جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "رفاه خانوار" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

The outbreak of Corona has left different economic effects in different countries, the countries whose income was in the field of tourism have suffered the most, such as the economic effects of Covid-19 include: increasing unemployment in the economy, imposing heavy shocks on the world economy, affected Building global trade and disrupting the balance of global supply and demand, all of which have reduced the growth of the global economy, which will be evident in its effect on the well-being of households. Considering the Corona epidemic in Iran and the unfavorable situation of macroeconomic variables due to international sanctions and the dependence of Iran's economy on oil, as well as the situation of inflationary stagnation in the economy, the severity of the economic effects of this pandemic on Iran's economy has been greater. In this research, the well-being of households in the two tourism provinces of Yazd and Kerman during the outbreak of Corona is specifically discussed. Due to the fact that many households who mainly did not have steady jobs during the Covid era have lost their jobs due to preventive measures or have reduced their working hours, as a result of which the income of these households has decreased and probably the composition of the households' consumption basket has also changed during this period. has found The composition of households' consumption basket is important because the details of the composition of household expenses are a measure for measuring the well-being of households, so that households with higher incomes have a lower share of food expenses. In order to better understand the welfare of households during the outbreak of Covid-19, the raw income-expenditure data (questionnaire) of Iran Statistics Center and the parasite welfare index are used as the first index introduced in the field of household welfare. He reported the estimation results of the parasitic model for the countries of Pakistan, Vietnam, and the United Kingdom and presented the nearly ideal demand system (AIDS) models in two simple and square forms. In general, the articles in this field are classified in the category of empirical studies. First, does the parasite law apply to the two provinces of Kerman and Yazd? Second, has Corona changed the level of welfare of the families of these two provinces? In this article, household income and expenditure data, the summarized file of the Iranian Statistics Center, have been used. Due to the large volume of household data, the variables have been specified with codes, which need to be processed to analyze the variables, and the data processing is done in Stata 14 software. has been taken, for data processing, the questionnaire forms and the structure of the Iranian Statistics Center have been used. The total data processed for this article is 3768 and 3451 urban and rural households for Yazd and Kerman provinces during the period of 2017-2019. The results show that the independent variable for the households of Yazd province has decreased in the estimated years, and therefore the share of food expenses of the households of this province has increased from the total household expenses, which has decreased according to the parasite approach to the welfare of the households of the province. The estimation coefficients show that the intensity of the decrease in 2019 has been slower compared to 2018 and 2017. On the contrary, in Kerman province, the welfare of households has increased from 2017 to 2018, but for 2019 (the year of Corona), their welfare has decreased. In other words, the rate of decline in welfare for households in Yazd province is lower than that of households in Kerman province. These results clearly show that households in Kerman province are more vulnerable to such phenomena than households in Yazd province. in the international health and insurance seminar predicted such a process for Iranian households against epidemics and catastrophic events and provided specific policy recommendations. Corona has undoubtedly affected the economic, financial and monetary behavior of households. In this article, an attempt is made to investigate the law of parasites in Yazd and Kerman provinces, whose spending pattern is similar between urban and rural households for the years 1997-2007, and it shows that the welfare of households has decreased in these two provinces. One of the important reasons for this decrease is the closeness of the urban household pattern of the two provinces to the rural households. In fact, the welfare level of Iranian households is very fragile. In order to prevent this damage, it is suggested that decision makers use personal and household insurance products like the international system. The results of this research clearly show that Kerman province has taken the process of increasing the level of household welfare according to Engel's approach, unlike the households of Yazd province. It is hoped that the politicians will prevent the decrease in the welfare level of households by providing personal and household insurance products with the policy recommendations of the researchers, including the practical policy solutions of this article regarding the prevention of changing the behavior of households in unwanted phenomena.

Considering the situation of the age pyramid of Iran's population and the decreasing situation of the labor force, it is very important to examine the economic situation of the country and the income situation of households along with the endogenous analysis of the demographic structure of the population. In this research, in order to investigate the state of welfare of Iranian households and analyze the cost of their incomes, a dynamic system model of the economic and demographic conditions of the country was designed and compiled, and with the help of it, the state of household income and government aid, and on the other hand, household expenses and the balance between the two The sector has been simulated in two scenarios of zero and 5% economic growth using Ithink software for the years 1395-1420. According to the simulated results of the household income in terms of the government's social assistance, in the period under review and for both scenarios, the household income does not cover the expenses, which means that an Iranian household in the coming years, whatever it earns under the title of income He will spend what he does on current expenses and will not get extra welfare. Of course, the results show that with the realization of the minimum economic growth of 5.9% in the period under review, the average growth of incomes will be higher than the expenses, and as a result, the level of household welfare during all the years of simulation will be higher than the current level.

