existence of inequality and its effect on economic growth plays an important role in benefiting the poor from economic growth. In the process of economic growth, what reduces poverty is an increase in household income; thus, the distribution of income among households should be such that the poor also benefit from this growth. Therefore, economic growth is not sufficient to eliminate poverty on its own, and its effect on poverty is not the same at different times and places, and the manner in which the benefits of growth are distributed is significant as well. Inequality and poverty are two completely different concepts, but they are deeply related. Therefore, paying attention to economic growth and reducing inequality can have good results in reducing poverty. In recent decades, societies that have focused on both economic growth and reducing inequality have been much more successful in reducing poverty. In this regard, to understand the effects of economic growth on poverty, it is necessary to distinguish between the effects of economic growth on poverty and the effect of inequality on poverty. Then, the change in the poverty index is broken down into a change in average incomes and changes in income inequality to properly determine the contribution of income and inequality in poverty decrease.

in the present study, the effects of income and inequality and their resultant on reducing poverty in the provinces of Iran over a fourteen-year period, from 2004 to 2018, have been determined using the Sen Index, the Kakwani method, and various mathematical methods.

As confirmed by our study results, both income effects and inequality effects had performed in favor of the impoverished in the province of Yazd and led to poverty reduction, while in Kermanshah, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, and Zanjan the income effects and inequality effects have somewhat neutralized one another. In other words, even though the increase in the average income reduced poverty, the increased inequality led to increased poverty. On the other hand, the situation in the province of Alborz was considerably different. In this province, although decreasing the average income increased poverty, the improvement in income distribution not only eliminated the negative effects of the income share, but also reduced poverty. However, the income effects and inequality effects had moved in the same direction in Gilan, Khuzestan, Fars, Hamedan, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari, Lorestan, Tehran, Qom, North Khorasan, and Sistan and Baluchestan, to increase poverty. Finally, in other provinces, the distribution of income has changed in a way that despite the increase in average incomes, poverty increased.

Therefore, as the research findings show, poverty has decreased in only a few provinces during the period under review. And the inequality effects and the income effects, or both, have led to increased poverty. Therefore, in order to reduce poverty, economic growth and reduce inequality must be given much attention.

The purpose of counseling is about the carrier price and its price increase between the years 1988-2019. To this end, by referring to the constitution, you can use the constitution to change your formula and eliminate your formula. The number of poor relative gaps surrounds the calculation of the relative poverty line with an emphasis on cutting you off and makes you the owner of the household. Ginichr('39')s poor calculation is calculated and the use of these services in another model can also be used. The research center says that compensation can be given to you during the time you want to be a contract officer, to be able to, to be allowed, to be arranged as a family welfare. The calculated welfare losses are related to the share of carriers in the household budget, traction and price fluctuations. The results of the calculation of the poverty line showed that the poverty line has always been increasing during the period under review. The situation of the relative poverty gap index and income distribution after price adjustment has improved compared to the previous period. A study of the relationship between welfare index and poverty index and distribution index in a threshold model showed that before adjusting the price by increasing the relative poverty gap index and income distribution index, welfare losses increase, but after adjusting the price, the relationship has become negative and this It can be argued that reducing the indicators of inequality does not necessarily mean improving the economic situation of society.

Economic justice is one of the principles of Islamic economics and researchers in this field have done extensive theories and studies in order to base economic policy recommendations on this important principle. Basing the theory of economic justice on "entitlement" requires the focus of this group of studies on explaining this idea more and more accurately in Islamic economics. Economic justice in Islamic teachings requires that the society be covered by at least four entitlements: adequacy, balance, share of production factors and customary moderation. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method and using mathematical methods, we will explain the lower limit of poverty and provide solutions to estimate it, while comparing it with the poverty line in a conventional economy. The result of this article shows that the poverty line and the lower limit of sufficiency are two completely separate criteria and according to the narrations, the first turning point of income distribution can be considered as sufficiency and in most cases the sufficiency is above the poverty line.