Taxes are one of the most important financial policy tools and can help the government to ensure people's welfare. Therefore, in this study, the effect of increasing and decreasing corporate income tax on the welfare of urban and rural households has been investigated. To investigate the impact of the mentioned tax changes on the welfare of households at the macro level, the method of the standard calculable general equilibrium model has been used. To estimate the general balance model, the social accounting matrix of Iran 2013 was used. The model has been solved using GAMS software in two scenarios that include increasing and decreasing corporate taxes. In order to check the welfare of the household, the index of equivalent changes has been used. The findings indicate that in the first scenario, with the application of 10, 20 and 50 percent increase in corporate tax, the welfare of urban households decreases, but the welfare of rural households increases slightly.The welfare of all households decreases in these scenarios. In the second scenario, with the reduction of this tax in the previous three cases, the welfare of the urban household increases and the rural household experiences a slight decrease in welfare,

This study investigates the effects of increasing and decreasing corporate income tax on urban and rural household welfare. To estimate the general equilibrium model, the social accounting matrix of Iran in 2011 has been used. The model is solved in two scenarios, which include increasing and decreasing corporate taxes. Equivalent Variation index has been used to assess household welfare. Findings indicate that in the first scenario, 10, 20 and 50 percent increase in corporate taxes, decrease the welfare of urban households, but the welfare of rural households’ increases slightly. In these scenarios, the total welfare of urban and rural households decreases. In the second scenario, with the reduction of corporate taxes, the welfare of the urban household has an increasing trend and the rural household experiences a slight decrease in welfare. In this case total welfare increases. Since with the reduction of corporate income tax, the total welfare of households’ increases, so it is suggested that corporate income tax be reduced and replaced with other taxes. Due to the decrease in the welfare of rural households in this case, it is necessary to implement supportive policies to compensate for the welfare of rural households.

How should the government budget be allocated to public education, higher education, health, transportation, IT, energy, or indirect public services including expenses on laws and regulations, business governance, and tax reforms. We examine data between 1989 and 2019 of public spending and their outcomes for each affair and title. The results show that despite that number of students declined over time, the spending on public education has been raised. The structural model is estimated by generalized method of moments, and the estimates show that households put significant weights on education and health, as well as energy. However, even with considerable weights on these public goods, due to inefficient production of public services, the counterfactuals illustrate that more spending on tax reform, business environment, and governance relative to actual budget is optimal.

Institution of the family, its functions and welfare in Islam have a special place. The share of food costs in the total household expenditure is one of the indicators of welfare and increasing the household dimension as one of its functions is affects this index. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the share of urban and rural households' food cost with emphasis Islam's approach to the household dimension using the least weighted least squares method  and income and expenditure data of 9578 households in Isfahan province during the period (2006-2014). The results show that with the increase of the total household cost and the change of housing of households from rural to urban, the share of food costs decreases. Also, with the increase of the household dimension and the increase of the age of the head of the household, the share of food costs in the total cost of households has increased and has led to a decrease in household welfare. Accordingly, the government should apply different support policies to increase the level of welfare of households according to the size of the household, the age of the heads of households and their place of residence.