Poverty reduction and households’ welfare growth have become major issues in economic development in the recent years, so that poverty alleviation and individual’s welfare improvement are necessary conditions for economic growth. Evidently, fighting poverty programs need to efficiency in policy-making, proper method of implementation of policies, and identification of dimensions, causes and consequences of poverty. Thus, examining the poverty situation in each society is the first step in planning for fighting poverty and social exclusion. In this study, the poverty line of Iran's urban households is computed by using the theory of relative habit linear expenditure system (RHLES) in a linear expenditure system (LES). Data are extracted from Households Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) in urban areas for 8 commodity-groups over the period 1989-2015, which five economic, cultural, and social development plans have been implemented. In addition, the poverty intensity is examined in urban areas using indices of poverty measurement. The results of study show that although the poverty line (minimum subsistence expenditure) in Iran's urban households goes up over time, but the intensity and extent of poverty go down. Thus, the government policies for the reduction of relative poverty in urban areas have been successful. According to findings, the minimum subsistence expenditure was 80296387 Rial in real terms (2011=100) in 1989, as the first year of the first 5-year development plan. It reached to 9677574 Rial in 2015 (the last year of the fifth 5-year development plan). In other words, it recorded a growth rate of 0.7 percent, on average, during the five development plans. However, the intensity and extent of poverty have experienced decreasing trends during 1989-2015. In 2015, the indicators of head-count ratio, poverty gap and Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) reached their minimum levels by 31.08, 10.9 and 4.3, respectively. The results confirm relative improvement in the subsistence level of urban households.

In this research have been studied the effectiveness of socio-demographic variable (includes people employed households, dwelling ownership, literacy level of heads of household and household size) on least subsistence and poverty line of Iranian urban income groups via Extended Linear Expenditure System (ELES) approach by Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method by using Panel Data in 1982-2016 periods. The survey results show that household size is the most important effects to increase the least subsistence in all commodity groups. Survey the time series poverty line of income groups shows that poverty line in all courses is always rising. Its main cause is increase in inflation and changes in socio-demographics effects. On this basis, monthly poverty line in first income group in 1982 is 35,000 Rials and in 2016 is 18,000,000 Rials. While, monthly poverty line in tenth income group in 1982 is 83,000 Rials and in 2016 is 25,000,000 Rials. The average monthly poverty line in 2016 is 22,000,000 Rials. In other income groups poverty line has increased, too. The amount of the poverty line from revenue in the second and third income groups is average four and three times more, respectively and in the fourth and fifth and sixth income groups is average two times more and in the seventh and eighth income group is average similar and only the ninth and tenth income groups the poverty line is higher revenue.

Poverty is one of the major problems of human society and efforts to reduce it has been always the most important objectives of government policy. In order to achieve this goal, inclusive growth has a critical role. However, income inequality also affects the pace which economic growth is translated into poverty reduction. The most important challenge for policymakers in creating pro-poor policies is linking micro and macroeconomic field. Lack of coordination between these both can prevent the impact of the pro-poor policies In this study, it has been tried by using information household budget to create coordination and Cointegration between macro analyses of economic growth, and the microanalyses of economic actor's behavior. So how economic growth reduces poverty is a key question that discussed in this study. In addition, the impact of changes in average income and income distribution on poverty is studied. To determine which economic sector has been had pro-poor growth, pro-poor growth indexes are calculated for the services, industry and agriculture sectors in urban and rural areas of Azerbaijan Gharbi, Isfahan, Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Khuzestan, Sistan & Baluchestan, Fars, Kermanshah, Mazandaran and Markazi provinces during the period 2005-2014. Furthermore, using the results, Gini's coefficient has been investigated as an index of inequality. The research results indicate that economic growth is negative in the majority of cases that has increase poverty through income effect. But income distribution has improved and has led to poverty reduction. According to the balance of these two effects on poverty except for Sistan & Baluchistan where poverty has increased in all sectors, Urban service's sector in Tehran, the urban agricultural sector in Isfahan and rural service's sector in other provinces have had best situation in pro-poor. Compare Gini's coefficient with model results indicates that the Gini coefficient did not report inequality correctly.

The high cost of health care services indicates that the households are mainly responsible for the financial burden of their treatment rather than health insurance companies, and the policy holders often bear the catastrophic expenditure that might drive them below the poverty line. According to the Fourth development plan Act of Islamic Republic of Iran, Out of Pocket Payment (OOP) of households should not exceed 30% of their total health expenditure. This study uses household micro data provided by income-expenditures household survey in order to consider the impact of health care expenditure on the households’ poverty. The findings show that increases in the health care expenditure have led poverty to increase from 1 to 4 percent in different urban and rural areas during the period of study. According to our calculation, if OOP decreases to 30 % of total health care expenditure, then the share of population under poverty line will decrease to 2% of whole population.

Measuring poverty can make the process of poverty evolutions understandable in every society and present an image of these developments during the time. Government can target and adopt appropriate decisions to do necessary measures as a result. In this regard, statistical study of poverty and its analysis at the level of province can be a guide for planners to reduce penury. The poverty line of urban areas in east Azerbaijan was estimated by using dynamic linear expenditure system (DLES) method assuming the formation of habits and using seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model during 2001 to 2011. Components of eight commodity groups including food, clothing, housing, appliances and furniture, healthcare, transport and communication, recreation and education, and a group for other issues were used as well as their price index published by statistical center of Iran. The results obtaining from estimations by using STATA and Eviews soft wares indicate that poverty of urban areas in east Azerbaijan has ascending trend with an average growth rate of 23% during the period under review. The percentage of urban households below the poverty line of the Province is 50 percent on average, and poverty gap and severity of poverty indices have been reduced with average values of 42% and 23% respectively at the end of the period. Thus, according to the results for indicators of poverty, it can be said that although poverty eradication policies during the ten-year period of this research have improved the welfare of the poor people partially, the number of people below the poverty line has increased considerably during this period. The process of escalating prices can be one of the main reasons for this increase that can be solved by the government with curbing inflation.

In the present study Khoms was regarded as a source of the government revenue for alleviating poverty. We attempted to prove that paying Khoms by people and applying by the authorities in Iran is an important step towards eradicating poverty in the society. First of all the philosophy of Khoms ( poverty alleviation) is investigated in terms of Quran verses and narratives , we discussed the Shia and Sunni scholars’ point of view about Khoms and its conditional usage , consequently we assumed Imam Khomeini’s theory that considered Khoms as Amarah right – Islamic governor has the right to collect Khoms whenever he wants-as the hypothesis in this research. In the next step we proceeded to calculate the potential Khoms. Some limitations in utilizing the popular methods of estimating Khoms( macroeconomic models, time series, and micro simulations), affected our calculation so that we could calculate the Potential Khoms earnings using the statistical analysis for the period 1380 to 1389. Research findings clarifies that Khoms can alleviate bulk of poverty in Iran. Considering the fifth income decile as an index for the average class of the society, we evaluated the necessary and sufficient sources of revenue to get the poor households to the fifth decile. Finally the researcher concluded that the potential revenue of Khoms in the period 1385-1387 could successfully provide the required sources for alleviating poverty and in period 87-89, could provide more than 70% of the required revenue.

This paper closely examines “Poverty” during the first four “Development Programs” employed by the Iranian government from 1989 to 2009. After defining poverty and a review of previous studies made on this subject, the authors discuss diverse issues related to measurement of poverty and calculate levels of absolute and relative poverty lines. Additionally, they calculate indices for poverty in this paper. In order to obtain the Absolute Poverty Line (APL), the food poverty line is calculated based on minimum basic needs approach and is then added to the minimum non-food requirements. The result indicates a relative poverty line placed at 66% of the average total household expenditures. The obtained results indicate that the government hasn’t had great success in reducing relative poverty during the period studied. Relative and absolute poverty lines are greater in urban areas than in rural areas. Both relative and absolute indices of poverty were greater in rural areas than in urban areas.

Estimation of the poverty line (A minimum subsistence) to determine the minimum required contribution to the implementation of poverty alleviation programs is essential. In this study، using a linear expenditure system (LES) and the results of surveys of household spending in urban areas during the period from 2005 to 2010، relative poverty and poverty indices were calculated. Equations of linear expenditure system for the commodity groups were system estimated method by using ISURE. Monthly poverty line in urban areas raised from 4500884 RLS in 2005 to 9197571 RLS in 2010 for 4-person household. The results indicate the relative poverty line، has increased 17% annually. By quadratic and Beta Lorenz curves fitting، poverty indicators and the Gini coefficient were calculated. Real income inequality indicators show worsening of income distribution over the years due to inflation. It is suggested that the appropriate measures to be taken to inhibition of inflation in the country and the protection of vulnerable groups and poverty alleviation programs could be more effective.