This paper attempts to analyze the macroeconomic effects of energy price liberalization and redistribution of its proceeds to households. Energy price control and energy subsidies are of the most popular supportive policies in the economy of Iran. Nonetheless, increasing the energy price of households and firms has been exercised in recent years to counter the government budget deficit. In 2008, the government proposed a reform: energy price liberalization and redistribution of its proceeds to the household. In this paper, we analyze the macroeconomic effects of this policy according to different scenarios. In view of monetary aggregate control policy, our results show that in addition to a decline in energy intensities of households and firms, the average household’s welfare increases. Most of this increase happens in the short-run as households’ real incomes rise more in the short run. Moreover, we find that this reform results in a decline in labor supply due to the subsidy distribution, and hence a decline in both output and capital accumulation in the short run and the long run. In the scenario where only the household’s energy price rises, results are qualitatively similar with a smaller quantitative effect. Finally, it is important to note that a complete analysis of this reform should include 1) the technological progress that can be associated with a reform, 2) implementing a monetary policy that is more consistent with Iran’s institutional arrangement and 3) the political economy aspects of the reform, which are all out of the scope of this paper.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the welfare status of households in northern Khorasan province and compare it with the average welfare of households in the whole country of Iran. Regarding the number of support organizations in Iran such as subsidies targeting organization, welfare organization, social security organization, Imam Khomeini Relief Committee and etc. to implement supportive policies to improve the welfare of households, there is a need for a quantitative index to be able to the use of that benchmark applied to supportive policies. In this article, using household income and expenditure data of the Statistics Center of Iran during the period of 2005-2014, the household welfare status has been analyzed using Engel welfare Index. With regard to the impact of some demographic variables of households, the Engel curve is estimated. The level of well-being of all households in Iran has decreased over the period. And also the level of welfare of households in the northern Khorasan province was lower than the whole country during the period under consideration. In general, rural households have a lower level of welfare than urban households. Therefore, according to the results of this study, governments and supportive organizations should consider the variables that affect the welfare state of households such as total expenditure households, household size, and other important demographic variables.

The issue of protecting the environment and preventing environmental pollution is one of the priorities of Iran’s economic and social development plans. The purpose of this paper is to analyze changes in the environmental effects of electricity generation, as electricity production patterns change, on production and welfare of households in Iran by using the social accounting matrix of 2011 and a computable general equilibrium model based on that framework. We evaluate four different policy scenarios based on the monetary value of the negative environmental effects of electricity generation.  The results indicate that application of electricity generation’s negative externalities has a positive effect on economic growth and a negative effect on household welfare. Secondly, with the current structure of electricity generation, the application of external costs of electricity production will increase economic growth by 0.0576 to 0.0736 percent and will reduce household’s welfare by -1.955 to -7.171 percent. Thirdly, by changing the pattern of electricity generation in Iran and moving towards clean electricity production and reducing electricity production from fossil fuels, the effect of electricity generation externalities on economic growth and welfare will be reduced. According to the research results, if the share of electricity production from fossil fuels is reduced to 85%, the economic growth and welfare of the household will respectively vary from 0.0553 to 0.0727 percent and from -1.733 to -6.363 percent.

Expenditure pattern across households varies due to differences in their economic circumstances, household size and composition. So, movements in prices of goods over time will have different impacts on households. “Equivalence scale” is an index that enables us to do welfare comparisons and measurements of poverty and inequality across heterogeneous households, under consideration of households’ demographic characteristics and economies of scale in consumption. Implementation of targeted subsidies policy in Iran that has made significant price variations in recent years, has changed Iranian households’ equivalence scale. In this research, the urban households’ equivalence scale and variation of relative cost of a child was estimated using PS-QUAIDS and nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SURs), applying Iranian household's budget dataset for 2008 to 2012. Results indicate that the cost of an urban child is equal to 13 percent of an adult for 2008 until 2010 and the targeted subsidies policy has a negative and significant impact on equivalence scale.

Equivalence scale is an important concept in household welfare debates wich plays an important role in the measurement of poverty and inequality. Equivalence scale is an index that converts household's expenditures into comparable values. In this research, equivalence scale in terms of the relative cost of a child was estimated using Price scaling with a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System. The estimation method is nonlinear seemingly unrelated regressions and the estimation period is 2008-2012. Results indicate that one child costs about 15 percent of an adult in rural households and the quadratic expenditure effects is highly significant. It is concluded that the general equivalence scale, varies with price. Household's equivalence scales with different demographic characteristics is used to calculate equivalent income in this period in order to compare welfare, poverty and income inequality across rural households.

The study of household Welfare is one the most important economic research in each country. With such knowledge, proper policies for improving people’s welfare condition could be set. This paper attempts to evaluate the impact of price rises on household Welfare for three income groups (low, average and high) in four cross-sections of 1375, 1380, 1385 and 1390, based on Household Budget Survey data. A Linear expenditure System (LES) was used for estimating parameters of the model. Our findings show that although rising prices would lower household welfare for all three income groups, but their declining trends are very different, indicating the necessity of policy differentiation.