Forced labor for children and their employment in the labor market when they should grow and develop skills for their future life will cause them serious harms which can in turn result in negative consequences for their whole life. One of the major reasons for child labor is the poverty of the family. It is believed that if poverty is removed، child labor will be naturally terminated as a result. Many countries see poverty eradication as part of their responsibilities and in this regard they determine poverty line and try to measure the child and his family life as a basis in their analyses. If the line is taken to be high، based on a cause and effect relationship the number of child labor cases will be low and if poverty line is taken to be low، the number of child labor cases will be high. These countries adopt different approaches to determine poverty line and there is no agreement among scholars on its nature and scope. Therefore، in practice، some set high standards while some others set low standards for determining poverty line and this has a direct effect on how much support governments provide for the low-income families. To alleviate poverty through Zakat، Muslim jurists also set a poverty line. As with others، there is no agreement among Muslim jurists regarding poverty line either. Some take it to be high while others take it to be low and this again will have a direct impact on how child labor issue should be resolved in Muslim countries. This study aims at comparatively investigating the issue of poverty line from different jurisprudential perspectives and how different perspectives can influence the way child labor can be looked at. It is also emphasized that determining poverty line as the sufficiency line by Muslim rulers is a much more effective way in preventing child labor in comparison to other ways، since it considers an important factor which is the status of the people. In this paper، first، some preliminary issues such as vulnerability of children and determining poverty line by rulers will be discussed. Then، the article will elaborate on different poverty lines from Islamic Shariah perspective and their relationship with other conventional poverty lines. Finally، the article will argue that sufficiency basis for determining poverty line from Islamic point of view is the most effective one in preventing child labor.

The effect of equivalence scale on poverty line has been considered as a predetermined parameter in all previous studies about the estimation of poverty lines in Iran. As household’s members can benefit from economies of scale in consumption، the cost of reaching to a given level of welfare does not increase one to one in household scale. So the effect of household scale on poverty line as a predetermined parameter creates bias. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the poverty line regarding the household scale. The utility function and the indirect household expenditures under consumption behavior approach are estimated based on income-expenditure data for 204464 Iranian urban households during2001-2007. Then poverty lines (in nominal and real units) per household scale (1to 10 members) are calculated based on indirect household expenditures.

This article examines the poverty rates for urban and rural areas of Kermanshah and the entire country using a Linear Expenditure System (LES) and Iterative Seemingly Unrelated Regression (ISUR) method during 1995-2007. Results indicate that poverty in rural and urban areas over the years in this province has an upturn trend. The findings also suggest that in rural and urban areas of Kermanshah, the group "foods" have biggest share of the poverty line. In rural areas of the country group "foods" have also the biggest share of the poverty line, but the largest share in country's urban areas belongs to group of "Housing and fuel". About elasticity the results show that in both urban and rural areas the group "other" and "appliances and furniture" are luxury.

The Nozurat (vows) are one of the existing resources and potentials in Islamic society. Iran as an Islamic society society has also this potential. Hence, it is necessary to study the role of Nozurat and ways of its economic utilization in society. Nazr has two aspects: spiritual aspect and physical aspect, thus it has two essential functions: Individual functions that cause faith strength and social functions that cause social solidarity, strengthening social partnership and etc. According to the statistical limitations in determining Nozurat volume, Nozourat given to Imam Khomeini Relief Committee (PB) and to Welfare Organization (except zakat Fitarh) is considered as Nozurat volume and according to the calculation of food poverty gap in Iran from 2006 to 2010, it is resulted that Nozurat can cover some part of this gap. (in 2006 fourteen percent of this gap was covered and this figure has dropped to four percent in 2010).

Considering the importance of poverty in economic development issues and the necessity to study in this field the purpose of this paper is to estimate poverty line in Khuzestan province from 1997 to 2006. Therefore, by calculation of food matrix, the amount of received energy in different deciles has been measured and then the absolute poverty line for urban and rural areas based on calories has been estimated. The results revealed that during the mentioned period, absolute poverty line both in urban and rural areas has increased, but the increase in urban areas is more than the increase in rural areas.

Poverty and poverty reduction were and continues to be one of the main components of economic programs at the global level. Over the past years, reducing the rate of poverty has been regarded as the main objective in policy-making and establishment of the economic enterprises. Millennium Development Goals, agreed by world leaders in 2000 puts the issue on top of the agenda.Quantitative studies on poverty kicked off at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, since the late 1970s and early 1980s,programs such as structural reform, liberalization and privatization were accepted by many governments across the world which led to more emphasis on the support for the poor and vulnerable classes of the society. Implementation of these economic measures at that period of time was regarded by many observers as a prelude to theincrease in the number of poor and low-income groups. To offset the negative effects of such a process, international and regional organizations started a series of functional measures. United Nations,for example, entitled the 1997-2007 as the "decade for eradication of poverty".Due to the fact that it is a multi-dimensional phenomenon, various definitions have been proposed by scholars and academics for poverty. According to Townsend (1985), individuals, families and demographic groups are called "poor" when they are faced with scarcity of resources to meet their food needs. Amartya Sen (1979) points to deprivation as the main constituent of poverty. Deprivation,in his view, is a relative concept which exemplifies itself in terms of the properties and opportunities that everyone deserves but fails to achieve. In developing countries, for example, sacristy of medication and housing is an example of deprivation, while in the developed world; the concept demonstrates itself in the lack of the needed facilities to run an average living. Thus, in every society, estimating the poverty line is the first step in measuring the poverty itself. The current paper starts with the examination of various definitions of poverty and the methods to calculate the poverty line. It is then followed by a regional analysis on the changing trend of the rate of poverty both in Iran and across the world. Indicators of poverty and methods of calculation (1995-2005) are further studied in the subsequent section. To study the impacts of welfare, a criterion called "pro-poor growth" is used and the results of the analysis are compared in the Middle East, south Asia and North Africa. Then the issue of welfare is further analyzed based on the impacts it makes on the income and economic development. The paper ends with a macrooriented study on the issue of pro-poor growth, its indicators and a long-term analysis of the criterion in these geographical regions.

The issue of poverty and methods of its measurement are bearing special importance in the area of economic welfare. In this paper which is published as an appendix to the report «World Development Indicators of 2008» an attempt is made to study not only the previous estimation of international poverty line، but to provide a new measures of international poverty line. However in the revised version of international poverty line، through utilizing the new data، this measure has been increased from $1 to $1. 25 per day. It is interesting to note that in the new estimation of international poverty line، certain measures like: increased volume of information disseminated from various countries، revision of measuring the PPP of different countries، designation of international standard for estimating the poverty line in certain countries، emphasize on period of survey، methods of collecting data for goods، and cases without responses and non measurability of some episodes، all have been considered in the model. Thus، the results indicate that the new estimation of PPP in most of the underdeveloped countries particularly the poor countries is higher than the previous one. Though، based on the results of this report، the number of poor people living on the international poverty line of $1. 25 per day are declining from 1980 onwards and the highest reduction belongs to East Asia and Oceania.

In this study, the minimum salary of urban households in Kermanshah province as a subjective and relative measures of poverty, with many poverty indicators over the period 1386-1376 using a dynamic linear expenditure system, assuming the formation of habits (HLES) and regression of seemingly unrelated Iterative (ISUR) we have estimated. Data used in this study includes data budget (revenue - cost) of urban households in Kermanshah and relevant price indices and estimation using six commodity groups has been done. Research findings show the total minimum annual salary during the process of Kermanshah for urban areas is increasing. Also, the urban poverty line adjusted price index increasing trend of your shows eh. According to the calculated minimum wage, compared census indexes, and income inequality than the income gap between the poor (FGT) and also for urban areas Kakwani calculated results indicate that the overall deterioration of the situation of urban households households during the investigation.